MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT SHAHEED UDHAM SINGH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, TANGORI

SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING AT NAHAR INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES LTD.

SUBMITTED TO PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELORS OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY SUBMITTED BY:

ER.ROHIT HARPREET SINGH

CO-ORDINATOR:
RAMPAL

BRANCH-ME/2009 BATCH R OLL NO- 90691163358

INTRODUCTION:
NAHAR is a subsidiary of Nahar group and was establish in 1983.The company is involved both, in manufacture and export of cotton and woolen products.NAHAR SPINNING MILLS is a subsidiary of Nahar group and was establish in 1983.The company is involved both, in manufacture and export of cotton and woolen products. Nahar Industrial Enterprises Ltd is a vertically-integrated textile manufacturer, with operations ranging from spinning, weaving & processing to finished readymade garments. NIELs strategic objective is to capitalize on the growth opportunities that it believes are availed in the domestic and global textile industry .at the same time the company recognizes the competitive nature of the industry, especially with established pressure from Asia, and that to maintain growth it must continue to improve production process and reduce cost. From 1949 when small hosiery factory was incorporated into a public limited company, to the present day, constants upward growth has symbolized the charter of a company called oswal woolen mills limited.Oswald woolen mills , established in 1949 surges ahead to establish itself as a reputed industrial conglomerate with a wide ranging portfolio from wool combing , spinning, kitting , fabric, hosiery garments etc.From starting out with 800spindles today, from simple hosiery items to high value added items like designer knitwear (Monte Carlo &Canterbury) all these are no mean achievements and what

made them possible in so short a time is nothing but a miracle that combined brilliant market insight with diversification. As the company progressively increased spindlier to 2000 in the year 1960, it had already established a market for itself in the areas of hosiery knitwear & textile fabrics like blankets and shawls etc. Very soon , it becomes the Indian exporter of woolen garments to Russia and shortly after in 1972, the company set up its own wool combing unit the first of several backward integration measures .Soon began the in house processing for the woolen division .With increasing capacity 7b demand for its processing for the woolen division.With increasing capacity & demand for its products, oswal woolen mills limits soon became a name e to reckon with, both in the domestic & international markets Research & developments also received focused attention & international market. Research & developments also received focused attention & today the company boats of north Indias most sophisticated laboratory, approved by the international wool secretariat (iws) & is even authorized to act as a quality checking center for other manufacturers. For the domestic market the company launched Monte Carlo, the first truly international range of designer knitwear followed b another prestigious brand Canterbury Later on an ultra modern lambs wool & angora spinning plant has been set up, of which more than 50% manufacturer is for captive consumption .The balance meets the requirements of other hosiery knitwear exporters in India. This in turn means immense saving in foreign exchange for India.

PROJECT REPORT
PROJECT : TO STUDY THE WORKING OF STEAM POWER PLANT
Introduction
A steam power plant converts the energy of the fossil fuel (coal, oil, gas) into mechanical/electrical energy. This is achieved by raising the steam, in the boilers, expanding it through the turbines and coupling the turbines to the generators which convert mechanical energy to electrical energy as shown in fig.

Electrical Energy Generator Waste gases Water Fuel

Boil er

T u r b i n e

Grid system

Fig.1

Production of electrical energy by steam power plant

The following two purposes can be served by a steam power plant. To produce electric power. To produce steam for industrial purposes besides producing electric Power. The steam may be used for varying purposes in the industries such as textiles, food manufacturer, paper mills, sugar mills and refineries etc.

Components of modern steam power plant

A modern steam power plant comprises of the following components:

1. Boiler
a. Super heater b. Re-heater c. Economizer d. Air pre-heater

2. Steam turbine 3. Generator 4. Condenser 5. Cooling tower 6. Circulating water pump 7. Boiler feed pump 8. Wagon tippler 9. Crusher house

10. Coal mill 11. Induced draft fan 12. Ash precipitators 13. Boiler chimney 14. Forced draught fans 15. Water treatment plant 16. Control room 17. Switch yard.

Essential requirements of steam power station design

The essential requirements of steam power station design are:1. Reliability 2. Minimum capital cost 3. Minimum operating and maintenance cost 4. Capacity to meet peak load effectively 5. Minimum losses of energy in transmission 6. Low cost of energy supplied to the consumers 7. Reserve capacity to meet future demands.

Layout of a modern steam power plant

The layout of modern steam power plant comprises of the following four circuits: Coal and ash circuit Air and gas circuit. Feed water and steam flow circuit. Cooling water circuit

To chimney Flue gases Air Air Feed water Economis er Main valve Flue gases Steam CE pump Ash Ash handlin Superheated storage g plant steam BFP HP heater Boil er Exhaust steam ~ Super heater Flue gases Coal handlin g plant T u r b i n e Condens er Coal storage

Air prehea

Generato r

LP heater Circulating water pump River or canal Cooling tower

Layout of a steam power plant Fig.2

Coal and ash circuit

Coal arrives at the storage yards and after necessary handling, passes on to the furnaces through the fuel feeding devices. Ash resulting from combustion of coal collects at the back of the boiler and is removed to the ash storage yard through handling equipment.

Air and gas circuit

Air is taken in form atmosphere through the action of a forced or induced draught fan and passes on to the furnace through the air pre-heater where it has been heated by the heat of flue gases which pass to the chimney via the preheater. The flue gases after passing around boiler tubes and super heater tubes in the furnace pass through a dust catching device or precipitator then through the economizer and finally through the air pre-heater before being exhausted to the atmosphere.

Feed water and steam flow circuit

In the water and steam circuit condensate leaving the condenser is first heated in a closed feed water heater through extracted steam from the lowest pressure extraction point of the turbine. It then passes through the deaerator and a few more water heaters before going into the boiler through economizer. In the boiler drum and tubes eater circulates due to the difference between the density of water in the lower temperature and the higher temperature section of the boiler. Wet steam from the drum is further heated up in the super heater before being supplied to the prime mover. After expanding in high pressure turbine steam is taken to the reheat boiler and brought to its original dryness or superheat before being passed on to the low pressure turbine. From there it is exhausted through the condenser into the got well. The condensate is heated on the feed heaters using the steam trapped from different points of turbine. A part of steam and water is lost while passing through different components and this is compensated by supplying additional feed water. This feed water should be purified before hand, to avoid the scaling of the tubes of the boiler.

Cooling water circuit

The cooling water supply to the condenser helps in maintaining a low pressure in it. The water may be taken from a natural source such as River, Lake or sea or the same water may be cooled and circulated over again. In the later case the cooling arrangement is made through spray pond or cooling tower.

Design basis of steam power plant

Rice husk, Indian

Contents
Net steaming capacity at MCR for bagasse firing. Steam pressure at main steam stop valve. Steam temperature at super heater outlet. Steam temperature control range. Boiler design pressure. economizer inlet. De-aerator operating pressure. De-aerator design pressure. De-aerator operating temperature. De-aerator design temperature. Dissolved oxygen in the outlet water (max).

coal, and Barmer lignite Kg/hr C % 55000 5155 60-100 170

Kg/cm(g) 86

Kg/cm(g) 103

Feed water temperature at de-aerator outlet and C

Kg/cm(a) 1.75 Kg/cm(a) 3.5 C C ppm 115 150 0.001 115

Dissolved maximum dust contents in the flue gas leaving mg/Nm

the dust collection system.

Heat losses and thermal efficiency (%)

Fuel name Losses: Un-burnt carbon. Dry gas. Fuel moisture. Air moisture. Radiation. Hydrogen moisture. Unaccounted. Total losses. Manufacture margin. Boiler efficiency. 4 4.42 2 0.14 0.45 5.37 0.4 16.78 0.72 thermal 82.5 4 4.28 1.57 0.14 0.45 3.37 0.5 14.31 0.68 85 3 5.04 4.05 0.17 0.45 5.21 0.5 18.42 0.58 81 4 5.19 2.83 0.17 0.45 6.49 0.4 19.53 0.47 Rice husk Indian coal Barmer coal Woodchips+ rice husk

Gas temperature profile (C)

Primary SH I/L. Economizer I/L. Economizer O/L. Air I/L. Air O/L. pre-heater 792 507 236 236 pre-heater 140 801 500 499 229 229 140 810 523 513 238 238 140 794 522 512 240 240 140

Primary SH O/L. 511

Steam temperature profile (C)

Primary SH I/L. Secondary I/L. Secondary SH 317 317 461 446 515 317 473 452 515 317 472 453 515

Primary SH O/L. 468 SH 453 515

O/L.

Water temperature profile (C)

Economizer I/L. Economizer O/L. 170 279 170 268 170 281 170 284

Air temperature profile (C)

Air header I/L. Air header O/L. 35 157 35 139 35 132 35 163

Velocity profile (m/s)

Fuel name

Rice husk

Indian coal 2.43 5.2 6.47 6.7 0.78 13.4

Barme Wood chips r lignite 2.56 5.9 7.18 7.4 0.78 13.7 28 to (60 %) + rice husk (40%) 2.65 6 7.52 7.62 0.78 13.4

Average air velocity in bed zone. 2.56 Average gas velocity in primary 5.7 SH. Average gas velocity economizer. heater. Average water velocity in 7.1 in 7.4 0.78

Average gas velocity in air 13.5

economizer. Average steam velocity in primary/secondary super-heater. Average steam velocity in bed super-heater.

44

Flow data (kg/hr)

Fuel name

Rice husk

Indian coal 55000 850 74349 11108 67981

Barmer lignite 55000 1150 80608 11574 72167

Wood chips (60 %) + rice husk (40%) 55000 1100 83802 12715 72770

Steam flow at MS line at 55000 MCR. flow. Flue gas flow rate. Fuel flow rate. Combustion air flow. 850 13742 69793 Attemperator spray water 80847

Heat transfer area (IBR)

Drums. Furnace front wall. Furnace side wall.

N.A 123 426

Furnace rear wall. Economizer. Primary heater. Secondary heater. Air heater I. Air heater II.

158 1108

super 90 549 super 957.5 957.5

Water quality requirement

Quality of water Total hardness pH at 25C. Oxygen (max). Iron (max). Copper (max). Silica (max). Total CO2 (max). Permaganate. Total dissolved solids (max). Total suspended solids (max). Oil (max). after degassing (max) in ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

Feed water nil 8.5-9.2 0.007 0.01 0.01 0.02 nil nil 0.25 nil nil 0.50 0.02 -

Boiler water 9.5-10.5 nil nil 2.50 nil nil 100.00 5.00 nil 200.00 20.00

Specific electrical conductivity at 25C ppm siemens/centimeters. Residual hydrazine (max). Residual phosphate (max).

WORKING:
The 12.0 MW cogeneration power plants are located adjacent to the proposed Denim plant in the new site, around 1.5 km back side of the existing textile mill complex. Under the present arrangement, the total power requirement of the textile plant complex is being met by the existing 5.0 MW cogeneration plant in addition to the available diesel generator set in the factory and from PSEB grid, the total process steam requirement of around 25 TPH at 9 atm, 280C level for the existing textile plant in being met existing one no. of 40 TPH AFBC boiler and small capacity of fired boilers as stand by boilers, after installation of the proposed cogeneration program, the total power for the entitle textile mill complex will be met from the proposal one no. new 12.0 MW extraction cum condensing turbo generator set, one no. existing 5.0 MW extraction cum condensing turbo generator set and one no. 4.0 MW existing DG set. The process steam requirement of the existing textile units will be met from the existing boilers and the process steam requirement of around 12 TPH at 9 atm. Level for the proposed new expansion of plant will be met from the proposed new 55 TPH AFBC boiler and the new 12.0 MW condensing cum extraction turbine.

As the new 12.0 MW cogeneration plant is planed adjacent to the proposed denim mill plant, the power from the 12.0 MW cogeneration plant will be fed to the existing common NIEL substation on the textile complex and distributed to NIEL the entire textile mill complex from the substation.

The management has decided to go in boiler and turbo generator in the proposed co- generation plant. The co-generation program envisages a new AFBC boiler and a single extraction single bleed cum condensing turbo generator. Having considered the present co generation technology level, both in India and abroad, the management has decided to adopt 87 atm and 515C cycles for the cogeneration project at their proposed co-generation plant.

The plant and equipment for the co-generation program will consist of a high pressure boiler, extraction cum condensing turbo generator, cooling water system, water treatment system, condensate system, compressed air system and electrical system consisting of switchgears, LT distribution panels, transformer for meeting the in house power requirement, etc.

The power plant cycle will we provided with a deaerator serving the dual purpose of deaerating the feed water as well as heating the feed water with the extraction steam drawn through the uncontrolled extraction. The deaerator will be operating at 3.0 atm, with a deaerated feed water temperature at 115C. The feed water will be further heated to improve the cycle efficiency in the HP heater that will be operating with the 9 atm extraction steam and the condensate of the heating steam from the feed water heater will be taken to the deaerator.

The power generation in the cogeneration plant will be at 11 KV level. The internal consumption requirement will be meeting by steeping down the voltage level to 415 Volts.

Under the present arrangement, the total power requirement of the textile plant complex is being meet by the existing 5.0 MW cogeneration plant in addition to the available diesel Generator set in the factory and from PSEB grid. After the cogeneration program, the entire power requirement for the entire textile mill complex will be distributed from the existing common substation available in the textile mill complex by operating the new 12 MW cogeneration turbo generator, existing 5MW cogeneration turbo generator and 4 MV D.G set. Only the process steam requirement of around 12.5 TPH at 9 atm level for the proposed new denim plant will be meet from the 12 MW cogeneration and turbo generator.

The water requirement of the cogeneration plant is proposed to be meeting from the bore wells proposed in the new cogeneration plant site. The factory expects that there will not be any difficulty in meeting with the water requirement of the cogeneration plant.

The proposed cogeneration plant will be working for a minimum of 330 days for a year, with rice husk as the main fuel and other biomass fuels as standby fuels. However, provision will be made in the cogeneration plant for firing other fuels like Indian coal and Barmer lignite.

All steam calculations are done based on the plant operation of 24 hours for a minimum of 330 days in a year.

The total process steam requirement for the plant is taken as 24.24 TPH including the heating steam required for the deaerator and HP heater with the following breakup.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Process requirement Deaerator steam requirement HP heater Ejector and gland sealing requirement

12.5 TPH 4.58 TPH 6.06 TPH 1.1 TPH

The process steam requirement at the consumption points for the proposed denim mill is consider as 8 atm at process plant inlet terminal point and for deaeration is 3.0 atm. Accordingly the turbine extraction pressure is selected as 9 atm at terminal point. The process requirement and for the requirement of ejector and gland sealing system and HP heater of boiler. The exhaust steam from the turbine will be condensed in the condenser and used as the boiler feed water.

The boiler being proposed for the cogeneration plant shall be with the steam parameter of 87 atm and 515C at the boiler outlet. The boiler proposed is of modern design with membrane furnace wall, atmospheric fluidized boiler suitable for outdoor installation with electrostatic precipitators for dust collection. The boiler will have facility to have uninterrupted flow of rice husk and other biomass fuels enabled by twin

bunker system located in the side of the boiler. The new boiler and cogeneration ill have DCS based control system for operation.

Fuel will be stored in the storage yard and feed into the boiler bunker system through conveyors. There will be a ash handling system to handled all the ash generated in the boiler in dry form and transported to the nearby area in own specified land for land filling in low lying area and will also be tried for the other industries for using the same in cement manufacturing brices manufacturing of possible. The ash handling system will be insured that the denim plant near and clean. The proposed boiler will have the electrostatic precipitator as the dust collection system for reducing the outlet flue gases dust concentration level of 115 mg/Nm.

The proposed boiler will operate with balance draft conditions with the help of forced and induced draft fans. There will be deaerator which deaerates the feed water and supply the feed water to the feed water pumps at about 115C and this feed water will be further heated in the high pressure HP heater to improve the cycle efficiency.

With the outlet steam parameters of the boiler at 87kgf/cm and 515C the main steam line from the boiler is connected to the turbo generator and supply steam to the pressure reducing and de-superheating station.

The cogeneration steam envisages extraction cum condensing turbo generator of 12 MW nominal capacities, operating with the steam inlet

parameters of 84 atm and 510C. The turbo generator will be installed with all necessary auxiliary plants and system required for efficient operation of co-generation plant.

The steam turbo generator will generate power at 11 KV. The quantum power required for meeting the entire NIEL textile mills complex requirement as well as the co-generation plant in house requirement meet by the new turbo generator in addition to the existing TG, DG sets and PSEB power and stand by for NIEL.

The plant and equipments for the co-generation plant will consist of the following auxiliary equipments.

There will be raw storage water tank and from the raw water storage tank the raw water will be pumped to the water treatment plant through centrifugal pumps.

The water treatment plant will treat the raw water to the required quality level of boiler feed water.

There will be a three cell cooling tower which pumps for condensing the exhaust steam from the turbine. The condensate will be circulated to the boiler as feed water through the condensate extraction pumps and deaerator.

The proposed cogeneration plant will have the necessary plant communication system, fire protection system and lightning arrestor system for safety and efficient operation of the plant. The co-generation plant will be CCS-SCADA based control system ensuring the maximum automation of the plant.

BOILER

Fig.3

Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated under pressure. The fluid is then circulated out of the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications. Construction of boilers is mainly limited to copper, steel, stainless steel, and cast iron. In live steam toys, brass is often used. The source of heat for a boiler is combustion of any of several fuels, such as wood, coal, oil, or natural gas. Electric boilers use resistance or immersion type heating elements. Nuclear fission is also used as a heat source for generating steam. Heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) use the heat rejected from other processes such as gas turbines

Boiler fitting and Mountings 1. Safety valves

An important boiler fitting is the safety valve. Its function is to protect the boiler shell from over pressure and subsequent explosion. Many different types of safety valves are fitted to steam boiler plant, but they must all meet the following criteria:

The total discharge capacity of the safety valve(s) must be at least equal to the 'from and at 100C' capacity of the boiler. If the 'from and at' evaporation is used to size the safety valve, the safety valve capacity will always be higher than the actual maximum evaporative boiler capacity.

2.

Boiler stop valves

A steam boiler must be fitted with a stop valve (also known as a crown valve) which isolates the steam boiler and its pressure from the process or plant. It is generally an angle pattern globe valve of the screw-down variety. Figure shows a typical stop valve of this type.

Fig.4 In the past, these valves have often been manufactured from cast iron, with steel and bronze being used for higher pressure applications. The stop valve is not

designed as a throttling valve, and should be fully open or closed. It should always be opened slowly to prevent any sudden rise in downstream pressure and associated waterhammer, and to help restrict the fall in boiler pressure and any possibleassociated_priming.

3.

Feedwater check valves

The feedwater check valve is installed in the boiler feedwater line between the feedpump and boiler. A boiler feed stop valve is fitted at the boiler shell. The check valve includes a spring equivalent to the head of water in the elevated feedtank when there is no pressure in the boiler. This prevents the boiler being flooded by the static head from the boiler feedtank.

Fig.5

4.

Boiler check valve

Under normal steaming conditions the check valve operates in a conventional manner to stop return flow from the boiler entering the feedline when the feedpump is not running. When the feedpump is running, its pressure overcomes the spring to feed the boiler as normal. Because a good seal is required, and the temperatures involved are relatively low (usually less than 100C) a check valve with a EPDM (Ethylene Propylene) soft seat is generally the best option.

Fig.6

5.

Boiler water quality control

The maintenance of water quality is essential to the safe and efficient operation of a steam boiler. The measurement and control of the various parameters is a complex topic, which is also covered by a number of regulations. It is therefore covered in detail later in this Block. The objective of the next few Sections is simply to identify the fittings to be seen on a boiler.

6.

TDS control

This controls the amount of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the boiler water, and is sometimes also referred to as 'continuous blowdown'. The boiler connection is typically DN15 or 20. The system may be manual or automatic. Whatever system is used, the TDS in a sample of boiler water is compared with a set point; if the TDS level is too high, a quantity of boiler water is released to be replaced by feedwater with a much lower TDS level. This has the effect of diluting the water in the boiler, and reducing the TDS level. On a manually controlled TDS system, the boiler water would be sampled every shift. A typical automatic TDS control system is shown in Figure

7.

Bottom blowdown

This ejects the sludge or sediment from the bottom of the boiler. The control is a large (usually 25 to 50 mm) key operated valve. This valve might normally be opened for a period of about 5 seconds, once per shift. Figures illustrate a bottom blowdown valve and its typical position in a blowdown system.

Fig.8

8.

Pressure gauge

All boilers must be fitted with at least one pressure indicator. The dial should be at least 150 mm in diameter and of the Bourdon tube type, it should be marked to indicate the normal working pressure and the maximum permissible working pressure / design pressure. Pressure gauges are connected to the steam space of the boiler and usually have a ring type siphon tube which fills with condensed steam and protects the dial mechanism from high temperatures. Pressure gauges may be fitted to other pressure containers such as blowdown vessels, and will usually have smaller dials as shown in Figure.

Fig.7

9.

Gauge glasses and fittings

All steam boilers are fitted with at least one water level indicator, but those with a rating of 100 kW or more should be fitted with two indicators. The indicators are usually referred to as gauge glasses complying with BS 3463.

A gauge glass shows the current level of water in the boiler, regardless of the boiler's operating conditions. Gauge glasses should be installed so that their lowest reading will show the water level at 50 mm above the point where overheating will occur. They should also be fitted with a protector around them, but this should not hinder visibility of the water level. Gauge glasses are prone to damage from a number of sources, such as corrosion from the chemicals in boiler water, and erosion during blow down, particularly

at the steam end. Any sign of corrosion or erosion indicates that a new glass is required. When testing the gauge glass steam connection, the water cock should be closed. When testing the gauge glass water connections, the steam cock pipe should be closed

10.

Air vents and vacuum breakers

When a boiler is started from cold, the steam space is full of air. This air has no heat value, and will adversely affect steam plant performance due to its effect of blanketing heat exchange surfaces. The air can also give rise to corrosion in the condensate system, if not removed adequately. The air may be purged from the steam space using a simple cock; normally this would be left open until a pressure of about 0.5 bar is showing on the pressure gauge. An alternative to the cock is a balanced pressure air vent which not only relieves the boiler operator of the task of manually purging air (and hence ensures that it is actually done), it is also much more accurate and will vent gases which may accumulate in the boiler. Typical air vents are shown in Figure When a boiler is taken off-line, the steam in the steam space condenses and leaves a vacuum. This vacuum causes

pressure to be exerted on the boiler from the outside, and can result in boiler inspection doors leaking, damage to the boiler flat plates and the danger of overfilling a shutdown boiler. To avoid this, a vacuum breaker (see Figure 3.7.14) is required on the boiler shell.

11.

Vacuum breaker

Vacuum breakers protect plant and process equipment against vacuum conditions, typically associated with cooling. The vacuum breaker consists of a spherical stainless steel ball that rests on its seat during normal operating conditions. At the point of vacuum, the valve is lifted off its seat and air is drawn into the system. In some cases, the valve may be spring loaded, which means that the vacuum is only broken when there is a further pressure decrease. This helps to ensure that the shut-off at near vacuum conditions remains bubble tight. A common application of vacuum breakers is on temperature-controlled heat exchangers that are likely to suffer from stall . On smaller heat exchangers draining to atmosphere, the stall condition can be avoided by installing a vacuum breaker on the steam inlet to the heat exchanger. When the vacuum is

reached in the steam space, the vacuum breaker opens to allow condensate to drain down to the steam trap.

Fig.9

In general, it is not desirable to introduce air into the steam space, since it acts as a barrier to heat transfer and reduces the effective steam temperature . This becomes a problem on larger heat exchangers, where it is not advisable to use a vacuum breaker to overcome stall. Furthermore, if the condensate is lifted after the steam trap, for example, into a raised condensate return main, the vacuum breaker cannot assist drainage. In both these cases, it is necessary to use an active method of condensate removal such as a pump-trap

Separators
'Wet' steam is a major concern in a steam system as it can cause process and maintenance problems, including lower productivity, erosion and corrosion.

Separators are designed to efficiently remove the moisture from steam flow. The application and selection of different types are considered here.There are three types of separator in common use in steam systems.

Types of separators a. b.
c.

Baffle type Cyclonic type

Coalescence type

Deaerator

Fig.10

Deaerator
Oxygen is the main cause of corrosion in hotwell tanks, feedlines, feedpumps and boilers. If carbon dioxide is also present then the pH will be low, the water will tend to be acidic, and the rate of corrosion will be increased. Typically the corrosion is of the pitting type where, although the metal loss may not be great, deep penetration andperforation can occur in a short period.

Elimination of the dissolved oxygen may be achieved by chemical or physical methods, but more usually by a combination of both. The essential requirements to reduce corrosion are to maintain the feedwater at a pH of not less than 8.5 to 9, the lowest level at which carbon dioxide is absent, and to remove all traces of oxygen. The return of condensate from the plant will have a significant impact on boiler feedwater treatment - condensate is hot and already chemically treated, consequently as more condensate is returned, less feedwater treatment is required. Water exposed to air can become saturated with oxygen, and the concentration will vary with temperature: the higher the temperature, the lower the oxygen content. The first step in feedwater treatment is to heat the water to drive off the oxygen. Typically a boiler feedtank should be operated at 85C to 90C.This leaves an oxygen content of around 2 mg / litre (ppm). Operation at higher temperatures than this at atmospheric pressure can be difficult due to the close proximity of saturation temperature and the probability of cavitation in the feedpump, unless the feedtank isInstalled at a very high level above the boiler feedpump. The addition of an oxygen scavenging chemical (sodium sulphite, hydrazine or tannin) will remove the remaining oxygen and prevent corrosion.tideaerator.

Operating principles of a pressurised deaerator

If a liquid is at its saturation temperature, the solubility of a gas in it is zero, although the liquid must be strongly agitated or boiled to ensure it is completely deaerated. This is achieved in the head section of a deaerator by breaking the water into as many small drops as possible, and surrounding these drops with an atmosphere

of steam. This gives a high surface area to mass ratio and allows rapid heat transfer from the steam to the water, which quickly attains steam saturation temperature. This releases the dissolved gases, which are then carried with the excess steam to be vented to atmosphere. (This mixture of gases and steam is at a lower than saturation temperature and the vent will operate thermostatically). The deaerated water then falls to the storage section of the vessel. A blanket of steam is maintained above the stored water to ensure that gases are not re-absorbed.

Water distribution
The incoming water must be broken down into small drops to maximise the water surface area to mass ratio. This is essential to raising the water temperature, and releasing the gases during the very short residence period in the deaerator dome (or head). Breaking the water up into small drops can be achieved using one of the methods employed inside the dome's steam environment.

Deaerator water inlet options

Fig.11

The major difficulties that may be encountered with a pressurised deaerator, and their possible causes.

Design data
Type. Deaerator capacity. I/L water temperature. I/L water pressure. O/L water temperature. O/L water pressure. Oxygen content in deaerator water. Heating steam quantity. Heating steam pressure. Heating steam temperature. Design pressure. Storage tank capacity. TPH C kg/cm(g) C kg/cm(g) ppm kg/hr kg/cm(g) C kg/cm(a) m Spray cum tray 66 74.78 -115 0.75 0.02 4777 2 135 3.5 18.5

Turbine

Fig.13

Turbine
Introduction and Summary
heat is a byproduct of power generation, steam turbines normally generate electricity as a byproduct of heat (steam) generation. A steam turbine is captive to a separate heat source and does not directly convert fuel to electric energy. The energy is transferred from the boiler to the turbine through high pressure steam that in turn powers the turbine and generator. This separation of functions enables steam turbines to operate with an enormous variety of fuels, from natural gas to solid waste, including all types of coal, wood, wood waste, and agricultural byproducts (sugar cane bagasse, fruit pits, and rice hulls). In CHP applications, steam at lower pressure is extracted from the steam turbine and used directly or is converted to other forms of thermal energy. Steam turbines offer a wide array of designs and complexity to Steam turbines are one of the

most versatile and oldest prime mover technologies still in general production. Power generation using steam turbines has been in use for about 100 years, when they replaced reciprocating steam engines due to their higher efficiencies and lower costs. Conventional steam turbine power plants generate most of the electricity produced in the United States. The capacity of steam turbines can range from 50 kW to several hundred MWs for large utility power plants. Steam turbines are widely used for combined heat and power (CHP) applications. Unlike gas turbine and reciprocating engine CHP systems where match the desired application And/or performance specifications. Steam turbines for utility service may have several pressure casings and elaborate design features, all designed to maximize the efficiency of the power plant. For industrial applications, steam turbines are generally of simpler single casing design and less complicated for reliability and cost reasons. CHP can be adapted to both utility and industrial steam turbine designs.

Turbine
Turbine out put (At generator terminals)

Rated 12000KW

Speeds Rated (turbine) Rated (generator) Resonance (turbine) 1. Critical speed - 1 2. Critical speed - 2 Direction of rotation Live steam Pressure rated Temperature rated 84 515 atm C 2800 min-1 5800 min-1 CCW 100% 100% 7500 min-1 1500 min-1 8250 min-1

Emergency trip (turbine) 110%

Exhaust steam Rated 0.10 atm

Steam purity Specific electric conductivity SiO2 < < 0.2 micro S/cm 20 micro g/l

Load point list Load point 1

Live steam Pressure Temperature Flow 84.0 atm 515 C 56.8 T/h

Exhaust to condenser Pressure Power output 0.10 atm 12000KW

Extraction steam Pressure Temperature Flow 9.0 262 18.8 atm C T/h

Bleed steam Pressure Temperature Flow 2.92 atm 179 4.7 C T/h

Turbine special instrumentation

Over speed

Manufacturer Probe type No. of pieces Linearity range Air gap-min Speed Manufacturer Probe type No. of pieces Linearity range Air gap-min 1 mm 1 mm

Woodward, USA Magnetic Pick up type, 5430933 2 100 Hz-32 Hz

Guardian 3

Magnetic Pick up model 100 Hz-32 Hz

Axial rotor position in the thrust bearing Manufacturer Probe type No. of pieces Probe tip dia. Air gap-min Sensor length 1 8.0 mm 2 mm 120 mm Predictech

TM0180-A05-B05-C12-D05

Bearing vibration (absolute) Manufacturer Probe type Predictech TM0180-A05-B05-C12-D05

No. of pieces: Turbine front bearing pedestal Rear bearing pedestal Gear box Generator Key phaser Linearity range Hi 0-200 Low 0-300 Proximitor details Manufacturer Operating range Sensitivity Output Bearing metal temperature Manufacturer Element No. of pieces: Radial bearing Measuring range 2 Turbine thrust bearing 4 2 10 -1000 Hz 2 8

Predictech 6-30 VDC 8.0 mv/m 4-20 ma

Masibus 2 x pt100, duplex 2

0 to 200 deg C

Condenser

Fig.14

Surface condenser

Surface condenser is the commonly used term for a water cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power stations. These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a pressure below atmospheric pressure. Where cooling water is in short supply, an air-cooled condenser is often used. An air-cooled condenser is however significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine exhaust pressure as a surface condenser.

Surface condensers are also used in applications and industries other than the condensing of steam turbine exhaust in power plants.

Purpose
In thermal power plants, the primary purpose of a surface condenser is to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency and also to convert the turbine exhaust steam into pure water (referred to as steam condensate) so that it may be reused in the steam generator or boiler as boiler feed water. The steam turbine itself is a device to convert the heat in steam to mechanical power. The difference between the heat of steam per unit weight at the inlet to the turbine and the heat of steam per unit weight at the outlet to the turbine represents the heat which is converted to mechanical power. Therefore, the more the conversion of heat per pound or kilogram of steam to mechanical power in the turbine, the better is its efficiency. By condensing the exhaust steam of a turbine at a pressure below atmospheric pressure, the steam pressure drop between the inlet and exhaust of the turbine is increased, which increases the amount heat available for conversion to mechanical power. Most of the heat liberated due to condensation of the exhaust steam is carried away by the cooling medium (water or air) used by the surface condenser.

The adjacent diagram depicts a typical water-cooled surface condenser as used in power stations to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine driving an electrical generator as well in other applications. There are many fabrication

design variations depending on the manufacturer, the size of the steam turbine, and other site-specific conditions.

MAIN COMPONENT
1. Shell 2. Vacuum system 3. Tube sheets 4. Tubes 5. Waterboxes

Cooling Tower

Fig.15

Cooling tower Cooling towers are evaporative coolers used for cooling water or other working medium to near the ambient wet-bulb air temperature. Cooling towers use evaporation of water to reject heat from processes such as cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, chemical plants, power plants and building cooling, for example. The towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures that can be up to 200 metres tall and 100 metres in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over 40 metres tall and

80 metres long. Smaller towers are normally factory-built, while larger ones are constructed on site. With respect to the heat transfer mechanism employed, the main types are:

1.

Wet cooling towers or simply cooling towers operate on the principle of evaporation.

2.

Dry coolers operate by heat transmission through a surface that divides the working fluid from ambient air. They thus rely mainly on convection heat transfer to reject heat from the working fluid, rather than evaporation.

3.

Fluid coolers are hybrids that pass the working fluid through a tube bundle, upon which clean water is sprayed and a fan-induced draft applied. The resulting heat transfer performance is much closer to that of a wet cooling tower, with the advantage provided by a dry cooler of protecting the working fluid from environmental exposure.

In a wet cooling tower, the warm water can be cooled to a temperature lower than the ambient air dry-bulb temperature, if the air is relatively dry. (see: dew point and psychrometrics). As air is drawn past a flow of water, the two flows attempt to equalize. The air, if not saturated, absorbs additional water vapor, leaving less heat in the remaining water flow. To achieve better performance (more cooling), a media called fill is used to increase the surface area between the air and water flows. Splash fill consists of material placed to interrupt the water flow causing splashing. Film fill is composed of thin sheets of material upon which the water flows. Both methods create increased surface area.

Air flow generation methods With respect to drawing air through the tower, there are three types of cooling towers: 1. Natural draft, which utilizes buoyancy via a tall chimney. Warm, moist air naturally rises due to the density differential to the dry, cooler outside air. Warm moist air is less dense than drier air at the same temperature and pressure. This moist air buoyancy produces a current of air through the tower. 2. Mechanical draft, which uses power driven fan motors to force or draw air through the tower. o Induced draft: A mechanical draft tower with a fan at the discharge which pulls air through tower. The fan induces hot moist air out the discharge. This produces low entering and high exiting air velocities, reducing the possibility of recirculation in which discharged air flows back into the air intake. This fan/fill arrangement is also known as draw-through. o Forced draft: A mechanical draft tower with a blower type fan at the intake. The fan forces air into the tower, creating high entering and low exiting air velocities. The low exiting velocity is much more susceptible to recirculation. With the fan on the air intake, the fan is more susceptible to complications due to freezing conditions. Another disadvantage is that a forced draft design typically requires more motor horsepower than an equivalent induced draft design. The forced draft benefit is its ability to work with high static pressure. They can be installed in more confined spaces and even in some indoor situations. This fan/fill geometry is also known as blow-through.

Categorization by air-to-water flow

Crossflow Crossflow is a design in which the air flow is directed perpendicular to the water flow (see diagram below). Air flow enters one or more vertical faces of the cooling tower to meet the fill material. Water flows (perpendicular to the air) through the fill by gravity. The air continues through the fill and thus past the water flow into an open plenum area. A distribution or hot water basin consisting of a deep pan with holes or nozzles in the bottom is utilized in a crossflow tower. Gravity distributes the water through the nozzles uniformly across the fill material

Fig.16

Counterflow

In a counterflow design the air flow is directly opposite of the water flow (see diagram below). Air flow first enters an open area beneath the fill media and is then drawn up vertically. The water is sprayed through pressurized nozzles and flows downward through the fill, opposite to the air flow.

Fig.17

Electrostatic precipitator

Fig.18

Electrostatic precipitator

Many countries around the world, including our own, depend on coal and other fossil fuels to produce electricity. A natural result from the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal, is the emission of fly ash. Ash is mineral matter present in the fuel. For a pulverized coal unit, 60-80% of ash leaves with the flue gas. Historically, fly ash emissions have received the greatest attention since they are easily seen leaving smokestacks.

Two emission control devices for fly ash are the traditional fabric filters and the more recent electrostatic precipitators. The fabric filters are large bughouse filters having a high maintenance cost (the cloth bags have a life of 18 to 36 months, but can be temporarily cleaned by shaking or back flushing with air). These fabric filters are inherently large structures resulting in a large pressure drop, which reduces the plant efficiency. Electrostatic precipitators have collection efficiency of 99%, but do not work well for fly ash with a high electrical resistively (as commonly results from combustion of low-sulfur coal). In addition, the designer must avoid allowing unburned gas to enter the electrostatic precipitator since the gas could be ignited.

Conventional electrostatic precipitator

The salt & pepper collector/selector, and repelling balloon experiments serve to illustrate the basis of an electrostatic precipitator. In these experiments a type of electrostatic collector and electrostatic selector are created. This same principle is used to keep the environment clean today. A description of a more elaborate demonstration of how an electrostatic precipitator works using a Van de Graff generator may be found at

The flue gas laden with fly ash is sent through pipes having negatively charged plates which give the particles a negative charge. The particles are then routed past positively charged plates, or grounded plates, which attract the now negatively-charged ash particles. The particles stick to the positive plates until they are collected. The air that leaves the plates is then clean from harmful pollutants. Just as the spoon picked the salt and pepper up from the surface they were on, the electrostatic precipitator extracts the pollutants out of the air.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.google.com http://www.gmail.com http://www.owmnahar.com http://www.wikipedia.com

INDEX

INTRODUCTION BOILER SAFETY VALVE BOILER STOP VALVE FEED WATER CHECK VALVE BOILER CHECK VALVE BOILER WATER QUANTITY CONTROL TDS CONTROL BOTTOM BLOW DOWN PRESSURE GAUGE GAUGE GLASS AND FITTING AIR VENTS & VACUUM BREAKERS VACUUM BREAKERS

DEAERATOR WATER DISTRIBUTOR DESIGN DATA

TURBINE INTRODUCTION SUMMARY CONDESOR COOLING TOWER BIBLIOGRAPHY