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Topics of the presentation
Compact heat exchangers for HVAC Heat transfer characteristics CHE in HVAC applications CHE Components Design guidelines
Alfa Laval
Slide 2
Enables high energy efficiency Close temperature approach Small temperature losses Increased temperature drop Fast response times at regulation
Alfa Laval
Slide 3
Alfa Laval
Slide 4
Alfa Laval
Slide 5
Frame plate
Pressure plate
Tightening bolts
Plate pack
Alfa Laval
Slide 7
BHE = Brazed Heat Exchanger Compact design Corrugated stainless steel plates Cupper as brazing material Main use in heating and refrigeration duties Max temperature: 225 C Max pressure: 32 barg
Frame plate
Foil
Alfa Laval
Slide 8
Alfa Laval
Slide 9
Plate type
Plate types Plate & Shell Openable block type Spiral heat exchangers
Steam condensation is primary application in HVAC Welded HE main use is in chemical industry
PHE
20mm 500mm 180 C 30barg Yes 3 Excellent Flexibility in plate or gasket material -all duties within temp and pressure range
BHE
20mm 100mm 225 C 32barg No 1 OK Limited by cupper -small capacities -clean medias -freon duties
FHE
20mm 100mm 550 C 32 barg No 2 OK Limited by stainless steel -ammonia duties -tap water
WHE
50mm 250mm* 300 C* 60barg* No / partly* 4-5* OK* Flexible in plate material -steam condensation
Connection size Max temperature Max design pressure Mechanical cleaning Cost ratio Fatigue resistance Corrosion resistance
Alfa Laval
Slide 11
HVAC applications
Cooling interchanger Free cooling Pressure breaker Condensor protection Ice storage District cooling Heat recovery Domestic hot water Pool Solar heating
Alfa Laval
Slide 12
Definitions Q = Heat load, kBTU/h (W) (rate of heat transfer) m = Mass flow rate, lb/s(kg/s) Cp = Specific heat, J/kg C (the energy needed to heat 1 kg of the fluid with 1 C)
Heat transferred in a HE
The temperature profile at one point of the plate wall
T1, Bulk temperature on hot side Hot side Flow direction T3 T4 Flow direction Cold side T2, Bulk temperature on cold side Wall
1/u = 1/
hot +
1/
cold +
More turbulence Thinner laminar film Increased u-value Better Heat Transfer
LMTD =
1 2 1 ln 2
Higher NTU means more difficult heat transfer LMTDs possible down to 1 F Normal NTU in HVAC Cooling 6-7 NTU in district cooling upto 9
Alfa Laval Increased
Slide 15
Energy efficiency
88F 90F 40F 47F 45F 47F
78F
80F
Qcond = 2200 kBTU/h Direct Qcool (kBTU/h) LMTD ( F) Qchiller (kW) Loss 1700 146 -
COP = 3,4
57F
HE comparison
Compact heat exchanger advantages
6ft 5ft
Smaller foot print Less weight Less fouling risk No fouling factor needed in design Small hold-up volume Easier maintenance Easier installation
20ft
Alfa Laval Slide 17
System optimization
46F 45F 47F
57F 60F
Alfa Laval
LMTD 2 down to 1 give A up 250% P down from 7 to 3,5 psig give A up 40% 3 F larger T mean 25% smaller Slide 18 flow
Smaller pressure drop give larger heat exchanger Larger temperature drop enables smaller flow
78F 58F
80F
COP = 3,4
58F
60F
Q = 1700 kBTU/h
Alfa Laval
Low wet bulb temperature in cooling towers Low water temperature in water cooling Chiller by-pass is possible Pay-back often within 1-2 years Slide 19
156 kW is saved
Alfa Laval
Slide 20
Frame plate
Pressure plate
Tightening bolts
Plate pack
Corrosion factors
In cooling and heating there is with some water qualities risk of crevice corrosion and pitting corrosion. Basic condition is that free oxygen and chlorides must be present and the corrosion risk depends on the factors below
Change
Influence
Alfa Laval
Slide 22
Plate - materials
Gasket - materials
The choice of rubber material depends on
Temperature Required lifetime Media
A filter for industrial cooling systems using low-quality water The Filter operates as an integral part of a cooling system to remove debris which can foul and clog a plate heat exchanger or a tubular condenser.
Enables high energy efficiency Close temperature approach Small temperature losses Increased temperature drop Fast response times at regulation
Alfa Laval
Slide 26
Alfa Laval
Slide 27