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Normalization :
1NF Eliminate Repeating Groups - Make a separate table for each set of related attributes, and give each table a primary key. 2NF Eliminate Redundant Data - If an attribute depends on only part of a multi-valued key, remove it to a separate table. 3NF Eliminate Columns Not Dependent On Key - If attributes do not contribute to a description of the key, remove them to a separate table. BCNF Boyce-Codd Normal Form - If there are non-trivial dependencies between candidate key attributes, separate them out into distinct tables. 4NF Isolate Independent Multiple Relationships - No table may contain two or more 1:n or n:m relationships that are not directly related. 5NF Isolate Semantically Related Multiple Relationships - There may be practical constrains on information that justify separating logically related many-to-many relationships.

4NF Isolate Independent Multiple Relationships

Initial business request

Incorrect solution

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Correct 4th normal form

5NF : Isolate Semantically Related Multiple Relationships

Initial business request

Incorrect solution

Correct 5th normal form

Bulk Bind:

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Improves the performance of oracle while manipulating data in Loops in Pl/sql. It can be implemented with For all Construct in Pl/SQL.

Example :
The time taken to insert, update then delete 10,000 rows using regular FOR..LOOP statements is approximately 34 seconds on my test server: CREATE TABLE test1( id NUMBER(10) primary key, description VARCHAR2(50));

The time taken to insert, update then delete 10,000 rows using regular FOR..LOOP statements is approximately 34 seconds on my test server: DECLARE TYPE id_type IS TABLE OF test1.id%TYPE;

TYPE description_type IS TABLE OF test1.description%TYPE; t_id id_type := id_type();

t_description description_type := description_type(); BEGIN FOR i IN 1 .. 10000 LOOP t_id.extend; t_description.extend; t_id(t_id.last) := i; t_description(t_description.last) := 'Description: ' || To_Char(i); END LOOP; FOR i IN t_id.first .. t_id.last LOOP INSERT INTO test1 (id, description) VALUES (t_id(i), t_description(i)); END LOOP; FOR i IN t_id.first .. t_id.last LOOP UPDATE test1 SET description = t_description(i)

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WHERE id = t_id(i); END LOOP; FOR i IN t_id.first .. t_id.last LOOP DELETE test1 WHERE id = t_id(i); END LOOP; Commit; End;

Using the FORALL construct to bulk bind the inserts this time is reduced to 18 seconds: DECLARE TYPE id_type IS TABLE OF test1.id%TYPE; TYPE description_type IS TABLE OF test1.description%TYPE; t_id id_type := id_type();

t_description description_type := description_type(); BEGIN FOR i IN 1 .. 10000 LOOP t_id.extend; t_description.extend; t_id(t_id.last) := i; t_description(t_description.last) := 'Description: ' || To_Char(i); END LOOP; FORALL i IN t_id.first .. t_id.last INSERT INTO test1 (id, description) VALUES (t_id(i), t_description(i)); FORALL i IN t_id.first .. t_id.last

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UPDATE test1 SET WHERE id = t_id(i);

description = t_description(i)

FORALL i IN t_id.first .. t_id.last DELETE test1 WHERE id = t_id(i); COMMIT; END; /

Using Bulk Collect :

Populating two collections with 10,000 rows using a FOR..LOOP takes approximately 1.02 seconds: DECLARE TYPE id_type IS TABLE OF test1.id%TYPE;

TYPE description_type IS TABLE OF test1.description%TYPE; t_id id_type := id_type();

t_description description_type := description_type(); CURSOR c_data is SELECT * FROM test1; BEGIN FOR cur_rec IN c_data LOOP t_id.extend; t_description.extend; t_id(t_id.last) := cur_rec.id; t_description(t_description.last) := cur_rec.description; END LOOP; END;

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Using the BULK COLLECT INTO construct reduces this time to approximately 0.01 seconds: DECLARE TYPE id_type IS TABLE OF test1.id%TYPE;

TYPE description_type IS TABLE OF test1.description%TYPE; t_id id_type;

t_description description_type; BEGIN SELECT id, description BULK COLLECT INTO t_id, t_description FROM test1; END; / Happy Learning !!! SRIDHAR