Office of The Chief of Ordnance - Terminal Ballistic Data - Volume 1 - Bombing (August 1944)

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TERMINAL BALLISTIC DATA

VolumeI Bombing
61 N GI
August 1944
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Maximum desired effect at the target is the objective followed by the Ordnance Department in designing weapons and ammunition. A proper
balance of many factors involved is essential to accomplish this purpose. crete structures. It
ocenngte
f rilen
ation concerning the use of artillery ary 1944. This document gives n weapons and the proper ammunition for attacking heavy reinforced concalls attention to the fact that H.E. ammunition with
Most important among these factors are terminal velocities, shape, weight,
and material used in the projectile, type and weight of explosive charge and
standard fuzes should not be used for this purpose as no satisfactory effects
against sturdy concrete fortifications are attainable.
the fuzing system. For example:

A shaped charge used in the "Bazooka" is very effective against would do only a
c. "STANDARD ARTILLERY AND AMMUNITION AGAINST REINFORCED CONCRETE PILLBOXES"-Second Progress Report dated 15 February 1944. This document reports results of additional artillery
tanks, whereas against heavy concrete emplacements, it comparatively small amount of damage;
firings
from 75-mm to 240-mm inclusive against heavy reinforced concrete strucA general purpose bomb is exceedingly efficient against certain types of buildings whereas a semi-armor-piercing bomb will be much more efficient than the general purpose bomb if penetration of more resistant materials is required for destruction of the target; tures, and the effects of G.P. and $.A.P. bombs of various weights against similar structures. In the course of these tests, a very important discovery
was made. It was found that a special steel fuze into which were introduced
standard fuze components in combination with standard H.E. ammunition

gave a superior type of concrete-penetrating shell. With these special steel fuzes which can be used with standard H.E. ammunition from 75-mm to 240-mm inclusive without any modifications to the loaded shell, and which
The delay used in a fuze is extremely important since the position of

the projectile with respect to the target at the instant of detonation determines the amount of damage. This is true against personnel and other targets where a certain fragment pattern is desired as well as against targets such
is interchangeable with any standard contour fuze, all calibers of H.E. shell
become effective concrete-piercing ammunition.
as heavy concrete and armor where delay is vital to permit penetration before
detonation for maximum damage. To obtain best results, ammunition, target. the hands of d. "VULNERABILITY TESTS OF GERMAN TANKS PZ KW III, IV, properly fuzed, must be carefully selected to
fit the
AND VI" dated 15 March 1944. This brochure gives data showing the
ranges at which penetrations of the various plates found on German tanks can be achieved. The purpose of this book is to report additional data which have
The great importance of accumulating and placing in
troops data showing the effect of various kinds of ammunition on specific targets was recognized early in the emergency. This work has been intensively carried forward and much information of the character indicated has been provided by the Ordnance Department. Some recent publications giving data on terminal ballistics are the following:
been accumulated on terminal ballistics, and to present all data available

to date on terminal ballistics in such form as to be of greatest usefulness to all concerned. These data should be of great assistance in the selection and
a. "WEAPONS FOR JUNGLE WARFARE", dated 1 November1943.

This brochure describes certain weapons for jungle warfare and methods for attacking bunkers and destroying Japanese infantry in the jungle.
use of weapons and ammunition against specific targets. It has been issued in two volumes-one on artillery ammunition, ,and the other on bombs.
This volume covers bombing. Comments, suggested changes, and data relating to field experience the use of this book will be welcomed. Additions and revisions will be
b. "STANDARD INFORCED
ARTILLERY AND AMMUNITION
AGAINST RE-
in
CONCRETE PILLBOXES"-First Progress Report dated 5 Janu-
made in the future as may be deemed necessary.
u, mrnumm, mmhim3mm.
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CONTENTS
VOLUME I-TERMINAL BALLISTIC DATA FOR BOMBING PART 1-BOMB BALLISTICS........................
1. General Text ..................... .. ......... 2. Charts of Range vs. Altitude of Release........ . .......... 3. Charts of Differential Effects on Range..................17
a. b. Effects on Range of a 10-Mile-per-Hour Ballistic Range Wind ........................... Differential
Page
SLLU:STRATIONS
Page
CHAI ITS OF RANGE VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE 1

1
3
17 17 30 42
Effect on Range of a 10 Percent Departure from Standard ..... Ballistic Density........:.... .........
4. Charts on Striking Velocity and Angle of Fall vs. Altitude of Release ....... ... :........
5. Charts for Trail vs. Drop....
PART 2-BOMBING OF CONCRETE...:..............' 1. General Text.......

........ .................... ... 2. Deformation and Rupture....................... 3. Penetration and Perforation........................ 4. Attack on Concrete Pillboxes Utilizing Confined Detonation
54
54 60 61 63
. ................ 1. Illustrative Example............ 2. Cluster, Fragmentation, 100-lb., AN-MI Al (6-20-lb., . AN-M41).................................. 3. Cluster, Fragmentation, 500-lb., T8 (M27) (6-90-lb., T9 (M82))................................. 4. Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-M81 (T10).... .... 5. Bomb, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30 and AN-M3OAI ....... 6. Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57 and AN-M57A1......... 7. Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 and AN-M64A1....... 8. Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65 and AN-M65A1....... 9. Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66 and AN-M66A1...... 10. Bomb, Demolition, L.C., 4,000-lb., AN-M56 and .......................... AN-M56A1 ...... 11. Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and . AN-M58A2............................... 12. Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59 and AN-M59A1.. -'
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
13. Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. I.................

CHARTS OF DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON RANGE
Close to External Wall............ a. Bombing from Horizontal Flight at t(Minimum Altitude. b. Bombing from a Glide to Avoid Ric.ochet............ c. Bombing from a Glide to Avoid Ricochet and Insure
Deep Penetration in Ground..... d. Attack on Lighter Pillboxes...... .
, .
63
63 63
Effect on Range of a 10-Mile-per-Hour Differential Ballistic Range'Wind. Effect on Range of a 10 Per Cent Departure From Standard Ballistic Density.
63
14. Cluster, Fragmentation, 100-lb., AN-MiAl

AN-M41).......
...........................
(6-20-lb.,
18
15. Cluster, Fragmentation, 500-lb., T8 (M27) (6-90-lb.,
PART 3-BOMB FRAGMENT DAMAGE.

1. Tables on Fragment Damage........
2. Damage Patterns .........

3. Types of Damage................
....... .
64 64 64 64 64
4. The Choice of Bombs..............

5. Air Bursts.. ................
T9 (M82))................................... 19 16. Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-M81 (TI0)..........20 17. Bomb, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30 and AN-M30AI ......... 21 18. Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57 and AN-M57A1.........22 19. S64 Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 and AN-M64A1......... 23
20. Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65 and AN-M65A1...
..
PART 4-BOMB AND BOMB FUZE DAT

1. Particulars on Bomb Fuzes..........
A.........1622. ....... :.... ... 119
21. Bomb, G.P.,

N1I-M
Bomb, Demolition
2,000-lb.,
L CJ.
A
AN-M66 and AN-M66A1.......
24 25 26
26,
P0Qb~l
a5
ILLUSTRATIONS
23. Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and
AN-M58A2 ..... ................................ 27
f g1STRATIONS
29 46. Bomb, Demolition, L.C., 4,000-lb., AN-M56 and AN-M56A1.................. ............... 47. Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and AN-Ms8A2 ................................ 48. Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000lb., AN-M59 and AN-M59A1.... 49. Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. I..................... CHAI RTS ON EARTH DISPLACEMENT
30 31 32
Page F
50 51 52 53
24. Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59 and AN-M59A1......28 25. Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. 1 ...................... CHARTS OF STRIKING VELOCITY
AND ANGLE OF FALL
VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE.

26. Cluster, Fragmentation, AN-M41)..............
100-lb., AN-MI
Al (6-20-lb.,
OF BOMBS
G.P., AN-M30 or
50. Crater Diameter and Depth-100-lb.,
27. Cluster, Fragmentation, 500-lb., T8 (M27) (6-90-lb., T9 (M82)) .. .................................... 28. Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-M81 (TI0)..........
AN-M3OAI ............
...................
54 55 56 57
51. Crater Diameter and Depth-250-lb., G.P., AN-M57 or
AN-M57A1 .......................................
52. Crater Diameter and Depth-500-lb., G.P., AN-M64 or AN-M64A1 ............... ................... . 53. Crater Diameter and Depth-I ,000-lb., G.P., AN-M44,
29. Bomb, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30 and AN-M30AI......... 30. Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57 and AN-M57A1......... 31. Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 and AN-M64A1......... 32. Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65 and AN-M65A1....... 33. Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66 and AN-M66A1....... 34. Bomb, Demolition, L.C., 4,000-lb., AN-M56 and
AN-M56A1 .....................................
33 34 35 36 37
38 39
AN-M65 or AN-M65A1......
54. Crater
.................. ..................
Diameter and Depth-2,000-lb., G.P., AN-M34, 58

59
AN-M66 or AN-M66A1.....
55. Earth Displacement Due to Underground Explosions in Clay Soil.................................................
35. Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and

AN-M58A2........ ..........................
CHARTS ON THE DAMAGE EFFECTS OF BOMBS

56. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41-Casualties....... 57. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41-Casualties...... 74 74 75
1
36. Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59 and AN-M59A1...... 37. Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. I.............. CHARTS FOR TRAIL VS. DROP 38. Cluster, Fragmentation, 100-lb., AN-MI Al (6-20-lb.,
AN-M41) ......................................... 39. Cluster, Fragmentation, 500-lb., TB (M27) (6-90-lb., T9 (M82)). ......... :.... :......................43 40. Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-MB81(T10) ...........
40 41
......
58. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 -Perforation of Mild Steel................. ................

42
/-in.
59. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41-Perforation of /8-in.
Mild Steel...........................................
60. 23-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M40-Casualties...... 61. 23-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M40-Perforation of /8-in.
1
75 76
44
Mild Steel.................................
62. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Casualties...... . 63r~ 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Casualties.......
77
78 79 80 81
41. Bomb, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30 and AN-M30AI......... 42. Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57 and AN-M57AI......... 43. Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 and AN-M64A1.... ...
45 46 47
44. Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65 and A 45. Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66 and A
i-
rw64ii
G1
.Fragmentation
Bomb, T9 (M82)-Casualties....... Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of
49
Mild Steel..................
.............
ILLUSTRATION
66. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Pration' of
1
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
/A-in. Mild Steel............................... /s-in. Mild Steel ................... ...... .. .................... ... of
82 83
7. 2601-b.' Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation ......................... of 1/2-in. Mild Steet .....
88. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)--Perforation of 1/2-in. Mild Steel.............................104
103
67. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of

1
68. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of
89. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Casualties. . 84

85
105 106 107

108 109
1/4-in. Mild Steel.........................

1/4-in. Mild Steel..........
90. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Casualties. 91. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Casualties. 92. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or ANrM64-Perforation
of 1/8-in. Mild Steel ..............................
69. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation
70. 100-lb. .r. Bomb, AN-MiUA1 or AN-M3-U-asualties .8. 6 87 71. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30A1 or AN-M30-Casualties 72. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30AI or AN-M30-Casualties. 73. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30A1 or AN-M30-Perforation
/8-in. Mild Steel ............... of 1 88
93. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation

of 1 /8 -in. Mild Steel ...............................
89
90 91 92 93 (T10)-Casualties 94
94. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation of 1 /A-in. Mild Steel.............................110 95. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation
of 1/4-in. M ild Steel ... . ........... .. ............. Il1 112 113
74. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30AI or AN-M30-Perforation of 1 /8 -in. Mild Steel ........... 75. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30A1 or AN-M30-Perforation . ...... of 1/ 8-in. Mild Steel.. 76. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M3OAI or AN-M30-Perforation

of 1/4-in. Mild Steel...............................
of 1/4-in. Mild Steel ...............

77. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30AI or AN-M30-Perforation
of /4-in. Mild Steel ............... 78. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M8
1

of 1/4-in. Mild Steel .............................

of 1/2-in. Mild Steel............................114
79. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M1 (TI 0)-Casualties 80. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Casualties
81. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation of 1 / 8-in. Mild Steel .............................
95 96
97

of 1/2-in. Mild Steel ................................ 115
82.
260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation

of / 8-in. Mild Steel......
of 1/-in.
1
TABLES
I. Deformation and Rupture Altitude for Bombs Falling on Very Thick Concrete................. .............. 2. Approximate Maximum Thickness of Concrete Perforated by
........................
98
99
83. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation

Mild Steel ................................... 84. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforati 1 ......................... of /-in. Mild Steel..... 85. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI )-Perforati
S.A.P. and A.P. Bombs.....

r a
.
"
...................
ximum Thickness of Concrete Perforated (Ft.) by
4
1'6ti
102
tudes above 5,000 Ft... ........
of 1/4-in. Mild Steel ...............................

86. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI 0)-Perforation ... of 1/4-in. Mild Steel..........................
rol s of Concrete (5,000 p.s.i.) Removed from Thick oIitei , by Bombs which Penetrate but Fail to Perforate .........................................
TABLES
TABLES ON FRAGMENT DAMAGE FROM BOMBS
5. (Low Altitude Bombing)....... ........... . 6. (Altitude of Bomb Release 10,000 Ft.)...............
MAP*
g TABLES
Page
19. 260-lb. ragmentation Bomb, AN-Mel (TI 0)-Perforation of 1/2-in. Mild Steel .............. ................ 71 20. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64 and AN-M64A -Casualties 21. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64 and AN-M64A1--Perforation of 1/8-in. Mild Steel ...........................
72
72
72
7. (Altitude of Bomb Release 20,000 Ft.)................... 8. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 -Casualties ...... 9. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 -Perforation of 1/A-in. Mild Steel.........................................
10. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Casualties...... 11. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation 'A8-in. M ild Steel....................................... of
22. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64 and AN-M64A1-Perforation of 1/4-in. Mild Steel ........................
23. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64 and AN-M64A1-Perforation of 1/2-in. Mild Steel.........................
72
12. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of 1/4-in. Mild Steel................................. 13. 100-lb. G. P. Bomb, AN-M30 and AN-M30AI -Casualties 14. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30 and AN-M30AI-Perforation of 1/8-in Mild Steel ....................... ation of /4-in. Mild Steel......................... "........
TABLES ON BOMB AND FUZE DATA

24. General Purpose and Light Case Bomb Data.............. 116 117
25. Armor-Piercing Bomb Data...............................

26. Semi-Armor-Piercing Bomb Data.... 27. Fragmentation Bomb Data ...................... 28. Fragmentation Cluster Data ...................... 29. Impact Fuze Data............................. 30. ....... ......... ...
117
118 118
15. 100-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M30 and AN-M3OAI-Perfor16. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI 0)-Casualties..
17. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation
120
121
. .............. of 'A8-in. Mild Steel............ 18. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation . of 1 /4-in. Mild Steel............................
AN-MI 03 Fuze Table.........................

..................
31. M103 Fuze Table (Partially Armed 250 Turns)......... 32. M103 Fuze Table ...................
121
121
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Page 1
Volume I, Part 1
BOMB BALLISTICS
-1. This volume is designed to give usable ballistic information in a compact, understandable form. Text is consequently kept to a minimum, essential data for the most part being incorporated in charts and tables.
The charts on bomb ballistics include the following subjects: a. Range vs. Altitude of Release. b. Differential Effects on Range.
I. Effect on Range of a 10-m.p.h. Differential Ballistic Wind vs. Altitude of Release. II. Effect on Range of a 10% Departure from Standard Ballistic Density vs. Altitude of Release.
c. Striking Velocity and Angle of Fall vs. Altitude of Release.
d. Trail vs. Drop.
Ballistic functions are charted at true air speeds of 200 m.p.h. and 400 m.p.h. and for 50 m.p.h. head winds for each of the following:
Bomb, Fragmentation, 20-lb., AN-M41 Bomb, Fragmentation, 90-lb., T9 (M82) Bomb, Fragmentation, 260-lb., AN-M81 (TI0) Bomb, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30 and AN-M30A1 Bomb, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57 and AN-M57A1 Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 and AN-M64A1
i~:~ ~ F''il iirI: I-:i: . r A ~
Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65 and AN-M65A1 Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66 and AN-M66A1 Bomb, Demolition, L.C., 4,000-lb., AN-M56 and AN-M56A1 Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and AN-M58A2 Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59 and AN-M59A1 Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. I
'
g~-;
fl:z
Page 3
2. CHARTS OF RANGE VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE

These charts are based on range with no wind and range with a 50 m.p.h.
head wind. Range as considered in the charts is the distance between the (c) In the case of a 60 m.p.h. tail wind with a 200 m.p.h. true air
speed interpolation must be employed. The distance, say X,
between the
point of impact and the point directly under the airplane at the instant of bomb release. With no wind the true air speeds and ground speeds are the same (200 m.p.h. and 400 m.p.h.). For each set of two curves, a 50 m.p.h. head wind reduces the ground speeds to 150 m.p.h. and 350 m.p.h., respectively. Effects of other head or tail winds may be obtained by interpolation or extrapolation. The following examples show how the chart is used
200 m.p.h. and 400 m.p.h. 'curves (2 and 4) for range with no wind is measured on the 20,000 ft. altitude of release line. Since there is a difference of 200
m.p.h. between these two curves, and the tail wind is 60 m.p.h., 60/200 or 3/10 of the distance (X) from the no wind 200 m.p.h. curve (2) is that from which the vertical line must be extended to the range line to determine the range. Intersection of the range line with the vertical line from the point of
interpolation shows the range to be 12,900 ft.
for Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64 or AN-M64A1. (See example chart on page 4.) (a) Assuming the bomb to be dropped from an altitude of 20,000 ft. with a true air speed of 200 m.p.h. and no wind, a vertical line is extended from the intersection of the solid curve (2) for 200 m.p.h. true air speed and the horizontal line for 20,000 ft. altitude of release until it meets the range line at the base of the chart. The range at this point is found to be 9,800 ft. (b) If a 50 m.p.h. head wind (resulting in a ground speed of 150 m.p.h.) is assumed, the range for a bomb dropped from 20,000 ft. is found from the dotted 200 m.p.h. curve (1) in the same way as in the first example.
The range in this instance is 7,600 ft.
(d) If the wind were a head wind of 60 m.p.h. the interpolation point would be 1/5 the distance between the 200 m.p.h. curve (2) for no wind and the 200 m.p.h. curve (1) corrected for a 50 m.p.h. head wind.
This is so because the 10 m.p.h. increase of a 60 m.p.h. wind above the given
head wind of 50 m.p.h. is 1/5 the difference between the latter wind and no
wind. But the ground speed of a 200 m.p.h. true air speed with a 60 m.p.h. head wind is 140 m.p.h. It is therefore necessary to extrapolate to the left of curve (1) to find the point from which to drop a vertical line to the range . line. This is done by measuring to the left (decreasing velocity side) of the 200 m.p.h. curve (1), corrected for a 50 m.p.h. head wind, the distance
originally determined by interpolation. This range is found to be 7,343 ft.
Page 4
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3. CHARTS OF DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON RANGE
Effect
on Range of a 1O-.p.h.
ifferential Ballistic Range
Wind.
STANDARD AIR DENSITY FROM SEA LEVEL TO 6,000 FT. ALTITUDE

(Ft. above sea level) 0.............. ......................
The charts were constructed1 on the assumption of a constant wind, although in general the wind is not constant at all altitudes. Meteorological observations of winds at different levels can be averaged to give a mean constant wind, termed the Ballistic Wind, that will have the same effect on the bomb trajectory as the actual variable wind. The difference between this Ballistic Wind and the wind at release is the Differential Ballistic Wind. In the absence of a good value for Ballistic Wind it may be assumed
STANDARD DENSITY
(grams per liter) 1.203
1,000...................................1.166 2,000................................... 3,000...................................1.095 4,000...................................1.061 5,000....................... 6,000.................................0.996 ......... 1.028 1.130
that the Differential Ballistic Wind is 300/0 of the wind at release altitude and in the opposite direction.
Effect
on Range of a 10 percent Departurefrom Standard Ballistic Density.

The difference at various altitudes between the actual air density air density,
and the standard
of standard air density, may be determined by meteorological observations. An average of these variable differences gives a result known as the Ballistic Density Difference which has the same effect on the trajectory as the actual variable percentage density differences. When an accurate ballistic density change is not available the percentage density change at the ground should be used as an approximate value. This is found by taking as a percentage of the standard density the difference between the actual density at the altitude of the airfield and the standard density at the same altitude as given in the following table:
expressed as percentage
Upon obtaining the percentage difference from standard density the range effect may be found from the appropriate bomb chart. If the target is not at sea level, the height of the target correction given in the bombing tables should also be employed if it is available.
Page 18
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Page 42
CLUS TER, FRAGMENTAT ION, 100-LB, AN-M1AI(6-20&LB.AN-M41)

IMMEDIATE TRAIL SEPARATION VS. DROP
TRAIL IN FEET FOR RELEASE ALTITUDES 10000 AND 25000 FEET
IL
__--5000
LL C)
o
---- wI
w
0 0
wn
w
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w
c
or a. 0
5000
r20000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
10000 0
- -25000
TRAIL - FT
FIGURE 38
5. CHARTS FOR TRAIL VS. DROP

These charts, giving trail distance as a function of drop, show actual trajectories with respect to axis fixed in the airplanes. From them can be determined how Far a bomb dropped From a given altitude will lag behind the bomber.
Page 43
ICLUS TER, FRAGMENTATION, 50Q-LB, T8 (M27)(6 -m9-LBT9(M 82)

IMMEDIATE SEPARATION TRAIL VS. DROP
--------
-----
U--
-5000
LL
0 0 0. 0
-IJ
0 0 0
-10000
N
w
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5000------
20000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4 000
3000
-
2000
1000
10000-
- --
25000'
TRAIL
FT
FIGURE 39
Page 44
BOMB, FRAGMENTATION, 26O- LB., AN -M81(T 10)

TRAIL VS. DROP
TRAIL IN FEET FOR RELEASE ALTITUDES
10000 AND 25000 FEET
Ui0 0 0
U5000
0 0
0
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cnJ J
10000 w
cr
15000
00
LL
01 0 0
5000-
~20000
10000 --.
5000
4000
25000
3000
2000
1000
TRAIL - FT.
FIGURE 40
Page 45
BOMB, G17
10OO-
LB., AN-'M30 AND AN-M30A1

TRAIL VS. DROP
_____-------00
0
to
J
o w w w
W w w
5000- -
-20000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
I10000-0
25000
TRAIL- FT.
FIGURE 41
Page 46
BOMB, G.P, 250-LB., AN- M57 AND AN-M 57A TRAIL VS. DROP
TRAIL IN 'FEET FOR RELEASE ALTITUDES 10000 AND 25000 FEET ---0
0L
0 0 0 0W Co 4 w
mJ xJ
-
-5000
N-I-
-10000
15000
U0
1-
o 20000
25000
TRAIL - FT.
FIGURE 42
Page 41,
BOMB,G.P, 500-LB.,AN-M64
TRAIL VS. DROP
AND
AN- M64A1
---- 0
HP
LL
-
0-5000
UA. 0
0
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w
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a:a
20000
- -- 25000 5000
TRAIL
-
FT.
FIGURE 43
Page 48
BOMB, G.P, 1000 -LB., AN -M65

TRAIL VS. DROP
AND
AN-M65A1
TRAIL IN FEET FOR. RELEASE ALTITUDES 10000 AND 25000 FEET ---0
H. IL - 5000
0 0 0 0 Id U) Q -J Id
IL
0 0
0
-10000
Id U) 4
-15000
0 a 0
-20000
3000
TRAIL
-
2000
1000
0'
---
25000
FT.
FIGURE 44
Page 49
B0MB,G.F, 2000-LB., AN-
M66AND
AN- M66A1
TRAIL VS. DROP

--o
--
-O--5000
0 0
w
N,
16Pae4
w --10000 w 0
H-
-15000
____
V6
5000-- -
- 2uv0
g N
4000
3000
2000
1000
10000- - --25000
TRAIL -FT.
FIGURE 45
Page 50
BOMB,DEMOLITION, L.C.,4 000 - LB.,ANM56RI AND ANR-56A

TRAIL IN FEET
FOR
RELEASE ALTITUDES
10000 AND 25000 FEET
IL.
- -- -0-5000
0 0 00
LUj
0
0 0
0- - -F15000C'
_____
_____ ___
____
-0-
-.
0--
5000
0000000-20-20000
FIGURE 46
Page 51
BOMB,S.A.P, 500' LB..AN M 58,AN-M58AI

TRAIL VS. DROP
AND
AN-M58A2
TRAIL IN FEET, FOR RELEASE ALTITUDES 10000 AND' 25000 FEET

0
--
5000
0 0 0 0 () -J
10000
Li
-J
15000
U-
)ono- -o- 20000
a. 0 a:
a
0
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
10000
-25000
TRAIL -FT
FIGURE 47
Page 52
BOMB, S.AP, 10OOO-LB., AN-M59 AND AN-M59A1

TRAIL VS. DROP
TRAIL IN FEET FOR RELEASE ALTITUDES 10000 AND 25000 FEET _ . _ -_0
-w 5000 0 0 0 0
I fW~f*i
laIol
III
4
-J
4 wi -J w
15000
I
H IL
20000
10000
8000
4000 6000 TRAIL-FT.

FIGURE 48
2000
JI0000-
-25000
Page 53
BOMB, A.P, 1600-LB. AN-MK I

TRAIL VS. DROP
-0
--- -1;:- 5000
0 0 0 0
w w
0---
-- 150100
a 0
5000
-'s
-20000
10000
8000
4000 6000 TRAIL -FT

FIGURE
2000
110000_
-25000
49
Page 54
Volume IPart 2 BOMBING OF CONCRETE

GENERAL TEXT
1. The relatively large dispersion and low striking velocities of bombs
prevent the bombing of concentrated, strongly-built concrete Fortifications from being generally profitable. However, general purpose bombs can be effectively used in the removal of the dirt coverings over piliboxes prior to artillery attack. Figures 50 to 55 inclusive give the crater sizes and earth displacements caused by various size bombs.
.. w-iUN
TYPE A
\~~;
PLATO
SHEAR
'
E QULp
TYPE B
TYPE C
n n mD
DEBRIS MOUND PARTIAL
O
O
O
CD
CAMOUFLET
0 G)
A AMOUFLET MOUND
O
-I
GAMOUFLET
o >3
m
CRATER TYPES
ABOVE GROUND 171 SCALE I/4 OF SCALE IN GRAPH
CLAY
S
I*0
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' "
210
~ -
SOFT CHALK I
HARD CHALK GRAVEL
0
E O SF OF GU
. -
90
TO CT
. .I
I0
OF M
OF MASS
DISTANCE FROM SURFACE OF
GROUND TO
CENTER
SHADED REGIONS IN GRAPH INDICATE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS FOR NORMAL EXPLOSIVE FILLING (TNT OR AMATOL) FOR DETONATIONS OCCURING RELATIVELY DEEP IN SAND, THE GRATER DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THOSE OF HARD CHALK. THE PROFILE,HOWEVER, IS MORE NEARLY CONICAL. FOR DETONATIONS CLOSE TO THE GROUND SURFACE,THE CRATERSIN SAND ARE LARGER THAN THOSE IN HARD CHALK.
EXAMPLE: A 100-LB. BOMB DETONATING IN SOFT CHALK OR EQUIVALENT SOIL AT A DEPTH OF TEN FEET WILL YIELD A GRATER OF TYPE C APPROXIMATELY 3 TO 6 FEET DEEP AND 18 TO 21 FEET IN DIAMETER.
FIGURE
50
0 a,
Page 55
DEBRIS MOUND
o
a
0
a,
I)IPARTIALJ- CAMOUFLET 0.
CAOFE MOUND
-!
...
/E
GROUND
j
.9
.
cu
ELOW GROUND
01
11 L0
GRATER TYPES
20
20,
O DZ
30 0
SCALE 1/4 OF SCALE IN GRAPH
SOFT CHALK HARD CHALK

GRAVEL
.
1
0I.
DO
I , I
I
I p
o D
20
II
1 9
~it0 ~
~ a
p -
DISTANCE FROM SURFACE OF GROUND TO CENTER OF MASS SHADED REGIONS IN GRAPH INDICATE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS FOR NORMAL EXPLOSIVE FILLING (TNT OR AMATOL) FOR DETONATIONS OCCURING RELATIVELY DEEP IN SAND, THE CRATER DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THOSE OF HARD CHALK. THE PROFILE, HOWEVER, IS MORE NEARLY CONICAL. FOR DETONATIONS CLOSE TO THE GROUND. SURFACE,,TH-E CRATERS IN SAND ARE LARGER THAN THOSE IN HARD CHALK.
o) a,
A250-LB. BOMB DETONATING IN SOFT CHALK OR EQUIVALENT SOIL AT A DEPTH OF TEN FEET WILL YIELD A GRATER OF TYPE B APPROXIMATELY 5 TO 9 FEET DEEP AND 26 TO 29 FEET IN DIAMETER.
EXAMPLE:
FIGURE 51
Page 55
30
O
gC
PARTIAL
CWUFLET
-PLATFOR -
SHOULDER
DIA ETER.
20
20~
w
20_2
',
c1
I c
PARIA
Z* _
D
'I
J>AMOUFLET
G)
-D-P
IL ____ _____:
ACAMOUFLETON
oDEP-0
ABOVE GROUND
''''''
BELOW GROUND
GRATER TYPES
j a IIIII1I1 ..
z Z
O
O I'''
1
ly11II
ha
0CLAY
,I,
11II1II ''''
SCALE 1/4
OFSCALE IN GRAPH
IC GRAVEL
mDTAEFRMSFAEO
20
'
w
6
~ea
a,,*
DITNEFO
UFC
FGROUND TO CENTER OF MASS
SHADED REGIONS IN GRAPH INDICATE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS FOR NORMAL EXPLOSIVE FILLING
0
W,
(TNT OR AMATOL)
FOR DETONATIONS OCCURING RELATIVELY DEEP IN SAND, THE CRATER DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THOSE OF HARD CHALK THE PROFILE, HOWEVER, IS MORE NEARLY CONICAL. FOR DETONATIONS CLOSE TO THE GROUND SURFACE,TH-E CRATERS IN SAND ARE LARGER THAN THOSE IN HARD CHALK.
A 500 *LB. BOMB DETONATING IN SOFT CHALK OR EQUIVALENT SOIL AT A DEPTH OF TEN FEET WILL YIELD A GRATER OF TYPE B APPROXIMATELY 8 TO II FEET DEEP AND 32 TO 35 FEET IN DIAMETER.
EXAMPLE:
FIGURE 52
Page 51
so
--
__
PARTIAL
UFLA
ISHEAR
40 30 D ETER
'
___ ___
PLATFOR
~LS HOULDER
"
40
330
I-
i.
p/PRTA
~DEBRIS
MOUND
0D
20
CAMOUFLET
G)
D
~~AMOULETMON
0 _10:10' DP
-C
CAMOUFLET
aI
.-
'
n.7.
17
C 0p
w0000ABOVE
GAE............
GROUND
BELOW GROUND
GRATER TYPES
CLA1
10
SOTCAK10
24
20
30
4IAA9
4-0
SCALE I/4 OF SCALE IN GRAPH
Z) 1
20
GROUND
, ... .. TO CENTER OF MASS
30
0 0
*1
DISTANCE FROM SURFACE OF
SHADED REGIONS IN GRAPH INDICATE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS FOR NORMAL EXPLOSIVE-FILLING (TNT OR AMATOL) FOR DETONATIONS OCCURING RELATIVELY DEEP IN SAND, THE CRATER DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THOSE OF HARD CHALK. THE PROFILE, HOWEVER, IS MORE NEARLY CONICAL. FOR DETONATIONS CLOSE TO THE GROUND SURFACE,THE CRATERSIN SAND ARE LARGER THAN THOSE IN HARD CHALK.
wD
(
A 1000-LB. BOMB DETONATING IN SOFT CHALK OR EQUIVALENT SOIL AT A DEPTH OF TEN FEET WILL YIELD A CRATER OF TYPE B APPROXIMATELY 10 TO 14 FEET DEEP AND 38 TO 42 FEET IN DIAMETER.
EXAMPLE:
FIGURE 53
Page 58,
-50 50'
X70
A
-YP
C -
ATA ___
FL
ATAAFE
PLATFOR
-NSHOULDER TYP B
.'.---
40
IA
-
ETER
--, ,o,
.,
500
w
40
G IrDEBRIS
MOUND
___A___lRTIAL __
30
ww03O.
40
___ ___7_ _________ ___
z
CAMOUFLET
30
0
30_
6)
00
0
20
-20
"
I
DEPT
-' *.j
-CAMOUFLET
MOUND
0
il
ED
.____
Ii"
N
CA
CMOUFLE
UFE
I0
I
0,30
0-
00000ABOVE GROUND
CLAY SOFT CHALK~ GRAVEL 10o p ,
BELOW GROUND
CRATER TYPES
9
30 -, 30 ,
5,6 0*
4,0
SCALE
1/4 OFSCALE IN GRAPH

N
Z~
9
Q
.I0
20
U)
=
0,
DISTANCE FROM SURFACE OF GROUND TO CENTER OF MASS SHADED REGIONS IN GRAPH INDICATE APPROXIMATE VALUES OF DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS FOR NORMAL EXPLOSIVE FILLING (TNT OR AMATOL) FOR DETONATIONS OCCURING RELATIVELY DEEP IN SAND, THE CRATER DIAMETERS AND DEPTHS ARE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THOSE OF HARD CHALK. THE PROFILE, HOWEVER, IS MORE NEARLY CONICAL. FOR DETONATIONS CLOSE TO THE GROUND SURFACE,THE CRATERSIN SAND ARE LARGER THAN THOSE IN HARD CHALK.
'1
0Z
W03
(0)
EXAMPLE: A 2000-LB. BOMB DETONATING IN SOFT. CHALK OR EQUIVALENT SOIL AT A DEPTH OF TEN FEET WILL YIELD A GRATER OF TYPE B APPROXIMATELY 13 TO 16 FEET DEEP AND 45 TO 49 FEET IN DIAMETER.
FIGURE 54
Page 59
SURFACE DISPLACEMENTSINCHES
EARTH DISPLACEMENTS DUE TO UNDERGROUND EXPLOSIONS IN CLAY SOIL (ALL G.R AND L.C. BOMBS)
30
18
K12
-12
24
The curves show horizontal and vertical displacements of the surface of the ground measured at various distances from the exploding charge. Soil effect: Values given are from observations on clay and clay-gravel mixture. Displacements in chalk, not shown on this plot, were found to Fall below those in clay. Type of explosive: The curves are based on experiments using the following types of explosives TNT, 40/60 amatol, baratol, dithekite, minol, black powder and dynamite, with charge weights ranging from 25 to 990 pounds. On the other hand, displacements in clay obtained with torpex and hexanite are greater than for equal weights of any of the above explosives. Absence of depth effect: The data indicate that for the range of depths tested, the displacements obtained are independent of the depth of burial L provided only that the bomb or charge is completely buried. Depths in these experiments varied from 7 to 22 feet, and the conesponding values of L/W%' were between 1.1 and 3.6 ft./lb.' Accuracy of graph: The curves predict displacements over the entire range with an average deviation of 15%. EXAMPLE: The maximum horizontal transient displacement at 60 ft. from the point of burst of a 500 lb. G.P. Bomb is 1.3 inches.
-12
18
-6
-6
12 -6
-6
-0
-O
-0O
HO " 0
I'
I
I0OOLB. G. P
AN- M30 O 250 LB.G.P. AN-M57
50 50
I 0
50
50
100
I
0LB.G.2. 1000 LB. G.P. "

L
I I
I
IS
AN-M44,AN-M65 2Q00 LB.G.P 4 AN-M34,AN-M66 4000 LB.L.C. AN-M56 p
o
I
50
100
50
50
100
100 .
1 p
150
150
o
1
p
p I
' 1
200 I
HORIZONTAL
DISTANCE-FEET
FIGURE 55
Page 60
DEFORMATION AND RUPTURE

2. General purpose bombs (TNT or Amatol loaded) dropped from a high altitude upon direct impact with thick concrete will deform or may break up (see Table 1) and function low order, however, limited tests conducted with TNT and Amatol loaded bombs indicated that when the bombs are fuzed 0.1 sec. or less delay, high order detonation will result. Armor-piercing bombs will not deform or break up regardless of the altitude of release. Semiarmor-piercing bombs weighing less than 1,000 lb. are ineffective against concrete fortifications 5 feet or more in thickness. The 1,000-lb. Semi-ArmorPiercing Bomb, AN-M59 or AN-M59A1, and the 1,600-lb. Armor-Piercing Bomb, AN-Mk., are effective for destruction of pillboxes when it is possible to obtain direct hits. Table I gives the deformation and rupture altitude for bombs falling on very thick concrete.
TABLE 1 DEFORMATION AND RUPTURE ALTITUDE FOR BOMBS FALLING ON VERY THICK CONCRETE
Bombs will begin to deform at altitudes in Feet of about

Bomb
Bombs will rupture at altitudes in Feet of about
3,400 p.s.i. concrete G.P. 100-lb., AN-M30 or AN-M30AI 250-lb., AN-M57 or AN-M57A1 1,500 4,000
5,000 p.s.i. concrete all 800
3,400 p.s.i. concrete 7,000 16,000
5,000 p.s.i. concrete 3,000 7,000
500-lb., AN-M64 or AN-M64A1 1,000-lb., AN-M65 or AN-M65A1

2,000-lb., AN-M66 or AN-M66A1
3,500 3,500
5,000
800 800
1,500
14,000 14,000
20,000
7,000 7,000
10,000
S.A.P.
500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1, or

AN-M58A2 15,000 5,000 No rupture
1,000-lb., AN-M59 or AN-M59A1

A.P. (all)
23,000
8,000
No deformation or rupture
No rupture
Page 61
3. PENETRATION AND PERFORATION

In this discussion of the effects of bombs upon concrete, perforation of a wall or roof means complete passage of the bomb through the concrete, while penetration means making a crater in the concrete which does not go all the way through. Table 2 gives concrete perforation thicknesses for S.A.P. and A.P. bombs and the number of bombs required for 50% and 90% probabilities of hitting a I0-yd. by 10-yd. target from various altitudes of release when the true air speed of the airplane is 250 m.p.h.
TABLE 2 APPROXIMATE MAXIMUM THICKNESSES OF CONCRETE PERFORATED BY S.A.P. & A.P. BOMBS
Altitude of plane (ft.) (assumed true air speed, 250 m.p.h.) Number of bombs required to hit a 10-yd. x 10-yd. target with probability of1 50%J 90%
5,000 25-250 80-800
.10,000 100-1,000 350-3,500
20,000 400-4,000 1,300-13,000
30,000 1,000-10,000
,3,500-35,000
Striking velocity (f/s)
500-lb. S.A.P., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 or AN-M58A2

1,000-lb. S.A.P., AN-M59 or AN-M59A1 1,000-lb. A.P., M52A1 1,600-lb. A.P., AN-MI.1
620
635 640 660 21/4 ft.
31/4 ft.
800
820 825 840 31/3
1,000
1,030 1,050 1,080 41/4 61/3
1,080
1,120 1,150 1,210 41/2 7 81/2 111/2 33/4
Approximate thickness of concrete perforated
Strength of concrete 3,400 p.s.i.
500-lb. S.A.P.
1,000-lb. S.A.P. 1,000-lb. A.P.

1,600-lb. A.P. 500-lb. S.A.P.
ft.
4
5 63/4 3 4
71/2
41/4 ft. 2
9/2 31/2 5 61/4 8
ft. ft. ft.
1,000-lb. S.A.P. 1,000-lb. A.P.

1,600-lb. A.P.
23/4 ft.
3
4
41/2
52/3
51/2 7 91/2
'The
smaller numbers are based on good accuracy (15 mil); under operational conditions the larger numbers may be more realistic.
Page 62
Table 3 gives concrete perForation For G.P. bombs dropped From 5,000 Feet or greater altitudes.
TABLE 3 PROBABLE MAXIMUM THICKNESS OF CONCRETE PERFORATED (FT.) BY G.P. BOMBS FROM ALTITUDES ABOVE 5,000 FT.
Strength oF Concrete
AN-M30 or AN-M30AI 100-lb.

1
AN-M57 or AN-M57A1 250-lb.

11/2
AN-M64 or AN-M64A1 500-lb.

1 1
AN-M65 or AN-M65A1 1,000-lb.

2 11/2
AN-M66 or AN-M66A1 2,000-lb.

4 3
3,400 p.s.i. concrete 5,000 p.s.i. concrete
3/4
S.A.P. and A.P. bombs which penetrate but Fail to perForate a concrete target will remove various volumes oF concrete. Table 4 shows the optimum Fuze settings, For the different bombs, to remove the greatest volumes.
TABLE 4 APPROXIMATE VOLUMES OF CONCRETE (5,000 P.S.I.) REMOVED FROM THICK CONCRETE BY BOMBS WHICH PENETRATE BUT FAIL TO PERFORATE
Fuze Setting
500-lb. S.A.P.
10 cu. Ft.
1,000-lb. S.A.P.
30 cu. ft. 30-100 1002
1,000-lb. A.P.
100 cu. Ft. 1502 100
1,600-lb. A.P.
350 cu. Ft. 4002 150
0.1-sec.
delay
0.025-sec. delay 0.01-sec. delay
10-30
302
Instantaneous
Several Sq. Ft. 2 to 3" deep, spalled off Face
'The shape and depth of the craters vary with the altitude of release but the volume of concrete tends to remain constant. 2These volumes correspond to the approximate times at which bomb will detonate at bottom of crater; if fuzed with longer delay, the bomb will rebound prior to detonation.
Page, 63
4. ATTACK ON CONCRETE PILLBOXES UTILIZING CONFINED DETONATION CLOSE TO EXTERNAL WALL
Dirt cbvering upon concrete considerably reduces the concrete thickness that can be perforated, but in those cases where the dirt cushions a G.P. bomb sufficiently to permit high order detonation within approximately 1 foot of the concrete, the confinement of the dirt greatly increases the blast effect. When this condition occurs a 2,000-lb. G.P. bomb will probably
b. BOMBING FROM A GLIDE TO AVOID RICOCHET

An angle of fall above 250 should prevent ricochet, but for angles below
400 the bomb will tend to remain fairly close to the ground surface instead of penetrating deeply. Short delay fuzing would be reasonably safe, as ricochet is unlikely, but a delay of less than 0.025 sec. might result in premature detonation. Since the likelihood of ricochet at various angles is largely dependent upon the nature of the terrain, proper precautions should be observed when ground conformation or composition increases the chance of ricochet. An angle of fall above 250 is obtained by bombing from a plane at 350 miles per hour or less under the following conditions:
destroy a wall 7 ft. thick, and a 1,000-lb. G.P. bomb will seriously damage or destroy a wall 5 ft. thick. A 1,000-lb. S.A.P. bomb will considerably damage a 5-ft. wall. This type of bombing requires great precision, because the detonate bomb must (1) detonate near enough to a wall of a pillbox, (2) under a sufficient layer of dirt, and (3) except in
the case of the stronger
No glide: altitude greater than 1,000 ft.

100 glide: altitude greater than 200 glide: altitude greater than 850 ft. 350 ft.
S.A.P. bomb, it must have sufficiently low striking velocity to prevent it from breaking up on impact with the concrete wall. Therefore, this method of attack is used to best advantage only when low altitude bombing is employed.
Bombing under conditions tending to prevent ricochet makes it possible for a bomb to approach a concrete wall (or a concrete roof) through a com-
a. BOMBING
FROM HORIZONTAL FLIGHT AT MINIMUM ALTITUDE
paratively
long, shallow, underground
cushioned path. To obtain
these
advantages the bomb would almost necessarily have to hit 3 to 4 yd. in front of the pillbox. The 2,000-lb. G.P. bomb remains the best selection,
Bombs will probably ricochet if they hit fiat ground after being dropped from an airplane flying horizontally at low altitude. (I) A 2,000-lb. G.P. bomb, necessarily fuzed long delay, will penetrate almost horizontally up to about 10 ft. if it hits rising ground that has an angle of 25 or more degrees. If it comes to rest close to concrete, or even if it strikes the concrete near the end of its natural path, it will probably detonate after the fuze delay time. Under these conditions the explosive force of the bomb is sufficient to destroy a pillbox up to 7 ft. thick. If it strikes concrete after little penetration into dirt, or after none, the bomb may break up and do no damage. (II) A 1,000-lb. G.P. bomb would behave in the same way except
the 1,000-lb. G.P. bomb next best.
c. BOMBING FROM A GLIDE TO AVOID RICOCHET AND INSURE DEEP PENETRATION IN THE GROUND
When the angle of fall is greater than about 400, the bomb, provided it is not deflected, will probably follow a straight path, at least in the first half of its penetration. This is particularly desirable when. a pillbox is deeply
encased. An angle of fall above 40 is obtained by bombing from a plane at m.p.h. or less under the following conditions: 350
for slightly less penetration of dirt and for less drastic effect.
(III) A 1,000-lb. S.A.P. bomb would behave similarly except that it

would not break up, even upon a direct hit on concrete, and that its effect
No glide: altitude greater than 2,900 ft. 100 glide: altitude greater than 2,700 ft. 20 glide: altitude greater than 2,100 ft.
30 glide: altitude greater than 1,150 ft.
is much smaller. However, there is no great advantage in a direct hit on

concrete (or a hit after slight penetration in earth) from low altitudes, the because the striking velocity is low and little demolition will occur in absence of good confinement. (IV) Conclusion: Bombing from horizontal flight at minimum altitude
The 2,000-lb. G.P. bomb remains the best selection, the 1,000-lb. G.P. bomb next best.
d. ATTACK OF LIGHTER PILLBOXES

Large G.P. bombs, fuzed 0.025 sec. delay, seem to be definitely advantageous against pillboxes encased in dirt when the concrete thickness is 2 ft. or less, since the bombs would probably be effective both by direct hit or by near miss provided they did not ricochet.
is advantageous only if there is a probability of a bomb striking a sloping
cushion of earth over 5 ft. thick in front of the concrete. In this event the 2,000-lb. G.P. bomb is best, with the 1,000-lb. G.P. bomb second best.
Page 64
Volume I, Part 3 BOMB FRAGMENT DAMAGE

1. TABLES OF FRAGMENT DAMAGE.
These tables give the number B of effective hits per sq. ft. of target area
at a given distance r from the burst. The numbers B are averages for different directions' from the burst. They are properly applied only to a considerable number of bursts with random orientation of the bomb axis relative to the target.
4. THE CHOICE OF BOMBS.

Tables 5, 6, and 7, which follow this introduction will be found useful in making a choice of bomb against unshielded targets according to the type of fragment damage desired. At low or medium altitudes not exceeding
10,000 ft., the 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41, is to be preferred
2. DAMAGE PATTERNS.
As distinguished from damage tables, the damage patterns represent typical individual cases and vary with the remaining velocity of the bomb, angle of fall, and the height of burst. Both damage tables and damage
against personnel or when only light damage is needed. As noted in Table 5, the parachute on the 23-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M40, improves the effect of the nonparachute Bomb, AN-M41, for low altitude bombing about three times. When released from 20,000 ft., the 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb,
AN-M41, is reduced to less than one half the power it possesses in low alti-
tude bombing.
For 10,000- and 20,000-ft. altitudes of release, the bombs listed other than the 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41, are somewhat improved because of the downward change in fragment direction caused by the remaining velocity and the higher angle of fall. The bombs should be used in accordance 90-lb. with the type of damage required, consulting Tables 6 and 7. The Fragmentation Bomb,T9 (M82),may be used in clusters of six and when so used will be particularly effective, if the required damage is at most equivalent to perforation of u-in. mild steel. For heavier damage, the 260-lb. Fragmen-
patterns presuppose a graze or air burst with no shielding of the target.

The user of the data given here must make due allowance for target shielding and the penetration of the bomb into the ground before burst. The amount of this penetration will depend upon the remaining velocity, angle of fall of the bomb, the nature of the soil, and the bomb and fuze. In the fragment damage patterns, shadings of different types indicate regions of decreasing density of hits. The, regions distinguished are those where there is at least
one hit per 1, 4, 10, or 25 sq. ft. of area. These units of area are understood as
normal to the fragment trajectories. Unshaded regions entering near the burst
tation Bomb, AN-M81, or the 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64, may be used. 5. AIR BURSTS.
Against personnel in medium foxholes or on rough, terrain, or against other moderately shielded targets, an air burst of the 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64, or the 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81, is recommended.
do not indicate that there are no effective hits in these regions, but merely that the density of effective hits is less than that belonging to the nearest shaded area. The white centers of the Fragment patterns are used to indicate the origin of the polar system above which 'the missile bursts. In general these areas suffer the highest type of Fragment damage as well as blast damage.
3. TYPES OF DAMAGE.
The types of damage considered are casualties, and normal perforations
A height of burst from 30 to 50 ft. would be effective, with the higher burst counteracting the greater shielding. Released from an altitude of 10,000 ft. or more, the 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41, is considerably
diminished in fragment damage not only from the effects illustrated in the
of mild steel of
Y-in.,
u-in., and
2-in,
thickness. A casualty is taken as
caused by a hit with at least 58 ft.-lb. of energy. It is incapacitation and not
necessarily death. Damage comprising perforation of
Y-in.
mild steel is
considered effective against airplanes on the ground. Damage in which there
fragment patterns but also because the bomb penetrates the soil to some extent before bursting. Here again an air burst of the 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64, or the 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81, will be highly
effective.
mild steel is effective against trucks, light or %-in, is perforation of armored vehicles, railway rolling stock, and targets of similar resistant
nature.
Y4-in.
The altitudes of release given for bombs assume atrue air speed of 250m.p.h.
'Restricting these directions to side wall directions in the case of bombs.
Page 65
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Page 67
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Page 68
20-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M41A1

TNT Loading INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 2,810 F/S TABLE 8 CASUALTIES
Average number of effective fragments per sq. ft. B For the lightest effective fragment Weight
(oz.)
TABLE 9
PERFORATION OF l/ 8 -IN.
Average number of effective fragments per sq. ft. B
MILD STEEL
For the lightest effective fragment Weight (oz.) m Velocity (f/s) v
Distance from burst (ft.) r
Total number, of effective
fragments
N
Velocity (f/s) v
Total number of effective fragments N
20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200
1,171 1,146 1,116 1,044 958 882 723 '
.3821 .1662 .0910 .0379 .0195 .0115 .0042
.0075 .011 .016 .028 .042 .055 .085
'
2,810 2,320 1,930 1,460 1,190 1,040 836
20 30
1,011 936
.342 .141
.032 .045
2,780 2,470
40
60 80 100, 120 140 160
850657 430 244 113 32 11
.0719
.0247 .0091 .0033 .0011 .0002 .0001
.060
.102 .161 .230 .308 .397 .493
2,230
1,880 1,660 1,470 1,340 1,240 1,170
614
.0020 .0006
.0002
.111
.170 .243
731 591
502
300
400
i400
216
Page 69
90-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, T9

Camp. B Loading INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 3,100 F/S TABLE 10 CASUALTIES
Distance From burst (Ft.) r 40 50 60 80 100 150 200 300 400 600 800 Total number of effective Fragments N 4,520 4,240 3,980 3,490 2,880 2,000 1,770 .1,400 1,040 646 413 Average number of effective Fragments per sq. Ft. For the lightest effective Fragment Weight Velocity (oz.) (F/s) m .014 .019 .024 .036 .050 .080 .105 .160 .230 .405 .632 Distance From burst
(M82)
TABLE 11
PERFORATION OF 1/ 8 -IN. MILD STEEL

Total number oF effective Fragments N 4,000 3,510 3,010 1,980 1,620 1,290 975 760 580 435 149 Average number oF effective Frogments per sq. Ft. B 1.304 .510 .245 .0716 .0331 .0168 .0088 .0051 .0026 .0014 .0002 TABLE 12 OF B .398 .152 .0731 .0247 .0110 .0052
.0026
(ft.)
r 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 170 200 300
For the lightest effective Fragment Weight Velocity (oz.) (fs) m .024 .034 .048 .082 .125 .180 .250 .330 .465 .605 1.12 v 3,100 2,720 2,410 2,010 1,790 1,590 1,430 1,310 1,190 1,100 952
'B
.369 .221 .144 .0712 .0376 .0116 .0058 .0020 .0009 .0002 .0001
v
2,060 1,770 1,575 1,280 1,090 862 753 610 509 383 307
PERFORATION r 20 30 40 60 80 100
120
4-IN.
MILD STEEL
m .192 .230 .275 .380 .500 .650
.815
N 1,220 1,050 896 681 540 395

285
v 3,100 2,900 2,720 2,420 2,200 2,020

1,870
140 170 200
193 83 18
.0013 .0004 .0001
.992 1.36 1.74
1,750 1,610 1,490
Page 70
100-LB. G.P. BOMB,

TABLE 13, CASUALTIES
Distance From burst (Ft.) r 70 80 100 120 140 170 200 300 500 700 Total number oF effective Fragments N 4,120 3,850 3,350 3,040 2,730 2,300 1,880 1,080 519 232 Average number oF effective Fragments per sq. Ft. B .110 .0785 .0437 .0276 .0182 .0104 .0061 .0016 .0003 .0001
AN-M30
Amol Loading
OR
AN-M3OA1
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 7,320 F/S TABLE 14 PERFORATION OF 1 8-IN. MILD STEEL
For the lightest effective fragment Weight Velocity (oz.) (F/s) m .009 .011 .017 .024 .033 .047 .062 .107 .214 .357 v 2,570 Distance From burst Total number, of effective
Fragments
(Ft.)
r 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 170 200 400
Average number of effective Fragments per sq.
Ft.
For the lightest effective Fragment Weight Velocity

(oz.)
(F/s)
N 4,120 3,480 3,330 3,040 2,620 2,150 1,670 1,090 758 58
B .336 .182 .121 .0620 .0342 .0195 .0111 .0049 .0025 .0001
m .009 .012 .016 .024 .037 .052 .071 .105 .150 .68
v 4,350 4,060 3,670 3,100 2,650 2,350 2,110 1,870 1,700 1,070
2,320
1,870 1,570 1,340 1,130 980 746 531 411
TABLE 15 PERFORATION OF -IN. MILD STEEL r

20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 170 200 300
N
3,070 2,830 2,560 1,950 1,370 990 758 594 393 239 55
B,
1.00 .411 .209 .0707 .0279 .0129 .0069 .0040 .0018 .0008 .0001
m .022 .029 .039 .060 .086 .115 .150 .191 .265 .352 .750
v 7,190 6,390 5,660 4,760 4,140 3,780 3,470 3,110 2,760 2,490 1,930
Page 71
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB,

Comp. B Loading TABLE 16 CASUALTIES
Average number of effective frogFor the lightest effective fragment Weight Velocity
AN-M81 (T10)
TABLE 17
INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 3,410 F/S
PERFORATION OF 1/8 .IN. MILD STEEL

Distance from burst (ft.) r 20 30 Total number of effective fragments N 6,330 6,070 Average number of effective frogments per sq. ft. B 2.070 .880 For the lightest effective fragment Weight (oz,) m .020 .029 Velocity (f/s) v 3,280 2,880
Distance from burst
Total number of effective
(ft.) r
40
fragments N
6,620
ments per sq. B

.540
ft.
(oz.)
(f/s)
v 2,230
M.
.012
50
60
6,490
6,300
.339
.228
.016
.021
1,930
1,680
40
60 80
5,680
4,830 4,010
.463
.175 .0817
.040
.066 .100
2,570
2,160 1,890
80
100 150 200
5,910
5,450 4,540
.120
.0711 .0263
.033
.047 .076
1,340
1,130 886
100
150 200 300 400 600
3,330
2,170 1,580 999 587 170
.0434
.0126 .0052 .0014 .0005 .0001
.149
.307 .513 .994 1.55 2.85
1,710
1,340 1,160 967 863 742
300
500 700 1,000
3,990 3,230.
2,190 1,620 1,090
.0130 .0047
.0011 .0004 .0001
.101 .157
.301 .492 .887
768 616
444 348 259
TABLE 18 PERFORATION OF -IN.

r
20 30 40 60 80 100 150 200 250 300
TABLE 19.
MILD STEEL
m
.149 .176 .225 .300 .400 .515 .890 1.38 2.00 2.75
PERFORATION
v
3,480 3,240 2,920 2,620 2,380 2,180 1,820 1,600 1,420 1,300
OF 1 h-IN. MILD STEEL

B
.283 .112 .0554
N
3,330 3,040 2,640 2,200 1,840 1,590 1,080 685 379 189
B
1.090 .440 .216 .0798 .0375 .0207 .0063 .0022 .0008 .0003
r
20 30 40
N
868 770 679
m
1.15 1.27 1.40
v
3,450 3,330 3,200
60
80 100 120 140 170
509
379 281 196 117 43
.0185
.0077 .0037 .0018 .0008 .0002
1.68
2.01 2.37 2.75 3.16 3.85
2,990
2,790 2,640 2,510 2,380 2,230
200
25
.0001
4.62
2,100
Page 12
500-LB. G.P. BOMB,

TABLE 20 CASUALTIES
Average number of effective fragments per sq. ft. B For the lightest effective fragment Weight (oz.) m
AN-M64 OR AN-M64A1
TABLE 21 PERFORATION OF l/ 8 -IN.
Average number of effective frag-
Amatol Loading INITIAL FRAGMENT VELOCITY 7,390 F/S MILD STEEL

For the lightest effective fragment Weight Velocity
Total number of effective fragments N
Velocity (f/s) v
Distance from burst
Total number of effective
(Ft.)
r 40 50
Fragments N
16,190 15,190
ments per sq. ft.

B 1.321 .793
(oz.)
m
(f/s)
v 4,350 4,060
70
80 100 150 200 250
16,190
15,190 13,600 9,600 6,300 4,650
.431
.310 .178 .0557 .0206, .0097
.009
.012 .017 .037 .061 .084
2,570
2,230 1,870 1,270 990 840
.009 .012
60
80 100 150 200 300 400 600
13,820
12,200 9,840 4,860 3,110 1,260 410 137
.501
.249 .128 .0282 .0102 .0018 .0003 .0001
.015
.023 .036 .081 .148 .37 .68 1.48
3,770
3,150 2,670 2,020 1,710 1,270 1,070 873
300
500
4,000
2,340
.0058
.0012
.106
.214
750
531
700
1,000
1,330
430
.0004
.0001
.356
.653
411
302
TABLE 22
TABLE 23
PERFORATION OF
N
20 30 40 12,450 11,330 9,590
/-11N.
B
MILD STEEL
m .021 .029 .038 v 7,300 6,390 5,730 r 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 170 200
PERFORATION
N 1,730 1,480 1,260 834 486 324 224 137 87 31
1 OF '/-IN.
MILD STEEL
m .29 .33 .37 .48 .625 .81 1.09 1.44 2.23 3.14 v 5,840 5,550 5,300 4,770 4,300 3,890 3,500 3,160 2,700 2,390
B .565 .215 .104 .0302 .0099 .0042 .0020 .0009 .0004 .0001
4.06 1.64 .782
60
80 100 150 200 300 500
6,470
4,730 3,470 2,380 1,390 361 100
.235
.0965 .0488 .0138 .0046 .0005 .0001
.059
.085
4,800
4,160 3,790 2,990 2,510 1,940 1,400
.114
.209 .345 .735 2.12
Page 13
FRAGMENT DAMAGE PATTERNS
for
Bombs
Page 14
20-LB.' FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M41

CASUALTIES
1-90
FIGURE 56 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 550 f/s Altitude of Release 8,500 Ft.
.FIGURE
57
Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 640 f/s Altitude of Release 20,000 Ft.
At least 1 hit per 1 sq. ft.
Page 15
20-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M41

PERFORATION OF 1/ 8 -IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 58
Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 550 f/s Altitude of Release 8,500 ft.
FIGURE 59
At least 1 hit per 1 sq. ft,
Page 16
23 -LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M40

CASUALTIES
FIGURE 60
At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft. Ground Burst Bomb Vertical
Page 1

PERFORATION OF 1/ 8-IN. MILD STEEL
9001
1 hit least per 1 sq. ft.
90IAt
FIGURE 61
Ground Burst Bomb Vertical
Page 18
90-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, T9 (M82)

CASUALTIES
FIGURE 62 Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 760 f/s Altitude of Release 15,000 ft.
At least I hit per 1 sq. ft.
At least I hit per 4 sq.
ft.
At least
hit per 10 sq. ft.
90-LB. 'FRAGMENTATION BOMB,

CASUALTIES
T9 -(M82)
Page 19
FIGURE 63
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 760 f/s Altitude of Release 15,000 ft.
9 o4
At least
hit per 4 sq. ft.
I~liiuIlllliIAt E~II
least I hit per 10 sq. ft.
I hit per 25 sq. ft.
At least
Page 80

CASUALTIES
FIGURE 64
90
~III~i1At least I hit per, 25 sq. ft.

GROUND I 0
Page 81
90-LB.. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, T9 (M82)

PERFORATION OF 1/8 -IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE Ground Burst
65
Remaining Velocity 760 f/s Altitude of Release 15,000 ft.
I-90
Page 82

PERFORATION OF l/
8
-IN.
MILD STEEL
FIGURE
Height of Burst 30 ft.
66
9C
At least 1 hit per
At least 1 hit per
ID; :lfi
At least I hit per
Page 83

PERFORATION OF l/8-IN. MILD STEEL
9001
FIGURE 67 Height of Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 760 f/s Altitude of Release 15,000 ft.
At least 1 hit, per 25 sq. ft.
Page 84

PERFORATION OF 1/4-IN. MILD STEEL
At least 1 hit per 4 sq. ft. Ground Burst
FIGURE 68
Remaining Velocity 760 f/s At least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft. Altitude of Release 15,000 ft.
Page 85

At
(east
1 hit per 1 sq. ft.
~t(
.. ......... i...ii.,;.i ... ..~ ~ ... ... -..... .~ .. ............. ... . .... ......... .: ~ ~:. ::::::::;::\:::::::::::; . """"""""""""' """"""""""' '"""""""""':.':::
At least
hit per 10 sq. ft.
FIGURE 69 Height of Burst 30 ft.
Remaining Velocity 760 f/s
Altitude of Release 15,000 ft.
Page 86
100-LB. G.P. BOMB, AN-M30A1 or AN-M30

CASUALTIES
FIGURE 70
At least
I hit per I sq. ft. I hit per 4 sq. ft.
At least
Page 87

CASUALTIES
FIGURE 71
At least
hit per 25 sq. ft.
Page 88
100-LB. G.P. BOMB, AN-M3OA1 or AN-M30

CASUALTIES
l1~~1lllll~IIIAt least 1 hit per 10 sq. ft.
least .At1 hit per 25 sq. ft.
Page 89

PERFORATION OF
1
/ 8-IN.
MILD STEEL
FIGURE
73
-90
ft.
I U
Page 90

PERFORATION OF
1
/ 8 -IN.
MILD STEEL
FIGURE
74
900
-90
' 0M
M'
ZZOA At least
hit per 4 sq.
ft.
At least
hit per 10 sq.
ft.
At least 1 hit per 25 sq.
ft.
Page 91
100-LB. G.P. BOMB, AN-M3OA1, or AN-M30

PERFORATION OF '/ 8-IN. MILD STEEL
901
FIGURE 75
At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft. Height of Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 830 f/s Altitude of Release 17,000 ft.
Page 92

PERFORATION OF /4-IN. MILD STEEL
-900
At leasti hit per 1 sq. ft.
At least
hit per 4 sq. ft.
Page 93

00
At
least
hit per 25 sq. ft.
Page 94
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M81 (T1O)

CASUALTIES
FIGURE 78
Ground Burst
Remaining Velocity 960
f/s
Altitude of Release 20,000 ft.
900
At least 1 hit per 1 sq. ft..
At least
hit per 10 sq. ft.
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M81 (Tb0)

CASUALTIES
Page 95
FIGURE 79
Height, oF Burst 30 Ft. Remaining Velocity 960 f/s Altitude oF Release 20,000 Ft.
At least I
At least I
At least 1 hit per 10 sq.
Ft.
Page 90

CASUALTIES
(T1o)
FIGURE
80
Height oF Burst 60 ft. Remaining Velocity 960 f/s Altitude of Release 20,000 ft.
r'##/////////%/#
At least 1 hit per4 sq. ft.
At least I hit per
25
sq.
ft.
Page 91

PERFORATION OF
1
/8-IN. MILD STEEL
94
-900
At least
hit per 1 sq. ft.
At least
hit per 4 sq. ft.
At least
hit per 10 sq. ft.
Page 90

PERFORATION OF 1 /8-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 82
90
At least
I I
hit per I
At least
hit per 4
Ez~I
At least
I hit per 1 I hit per 2
At least
Page 99

PERFORATION. OF
1
(T1o)
/8-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE
83
90
At least
hit per 4 sq. ft.
At least
hit per 10 sq. ft.
At least i hit per 25 sq. ft.
Page 100
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M81 (T10)

FIGURE
84
11
At least
hit per 10 sq. ft.
Page 101
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB, AN-M81 (T10)


""""""' """""" """""""""""" """"""""""""" """"""''"""~""' """"""""""""''' . ..
FIGURE
Height of Burst 30 Ft.
85
Remaining Velocity 960 F/s At least 1 hit per 25 sq. ft. Altitude of Release 20,000 Ft.
Page 102

PERFORATION OF 14-IN. MILD STEEL
(1O)
FIGURE
86
90
At least
hit per 10 sq.
Ft.
At least
Ihit per 25 sq.
ft.
Page 103

PERFORATION OF /-IN. MILD STEEL
At. least 1 hit per 4 sq. ft.
FIGURE 87
Page 104
260-LB. FRAGMENTATION BOMB,

PERFORATION
AN-M81 (T10)
OF /-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE 88
Page 105

CASUALTIES
FIGURE
89
94
-900
At least
hit per 1 sq. ft,
At least
hit per 4 sq. ft.
At least
hit per 10 sq. ft.
Page 106

CASUALTIES
FIGURE 90
Height oF Burst 30 Ft. Remaining Velocity 990 f/s Altitude oF Release 20,000 Ft.
Ft.
At least
I hit per 4 sq. Ft.
Ft.
Page 107
500-LB. G.P. BOMB,AN-M64A1 or AN-M64

CASUALTIES
90
-900
At least
hit per 10 sq. Ft.
At least i hit per 25 sq.
Ft.
Page 108

PERFORATION OF
1
/g-IN. MILD STEEL
FIGURE
92
900
-900

,i75"1
lzm
GROUND
Page 109

PERFORATION OF
1
/8-IN.
MILD STEEL
FIGURE
93
At least
hit per 1 sq. It.
At least
hit per 10 sq. ft.
At least
hit per
25
sq. Ft.
Page 110

PERFORATION OF
1
/ 8-IN. MILD STEEL
90
At least
hit per 4 sq. ft.
~ZIIII1At least I hit per 25 sq. ft.

Page 111
FIGURE 95
-90
At least I hit
At least
I I
hit
At least
hit per 10 sq. ft.
Page
112

FIGURE
Height of Burst 30 ft. Remaining Velocity 990 f/ Altitude of Release 20,0OC ft,
w 1
sq.
ft
At least
hit pR
At least I hit pR ,r 10 sq. It.
At least
hit pE
1Ii:I ~fAt
least I hit pR er 25 sq. ft.
GON
Page 113

PERFORATION OF 1-IN. MILD STEEL
1~h111 Ii i At least
1 hit per 10 sq. ft.
FIGURE 97 Height of Burst 60 ft.

Page 114

FIGURE 98
Ground Burst Remaining Velocity 990 f/s Altit'A;e of Release 20,000 ft.
-900
At least
hit per 1 sq.
ft.
At least I
hit
per 4 sq. ft.
ft.
Page 115

IIlllllllllllllllllllllllllliiIiiiill
Page 116
Volume I, Part 4
TABLE 24 GENERAL PURPOSE AND LIGHT CASE BOMBS
100 AN-M3OA1 107.8 110.3
-
Weight Class (Lb.) Model Total Wt. (Lb.) Explosive Charge (Lb.) 50-50 Amatol TNT Comp, B 50-50 Amatol TNT Comp. B
250 AN-M30 107.8 111.3

---
500 AN-M57 252.0 256.0 120.9 124.9 10.93 47.80 AN-M103, M103 AN-Mi OOAI, AN-MI 00A2 M112, MI12A1, M115, M132 Limited Standard AN-M64A1 512.0 512.0 522.9 260.4, 260.4 271.3 14.18 59.16 AN-M103, M103 AN-MI 01 Al, AN-MIOI A2 M113, MlI3Ai, M124, M133, M116, AN-Mkc. 230 Standard AN-M64 512.0 512.0 523.5 260.4 260.4 271.9 14.18 59.16 AN-M103, M103 AN-MI 01 Al, AN-MIOI A2 M113, MII3AI, M116, M133, AN-Mk. 230 Limited Standard r 14.18 59.16 AN-M103, M103 AN-MI 01 Al, AN-MI11A2 M113, M1i3AI, M116 Limited Standard AN-M43 508.0 514.6
--
AN-M57A1 252.0 -256.0 120.9 124.9

-
54.3 56.8
--
53.3 56.8 8.18 38.46 AN-M103, M103 AN-Mi OOA1, AN-MiOOA2 M112, Mi12A1, M115, M132 Limited Standard
260.4 267.0
Diameter (In.) Length, Total (In.) Fuze, Nose Fuze, Tail Fuze, Alternate Status
8.18 38.46 AN-M103, M103 OOAi, AN-MI AN-M100A2 M112, M1I2Ai, MiI5, M123, M132 Standard
10.93 47.80 AN-M103, M103 AN-MI OOA1, AN-M100A2 M112, Mii2Ai, M115, M123, M132 Standard
GENERAL PURPOSE AND LIGHT CASE BOMBS

Weight Class (Lb.) Model Total Wt. (Lb.) Explosive Charge (Lb.) 50-50 Amatol TNT Comp. B 50-50 Amatol TNT Comp. B Diameter (In.) Length, Total (In.) Fuze, Nose
Fuze, Tail
1,000 AN-M65A1 997.0 1,015.5 1,039.8 528.6 547.1 571.4 18.80 69.50 AN-Mi M10303,
02A1, AN-Mi AN-M102A2
2,000 AN-M44 .994.0 1,023.7

-
4,000 AN-M34 2,049.0 AN-M56AI 4,232.0 4,348.4

-
AN-M65 997.0 1,015.5 1,039.8 528.6 547.1 571.4 18.80 69.50 AN-Mi M10303,
AN-M66A1 2,052.0 2,088.7 2,127.3 1,059.2 1,095.9 1,143.5 23.29 92.83 AN-MI M10303,
AN-M66 2,052.0 2,088.7 2,137.3 1,059.2 1,095.9 1,144.5 23.29 92.83 03, AN-MI M103
AN-Mi 02A1,
AN-M56 4,201.0 4,317.4

-
2,106.8
--
528.6 558.3
-
1,059.2 1,117.0
-
3,233.6 3,350.0
--
3,240.6 3,357.0
-
18.80 69.50 AN-Mi M10303,
23.29 92.83 AN-Mi 03, M103

AN-MI 02A1,
34.25 117.25 AN-MI 03, M103
34.25 117.25 AN-MI 03, M103

AN-MI 02 Al,
02A1, AN-MI AN-M102A2

M114, MII4AI, Mil7, M134,

MiI4A1, Mil7 Limited Standard Status

M114, ' MII4AI, Mill, M125,
M134,
AN-M102A2
AN-M102A2 M114, M1I14A1, M117
AN-MI 02A1,
AN-M102A2
AN-M102A2
Fuze, Alternate
M114, _ M1l4AI, M117, M134,

M125,
M1 14,
AN-Mk. 230
M114, MII4AI, Mill, M134,
AN-Mk. 230
ANM.20A Standard
Limited Standard
Standard -k 3
Limited Standard
Limited Standard
Standard
-Limited
Standard
Page 117
TABLE 25 ARMOR-PIERCING
Weight Class (Lb.) 600 800 900
BOMBS
1,000 1,400 1,600
Model
Exp. "D" Total Wt. (Lb.)
TNT
M62'
634.0
M61
853.0
-- -
M60
889.0
-
M52 2
1,078.0
-
AN-Mk. 33
1,008.0
1,012.0
M63
1,412.0
-
AN-Mk. I
1,590.0
,596.0
Explosive Charge (Lb.)
Exp. "D" TNT
33.61
-
32.68
43.34
-
58.35
140.0 144.0
-
35.0
209.0 215.0
Diameter (In.) Length, Total (In.) Fuze, Tail Fuze, Alternate Status
10.365 62.06 AN-M102A2 M102 Limited Standard
12.40 58.72 AN-M102A2 AN-MiO2AI, M102 Limited Standard
12.23 61.72 AN-M102A2 AN-MO 2AI, M102 Limited Standard
12.25 70.88 AN-M102A2 AN-MIO2AI, M102 Limited Standard
12.0 73.0 AN-Mk. 228

-
14.25 69.1 AN-M102A2 AN-MIO 2AI M102 Limited Standard
14.0 83.5 AN-Mk. 228

-
Standard
Standard
TABLE 26 SEMI-ARMOR-PIERCING
Weight Class (Lb.) Model 50-50 Amatol Total Wt. (Lb.) TNT 50-50 Amatol Explosive Charge (Lb.) Diameter (In.) Length, Total (In.)
Fuze, Nose
BOMBS
1,000 AN-M58A1 499.5 505.4 144.5 150.4 11.83 57.81
(3)
500 AN-M58A2 499.0 504.9 144.5 150.4 11.83 57.81

(3)
AN-M59A1 987.5 995.85 303.25 311.6 15.125 70.375

(3)
AN-M59 987.5 995.85 303.25 311.6 15.125 70.375

(3)
2 1
M62A1 and M62A2 versions of this bomb contain only minor changes. M52A1 is only slightly different. where G.P. bombs are not available these bombs may be fitted with Bomb, Fuze, Nose, AN-MI03, by removing nose plug and inserting fuze.
TNT
'Incases
Fuze, Tail Fuze, Alternate
AN-MI 01 A2 AN-MI 01 Al, MI 13, MII3AI,

M116, M124
AN-MI01 A2 AN-MI 01Al, M 1 3, MI13AI,

M116
AN-MI 02A2 AN-MI 02A1, MI 14 M114A1,

M117, M125
AN-M102A2 AN-MI 02AI, Ml14, M114AI,

M117
Status
Standard
Limited Standard
Standard
Limited Standard
Page 118
TABLE 27 FRAGMENTATION
Weight Class (Lb.) Model Total
Wt.
BOMBS
23 AN-M40 24.70 24.57 2.70 2.57 3.64 29.50 MI2OAI
-
4 M83 (T11) 0.47 3.125 3.25 -
20 AN-M41 Al 19.80 19.67 2.70 2.57 3.64 22.24 AN-M11OAI

-
20 AN-M41 19.80 19.67 2.70 2.57 3.64 21.80 AN-MIIOAl

-
23 AN-M4OAI 24.70 24.57 2.70 2.57 3.64 29.94 MI2OAI

-
23 M72A1 24.60 24.47 2.70 2.57 3.64 29.94 MI2OAI

-
23 M72 24.60 24.47 2.70 2.57 3.64 29.50 MI2OAI

-
90 T9 (M82) 86.62 12.32 6.06 28.00 AN-M103

-
260 AN-M81(TIO) 263.0' 264.5' 33.9' 35.42 8.125 43.70 AN-M103

AN-MiOOA2
TNT 50-50 Amatol TNT 50-50 Amatol
(Lb.) Explosive Charge (Lb.)
Diameter (In.) Length, Total (In.) Fuze, Nose

Fuze, Tail
Fuze, Alternate Cluster Status 'For Ednatol or TNT Loading. 2Comp. B Loading. 'Partially armed 350 turns.
M28, M29 Standard
MilO AN-M1 A2 Standard
Milo AN-MI Al, Ml Limited Standard
M120,AN-M104 M120, AN-M104 AN-M4AI Standard AN-M4 Limited Standard
M120 Standard
M120 Limited Standard
M103 Standard
AN-M OOAI' Standard
TABLE 28 FRAGMENTATION
Model Weight Loaded (Lb.) Width (In.) Length (In.) Bombs, Number Bomb, Model Cluster Adapter Status 6 20-lb., AN-M41 Al AN-MiA3 Standard 8.8 46.6 6 20-lb.,AN-M41 AN-MI A2 AN-MI A2 AN-MI Al Ml 125.0 8.8 46.75 6 20-lb., M41 Ml 3 23-lb., AN-M40Ai AN-M3AI Standard
CLUSTERS
AN-M4 87.2 10.5 31.0 3 23-lb., AN-M40 AN-M3 16.09 52.56 20 20-lb., AN-M41 1 Standard M26 M28 155.21 8.00 47.35 24 4-lb., M83 (TI1) MI51 Standard M29 415. 13.89 59.37 90 4-lb., M83 (T11) Ml61 Standard
AN-M4AI
'Bombs released by Fuze, M.T., M11 A2
Page 119
PARTICULARS ON BOMB FUZES

1. AN-MIooA2, AN-MIoIA2, AN-M102A2-These fuzes are all of the same general design, differing only in the overall length. The Al modifications of these three fuzes, AN-M100A1, AN-MIO1A1, and AN-MlO2A1, have a much longer arming air travel (2,0003,500 ft.) than the A2 modification. The original fuzes, M100, M101, and M102 (Army fuzes), were not made AN-Standard as they do not have an interchangeable primer detonator, but have a fixed delay of 0.1 sec. They also have the same long arming air travel as the Al modification, and are used only in Army bombs. 2. AN-M103-Identical with the Army M103 fuze except for a shorter arming distance, as shown in the AN-M103 fuze table. 3. AN-M104-A very sensitive arming-pin type fuze into which is incorporated a time-delay arming detonator safety. 4. AN-MII1OAI-A sensitive nose fuze which functions with instantaneous action upon impact. 5. MIIO-Arming-vane type for instantaneous action. The Mi10 is similar to the AN-M11OA1, but the latter is of sturdier construction and has a reduced arming air travel. 6. MII2AI, MII3AI, MII4AI-These are all the same except for length, which is greater for larger-sized bombs. Their characteristics are a cocked firing pin, which makes them supersensitive, a very short arming distance, and interchangeable delays of 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15 sec. Delay allows bombs to be used for "skip" bombing. 7. M115, M116, M117-These fuzes are similar to M113, and M114 except for a longer arming distance. the M112,
8. AN-M120-Instantaneous nose fuze with a time-delay arming .mechanism. Designed to replace the AN-M104. 9. M123, M124, M125-These are long-delay tail fuzes issued with delays of 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36, 72, and 144 hr. 10. AN-M126 and M126A1-These fuzes are similar to the M110 and AN-MIlOAl respectively but do not contain an integral booster. 11. M132, M133, M134-These are booby trap fuzes similar to the M123, M124, and M125, except that the delay is for 5 minutes minimum. 12. AN-Mk. 228-Formerly designated Mod. 1. Standard fuze for AP bombs. Mk. 28 and Mk. 28,
Page 120 TABLE 29 IMPACT FUZES

Model Position' AN-MI 00A2 Tail
(2)
AN-MI 00AI1 Tail

(2)
AN-MI 01 A2 Tail
(2)
AN-MIOI Al Tail
(2)
AN-MI 02A2 Tail

(2)
AN-MI 02A11
Tail
(2)
AN-MI 03 Nose
0 or 0.1 sec.
1)22-.5sc
AN-Mi 04
NoseInstant
Delay,
Arming Air Travel (Ft.)
4453 4854
890,
9754
4806
5555,
2.9 M14
1,1151
9556
465'
4885
9407
Weight (Lb.) Detonator Standard Fuze for Bombs
2.7 M14
2.7
M14
2.9 M14
3.2 M14
3.2 M14
3.7 Integral (M20) All AN-Std. G.P. bombs,325-Ib.depth bombs, and Frag. bombs, 90-lb. T9, (M82),260-lb.,ANM81 (TIO)
(11)
1.15 Integral AN-M40 (Frag.) AN-M4OA1 (Frag.) M72 (Frog.) M72A1 (Frag.)
AN-M30 (G.P.) AN-M3OAI (G.P.)' AN-M57 (G.P.) AN-M57AI (G.P.) AN-M81 (TI 0) (Frag.)
AN-M43 (G.P.) AN-M64 (G.P.) AN-M64A1 (G.P.) AN-M58 (S.A.P.) AN-M58A1 (S.A.P.) AN-M58A2 (S.A.P.)
AN-M44 (G.P.) AN-M65 (G.P.) AN-M65A1 (G.P.) AN-M34 (G.P.) AN-M66 (G.P.) AN-M66A1 (G.P.) AN-M59 (S.A.P.) AN-M59A1 (G.P.)
IMPACT FUZES
Model Position Delay
Arming Air
AN-MII1OAI
Nose Instant
725
Milo Nose Instant

2,200
MII2AI Tail 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15 sec.

7512

901 806

807
758
M115 Tail 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15 sec.

44512
M116 Tail 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15 sec. 5558 4806 2.9 MI6AI AN-M43 (G.P.) AN-M58 (S.A.P.) AN-M58A1(S.A.P.) AN-M58A2 (G.P.) AN-M64 (G.P.) AN-M64A1 (G.P.)
M117 Tail 4-5, 8-11 or 8-15 sec.

5657
4458
Travel (Ft.)
80's 2.3 MI6AI AN-M30 (G.P.) AN -M3OAI (G.P.) AN-M57 (G.P.) AN-M57AI (G.P.)
48513 2.7 MI6AI AN-M30 (G.P.) AN-M3OAI (G.P.) AN-M57 (G.P.) AN-M57AI(G.P.)
1102 Weight (Lb.) Detonator Standard-Fuze for Bombs 1.02 M13 .62 2.5 MI6AI AN-M43 (G.P.) AN-M58 (S.A.P.) AN-M58A1 (S.A.P.) AN-M58A2 (G.P.) AN-M64 (G.P.) AN-M64A1 (G.P.) 2.8 MI6AI AN-M34 (G.P.) AN-M44 (G.P.) AN-M59 (S.A.P.) AN-M59A1 (S.A.P.) AN-M65 (G.P.) AN-M65A1 (G.P.) AN-M66 (G.P.) AN-M66A1 (G.P.)
6650
3.2
Ml6AI AN-M34 (G.P.) AN-M44 (G.P.) AN-M59 (S.A.P.) AN-M59A1 (S.A.P.) AN-M65 (G.P.) AN-M65A1 (G.P.) AN-M66 (G.P.) AN-M66A1 (G.P.)
M13
AN-M41 (Frog.) AN-M41 AN-M41 Al (Frag.) M47A1
(Continued) See Page 121 for Footnotes
Page 121 TABLE 29-Continued IMPACT FUZES

Model Position Delay AN-MI 20A1 MI 23 Tail 1-144 hr. MI 24 Tail 1-144 hr. MI 25 Tail 1-144 hr.
39018
TABLE 30 AN-M 103 FUZE

AN-Mk. Tail 0.08 sec. AN-M30, AN-M30AI 560"9
37020
228
BOMBS
Arming Air Travel (Ft.) Weight Class

(Lb.)
___
Nose Instant
Inst. 765 940 765 1,000 1,030 1,620 1,030
.1-sec. Delay
_ _
100
510 630
-
Arming Air
Travel (Ft.)
1.75-2.05 sec. 1.1 Integral AN-M40 (Frog.) AN-M40A1 (Frog.) M72 (Frog.) M72A1 (Frog.)
38014
41 011
46018
40017
800-11100
AN-M57, AN-M57A1 AN-M 81 (TI 0) AN-M43, AN-M64, AN-M64A1 AN-M44, AN-M65, AN-M65A1
250
260 500 1,000 2,000 4,000
Weight (Lb.) Detonator Standard Fuze For Bombs
2.9
M 19A1 AN-M30AI AN-M57A1
3.1 Ml 9A1 AN-M64A1 AN-M58A2
3.4 M 19A1 AN-M65A1 AN-M59AI AN-M66A1
10.5 Integral Mk. I AN-Mk. I AN-Mk. 33
670 685 1,080 685
AN-M34, AN-M66, AN-M66A1 AN-M56, AN-M56A1
M103
BOMBS
TABLE 31 FUZE
Arming Air Travel (Ft.) Weight Class
(Lb.)
.
.
Inst. Delay 570 705
AN-M30, AN-M3OAI AN-M57, AN-M57A1 AN-M81 (TIO) 'Partially armed 350 turns. AN-M43, AN-M64, AN-M64A1 AN-M44, AN-M65, AN-M65A1 AN-M34, AN-M66, AN-M66A1 AN-M56, AN-M56A1 'Partially armed 250 turns.
100 250 260 500 1,000 2,000 4,000
1,140 1,410 1,140 1,495 1,535 2,420 1,535
750 770 1,210 770
2AN-MI00A2, AN-MIO1A2, and AN-M102A2 Fuzes use the M14 interchangeable primerdetonaStor, which is Furnished in four delays: namely, nondelay, 0.01, 0.025, and 0.1 sec.
3For Bombs, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30, AN-M30AI, and Frog., 260-lb., AN-M81 (TIO) 4
For Bombs, G.P.,
250-lb., AN-M57A1,
AN-M57.
5For Bombs, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M43, AN-M64, AN-M64A1. 6 For Bombs, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1, AN-M58A2.
'For
8
Bombs, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M44, AN-M65, AN-M65A1.
TABLE 32
For Bombs, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59, AN-M59A1. 9For Bombs, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M34, AN-M66, AN-M66A1, and 4,000-lb., AN-M56, AN-M56A1 "Arming air-travel distance of the AN-MI03 fuze varies with the delay and type oF bomb. See tables 30, 31, and 32. 11n an emergency Bombs, 500-lb., 'S.A.P., AN-M58; AN-M58A1, AN-M58A2, and 1,000-lb., S.A.P., AN-M59, AN-M59A1, can be fitted with this fuze by removing nose plugs and inserting fuze. "2For Bombs, G.P., 100-lb., AN-M30, AN-M30AI. '3For Bombs, G.P., 250-lb., AN-M57, AN-M57A1. 4 ' For Bomb, G.P., 100-Ib., AN-M3OA1.
M103 'FUZE
Arming Air Travel (Ft.) BOMBS Weight Class (Lb.) 100 250 260 500 1,000 2,000 4,000 Inst. 1,710 2,110 1,710 2,240 2,300 3,625 2,300 'sec. .ec. Delay 1,140 1,410
-
AN-M30, AN-M30A1 AN-M57, AN-M57AI AN-M81 (TiO) AN-M43, AN-M64, AN-M64A1 AN-M44, AN-M65, AN-M65A1 AN-M34, AN-M66, AN-M66A1 AN-M56, AN-M56A1
"For "For
Bomb, G.P.,
250-lb.,
AN-M57A1.
Bomb, G.P., 500-lb., AN-M64A1. 17For Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58A2.
1,495 1,535 2,420 1,535
"For Bomb, G.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M65A1.

'9For Bomb, G.P., 2,000-lb., AN-M66A1. "0For Bomb, S.A.P., 1,000-lb., AN-M59A1.
Page 122
NOTES
Page 123
NOTES
i
Page 124
NOTES

Office of The Chief of Ordnance - Terminal Ballistic Data - Volume 1 - Bombing (August 1944)

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1I IIIIII ~llllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 U llllllllllllll1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 41II IIIIIIIIII~

TERMINAL BALLISTIC DATA

the fuzing system. For example:

standard fuze components in combination with standard H.E. ammunition

The delay used in a fuze is extremely important since the position of

The great importance of accumulating and placing in

been accumulated on terminal ballistics, and to present all data available

a. "WEAPONS FOR JUNGLE WARFARE", dated 1 November1943.

ARTILLERY AND AMMUNITION

CONCRETE PILLBOXES"-First Progress Report dated 5 Janu-

made in the future as may be deemed necessary.

CHAI ITS OF RANGE VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE 1

PART 2-BOMBING OF CONCRETE...:..............' 1. General Text.......

13. Bomb, A.P., 1,600-lb., AN-Mk. I.................

14. Cluster, Fragmentation, 100-lb., AN-MiAl

15. Cluster, Fragmentation, 500-lb., T8 (M27) (6-90-lb.,

PART 3-BOMB FRAGMENT DAMAGE.

2. Damage Patterns .........

4. The Choice of Bombs..............

PART 4-BOMB AND BOMB FUZE DAT

A.........1622. ....... :.... ... 119

21. Bomb, G.P.,

AN-M66 and AN-M66A1.......

AND ANGLE OF FALL

VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE.

50. Crater Diameter and Depth-100-lb.,

51. Crater Diameter and Depth-250-lb., G.P., AN-M57 or

Diameter and Depth-2,000-lb., G.P., AN-M34, 58

55. Earth Displacement Due to Underground Explosions in Clay Soil.................................................

35. Bomb, S.A.P., 500-lb., AN-M58, AN-M58A1 and

CHARTS ON THE DAMAGE EFFECTS OF BOMBS

58. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41 -Perforation of Mild Steel................. ................

59. 20-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M41-Perforation of /8-in.

Bomb, T9 (M82)-Casualties....... Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of

67. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of

68. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation of

89. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Casualties. . 84

105 106 107

1/4-in. Mild Steel.........................

69. 90-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, T9 (M82)-Perforation

93. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation

96. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation

of 1/4-in. Mild Steel ...............

97. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation

98. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation

99. 500-lb. G.P. Bomb, AN-M64A1 or AN-M64-Perforation

260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation

83. 260-lb. Fragmentation Bomb, AN-M81 (TI0)-Perforation

S.A.P. and A.P. Bombs.....

ximum Thickness of Concrete Perforated (Ft.) by

tudes above 5,000 Ft... ........

of 1/4-in. Mild Steel ...............................

TABLES ON BOMB AND FUZE DATA

25. Armor-Piercing Bomb Data...............................

AN-MI 03 Fuze Table.........................

d. Trail vs. Drop.

2. CHARTS OF RANGE VS. ALTITUDE OF RELEASE

speed interpolation must be employed. The distance, say X,

originally determined by interpolation. This range is found to be 7,343 ft.

X00 gm-mm ow XWL~c

iJ-3SV3131I 3JO 30f01L

UL- 3SV313a 30 300hlllV