SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

7 ELECTRICITY 7.1 Analysing electric fields & charge flow QBL SPM 2003, NO. 40 Which diagram shows the correct electric field pattern? B

1.

1 A

SPM 2004, NO. 42 When the switch is on, the current that flows in an 5 electronic advertisement board is 3.0 x 10 A. What is the number of electrons flowing in the advertisement board when it is switched on for 2 19 hours? [Charge of an electron = 1.6 x 10 C] 11 14 A 3.84 x 10 B 1.67 X 10 18 23 C 1.35 x 10 D 4.17 x 10 27 E 1.50 x 10 SPM 2005, NO. 42 The electric current supplied by a battery in a digital 5 watch is 3.0 x 10 A. What is the quantity of charge that flows in 2 hours? 7 5 A 2.5 x 10 C B 1.5 x 10 C 5 3 C 6.0 x 10 C D 3.6 x 10 C 1 E 2.2 x 10 C SPM 2007, NO. 38 An electric appliance has been switched on for 2 hours. Calculate the quantity of electric charge passing through the circuit in tis time if the current is 2 A. A 4C B 120 C C 240 C D 14 400 C SPM 2008, NO. 35 Which diagram shows the correct electric field?

How charges are produced? 1.1 There are two kinds of charge, called .. charge and charge 1.2 Like charges always each other and unlike charges always ...... each other 1.3 An object becomes negatively charged when it gains an excess of electrons 1.4 Similarly, when an object has some electrons removed, the deficiency of electrons makes the object positively charged 1.5 The symbol of charge is Q and the unit is coulomb (C) 1.6 The charge in an electron is, e = 2. What is Van de Graaff generator? 2.1 The Van de Graaff generator built a machine in which charge continuously delivered to the inside of a hollow metal dome by means of a rotating rubber belt 2.2 So the generator can produce a high voltage, usually in the megavolt range Define electric current 3. What is current, I? 3.1 The flow of electrical charges produces electric current 3.2 I= 3.3 The unit of current, I, is , 3.4 If the number of electrons is n, Q = Example 1: A charge of 600 C flow through a metal conductor in every 5 minutes. What is the electric current in the conductor?

Example 2: An electric current of 3.2 mA flows through a bulb for 4 minutes. Determine, (a) the electric charge (b) the number of electrons

Example 3: When lightning strikes between two charged clouds, an electric current of 400 A flows for 0.05 s. What is the quantity of charge transferred?

FAQ: State the relationship between electron flow and electric current

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

Describe an electric field 4. What is electric field? Sketch electric field lines showing the direction of the field 5. The pattern of electric field lines of force depends on the shape and the number of charged objects 6. The following figure shows the some examples of the electric fields:

8.

Effect of an Electric Field on candle flame

Solve problems involving electric charge and current 7.2 Analysing the relationship between electric current and potential difference QBL SPM 2003, NO. 36 1 Which graph shows the relationship between potential difference, V, and current, I, for a resistor that obeys Ohm's law A B

Describe the effect of an electric field on a charge Application: 1. A pingpong ball is coated with a metallic paint .. 7.
25

2 A

7.3/ SPM 2003, NO. 42 Which circuit can be used to determine the resistance of a bulb? B

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Define potential difference 12. What is potential difference? The potential difference is measured by a and it must be connected in .. with the component

7.2/ SPM 2005, NO. 39 The diagram shoes a bird perched on a high voltage cable. The bird does not experience an electric shock because Example 4: A battery is switched on for a few moments. In that time 40 C passed through the battery and they carry away 240 J of electrical energy. What is the potential difference across the battery?

A B C D 4

the potential difference across X and Y is high the resistance of the cable across X and Y is very high the body of the bird has a low resistance the current flowing through its body is very small 7.2/ SPM 2006, NO. 36 Diagram 23 is a graph which shows the relationship between the potential difference and the current of four different conductors, P, Q, R and S. Which conductor has the highest resistance? A P B Q C R D S

Example 5: A current of 8 A flowing through an electric heater for 50 minutes convert 5.76 X 10 6 J of electrical energy into heat energy. Calculate (a) the total charge circulated through the heater (b) the potential difference across the heater

DIAGRAM 23 7.2/ SPM 2007, NO. 35 19 Which of the following factors does not influence the resistance of a wire? A Length of the wire B Material of the wire C Cross-sectional area D Hardness of the wire of the wire Current, I 9. What is current? Q 9.1 From Lesson 1, Current, I = t 9.2 The current is measured by an . and it must be connected in with the component

Plan and conduct an experiment to find the relationship between current and potential difference Describe the relationship between current and potential difference 13. The relationship between voltage, V and current, I in a metal conductor is State Ohms law 14.

The Ohmic conductors and non-Ohmic conductor 15. What is Ohmic/ non-Ohmic conductor? Conductors which obey/ not obey the Ohms law Ohmic conductor Potential difference (Voltage), V 10. An electric circuit must have a cell or some source of electrical energy, if there is to be a current 11. The energy to move the electrons or to produce current we call voltage or potential difference

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

Non Ohmic conductor

Define resistance 16. What is resistance? Based on the Ohms law, The ratio of the potential difference to the current Or R = 1 = 1V A1

19. The type of the material of the conductor 19.1Different type of material will have different of resistance 19.2For good conducting material such as silver and cooper have low resistance 19.3For good insulating material such as rubber has high resistance. 20. Temperature 20.1For metal conductors such as cooper, iron the resistance is increases linearly to the temperature 20.2For alloys such as constantan and nichrome the temperature not affected the resistance 21. For semiconductor materials such as silicon and germanium an also termistor the resistance decreases when its temperature is decreased CONCLUSION

Note : For a metal conductor, if the temperature and the other physical properties are remain unchanged, the resistance of the conductor not depend on the current, I and the potential difference, V Advantage of Resistance Disadvantage of It is resistance that allows us Resistance to use electricity for heat and Resistance causes some of light. The heat is generated the electrical energy to turn from electric heaters or the into heat, so some electrical light that we get from light energy is lost along the way bulbs is due to the resistance if we are trying to transmit of the wire. In a light bulb, electricity from one place to the current flowing through a another through conductor. resistance filament causes it to become hot and then glow.

Resistivity, S.W.G (Standard Wire Gauge) of a conductor wire The number of S.W.G. higher the thickness of the wire . Describe superconductors 22. What is superconductor? 22.1This enables superconductors to: 22.2Example: Aluminium (Tc= 1.2 K), Plumbum (Tc= 7.2 K), Niobium (Tc= 9.3 K), Nb3Sn (Tc= 18 K) , Nb3Ge (Tc= 23 K) and YBa2Cu3O2 (Tc= 100 K).
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Explain factors that affect resistance 17. The length of the conductor ( ) The resistance is proportional to the length of the conductor

18. The cross-sectional area of the conductor (A) The resistance is proportional to the crosssectional area of the conductor

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

22.3Applications of Superconductor Solve problems involving potential difference, current and resistance TUTORIAL 7.2 1 The graph potential difference, V against the length, L is the result of the experiment to determine the resistivity, and the resistance, R of a wire.

(ii) determine the value of the potential difference , V, when the length, L = 0 cm. Show on the graph , how you determine V. [1 mark] (b) The resistivity , , of the wire is given by = 4.3 x 10 5 m where m is the gradient of the graph. Calculate the value of .

= . m [3 marks] (c) (i) From the graph, state the value of L when V = 1.5 V. Show on the graph how you determine the value of L. [2 marks] L (ii) The resistance, R, is given by R A If the cross-sectional area, A of the wire is 1.0 x 107 m2 and using the value of from (b), calculate the value of R when V = 1.5 V.

[2 marks] (d) State one precaution that should be taken during this experiment. [1 mark] SPM 2005, NO. 1

FIGURE 1.4 Figure 1.4 shows the scale of an ammeter. Name the physical quantity measured by the ammeter. [1 mark] (b) In space below, draw the symbol for an ammeter. 2 (a)

(a) Based on the graph in the figure above, (i) what happen when L increases? [1 mark]
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[1 mark] What is the value of the smallest division on the scale? A [1 mark] (d) State the function of the mirror located under the scale. [1 mark] ( c)

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

SPM 2006, NO. 1 Diagram 1.1 shows an electric circuit.

A C 4

Reading Al > A2 > A3 Reading A2 > Al > A3

B D

Reading Al > A3 > A2 Reading A3 > Al > A2

7.3/ SPM 2004, NO. 40 The bulb in the circuit is lit at normal brightness when switches S1 and S2 are closed. What happens to the brightness of the bulb if only S1 or S2 is closed?

DIAGRAM 1.1 (a) (i) Name instrument Q. [1 mark] (ii) What is the function of R in the circuit? [1 mark] (b) Diagram 1.2 shows two types of ammeter, X and Y, that can be used in the circuit in Diagram 1.1.

A B C D 5 A

Only S1 is closed Increases Increases Decreases Decreases

Only S2 is closed Decreases Increases Increases Decreases

7.3/ SPM 2006, NO. 38 Which circuit produces the brightest light? B

C DIAGRAM 1.2 (i) Which ammeter is more sensitive? [1 mark] (ii) State one reason for your answer in 1(b)(i) [1 mark] 7.3 Analysing series and parallel circuits 7.3/ SPM 2004, NO. 37 1 The diagram shows a circuit containing four bulbs, A, B, C and D, which are lit at normal brightness. When a bulb is faulty, no current will flow through it. Which bulb, when faulty will cause all the other bulbs not to light up?

7.3/ SPM 2006, NO. 39 Diagram 25 shows three similar bulbs connected in series to a battery and an ammeter.

7.3/ SPM 2004, NO. 38 All the bulbs in the circuit below are identical? Which of the following statements is true?

DIAGRAM 25 What will happen to the ammeter reading and the brightness of the bulbs when another similar bulb is added to the circuit? Ammeter reading Brightness of the bulbs A Increase Increase B Increase Decrease C Decrease Increase D Decrease Decrease

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

7.3/ SPM 2006, NO. 42 Diagram 27 shows an electric circuit that contains three similar resistors.

DIAGRAM 27 Which of the playing readings is correct? A A1 = A2 B A1 > A2 C V1 = V2 D V1 > V2 E 1 680.00 J 7.3/ SPM 2007, NO. 36 8 Diagram 21 shows a parallel circuit. R1 is not equal to R2.

Diagram 21.2 Which statement is correct about the circuits? A The bulbs in the series circuit are brighter than the bulbs in the parallel circuit B The effective resistance of the series circuit is larger than the effective resistance of the parallel circuit C The total voltage in the series circuit is higher than the total voltage in the parallel circuit D The total current flow in the series circuit is greater than the total current flow in the parallel circuit Identify series and parallel circuits 23. What are the characteristics of resistors connected in series?

Diagram 21 Which physical quantity must be the same for both R1 and R2? A Power B Current C Voltage D Energy 7.3/ SPM 2008, NO. 36 9 Diagram 20 shows an electric circuit circuit.

23.1In a series circuit, two or more resistors are connected one end after another to form a single path for current flow 23.2The bulbs share the from the battery, so each glows 23.3The brightness of each bulb is same since the flows through each bulb 23.4If one bulb is removed, the other goes out because the circuit is broken 23.5Calculation:

Diagram 20 What is the reading on the ammeter? A 14.3 A B 2.5 A C 1.6 A D 0.6 A 7.3/ SPM 2008, NO. 37 10 Diagram 21.1 shows a series circuit and Diagram 21.2 shows a parallel circuit.

Diagram 21.1
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24. What are the characteristics of resistors connected in parallel? 24.1All the components are connected with their corresponding ends joined together to form separate and parallel paths for current flow 24.2Each bulb gets the full .............. ................. from the battery

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

because each is connected to it 24.3So each bulb glows 24.4The brightness of each bulb in is . than those in a series with the same number of bulbs 24.5If one bulb is removed, the other keeps working because it is still part of an unbroken circuit 24.6Calculation:

EXTRA The bulbs in parallel circuit light up brighter as compared to the bulbs in series circuit. 2. In parallel circuit, the voltage across each bulb is higher as compared to the voltage of each bulb in series circuit. 3. The bulb lights up brighter indicates that the current that passes through it is larger. Compare the current and potential difference of series circuits and parallel circuits Determine the effective resistance of resistors connected in series Determine the effective resistance of resistors connected in parallel 1.

Solve problems involving current, potential difference and resistance in series circuits, parallel circuits and their combinations Example 6: Determine the effective resistance for the following circuits:

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

Example 7: What is the reading of the ammeter for the following circuits?

TUTORIAL 7.3 1 SPM 2007, NO. 6 Diagram 6 shows a lighting circuit of a house.

Diagram 6 Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence below. The bulbs in Diagram 6 are connected in (series, parallel). [1 mark] (ii) What will happen to the other bulbs if one bulb blows? [1 mark] (b) All the bulbs in Diagram 6 are labeled 240 V, 60 W. (i) What is meant by 240 V, 60 W? [1 mark] (ii) Calculate the current when only one bulb is lit. (a) (i)

Example 8: What is the reading of the voltmeter for the following circuits?

(iii)

[1 mark] Calculate the total resistance of the circuit when all bulbs are lit.

[3 marks] How can the bulbs connected to increase the total resistance of the circuit? [1 mark] SPM 2008, 3 2 Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show two photographs of electrical circuits. shows a lighting circuit of a house. (iv)

Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2 (a) Which diagram shows a parallel circuit? [1 mark]
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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

(b)

Draw an electrical circuit diagram for the photograph in Diagram 3.1.

State the energy transformations that take place in the bulb. [1 mark] (ii) Draw a circuit diagram for each photograph. [3 marks]

(a)

(i)

( c)

[2 marks] Diagram 3.3 shows an electrical circuit. Assume that the internal resistance of the battery is negligible.

(i)

Diagram 3.3 Calculate the effective resistance of the circuit.

[2 marks] (ii) What is the reading of the ammeter?

[1 mark] One of the 10 resistors is removed from the circuit. What happens to the ammeter reading? [1 mark] SPM 2003, NO. 2 2 Figure 16 and Figure 16 show photographs for two circuits. Each circuit contains four identical bulbs connected to four identical new dry cells. (iii)

Observe the photographs in Figure (a) and Figure (b) to deduce a concept in physics with regard to the potential difference and the current flow for the bulbs in series and parallel circuits. [6 marks] (c) Figure 18 shows a model of an incubator used to hatch eggs. The temperature in the incubator must o be maintained around 39 C. Every part of the eggs must receive uniform heat. The eggs are hatched in about 20 days.

(b)

FIGURE 16

FIGURE 18 Using an appropriate concept in physics, explain the modification required to the above incubator so as to efficiently hatch about 200 eggs. [10 marks] Modification Reason

FIGURE 17
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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

7.4 Analysing electromotive force and Internal resistance QBL 7.4/ SPM 2004, NO. 39 1 The electromotive force and internal resistance of the dry cell in the circuit below is 1.5 V and 0.5 respectively. What is the reading of the voltmeter when the switch is closed? A C 2 A B 1.5 V D More than 1.5 V 7.4/ SPM 2005, NO. 38 Which circuit can be used to determine the electromotive force of a battery? B 0V Less than 1.5 V

26.3The electric charges that flow round the circuit transfer energy from the source to the device 26.4In a cell, chemical reaction converts chemical energy into electrical energy 26.5This energy pushes the free electrons to move them from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of the cell 26.6Work is done by the source in driving the charges around a complete circuit Define electromotive force (e.m.f.) 27. What is e.m.f? Compare e.m.f. and potential difference Potential difference e.m.f

21

7.4/ SPM 2007, NO. 37 Diagram 22 shows an electric circuit. Calculate the internal resistance of the battery in this circuit? A 0.06 B 0.07 C 0.26 D 3.75

Diagram 22 25. Idea 25.1When the switch is closed, the circuit is complete. 25.2The bulb lights up showing that a current flows in the circuit 25.3The flow of current is the flow of charge 26. What causes the charge to flow in the circuit? 26.1The cell is the source of energy and the light bulb is the energy consuming device 26.2The light bulb converts electrical energy into heat and light energy

28. When the cell or source of electricity in a closed circuit (current is flowing), the potential across the cell drops in, is call the potential difference across the cell, V. Explain internal resistance 29. Why there is drop in potential difference? 30. What is internal resistance? Determine e.m.f. and internal resistance The relationship between E, V, I, r and R Potential Potential Potential difference difference difference across cell = across + across when no external internal current flow resistance resistance

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

Solve problems involving e.m.f. and internal resistance Example 9: The figure shows a circuit.

Example 11: An accumulator produces a current 4 A when it is connected to a resistor 2. When the same accumulator is connected to a resistor 3 the current is produced is 3A. Determine the e.m.f and the internal resistance of the accumulator.

When the switch S is opened, the reading of the voltmeter is 1.5 V. When the switch S is closed the reading of the voltmeter and ammeter are 1.35 V and 0.3 A respectively. Determine (a) the e.m.f. of the cell (b) the internal resistance of the cell (c) the resistance R

TUTORIAL 7.4 1

The figure shows a circuit to determine the e.m.f and internal resistance of a cell. The results of the experiment are shown in the table below.

I/ A 0.83 0.37 0.25 R/ 1 3 5 1 1 /A I (a) Complete the table above. 1 (b) Plot the graph R against . I Determination of E and r by using the graph method 31. Graph V against I From the formula E = V + Ir E = r = .

0.17 8

0.14 10

[2 marks] [5 marks]

32. Graph R against

1 I

From the formula E = IR + Ir E = r = .

Example 10: Base on the information in the figure below, calculate, I = 3A (a) the resistance of resistor R (b) the internal resistance, r of the cell

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

(c) Based on the graph determine (i) the internal resistance of the cell. [2 marks] (ii) the e.m.f of the cell.. [2 marks] (d) What is the charges flow in 2 minutes when R = 6 [2 marks] 7.2 Analysing electrical energy and power QBL SPM 2003, NO. 39 1 The table shows the electrical energy consumption tariff. Electrical units Cost per unit (sen) First 200 units 22 Second 500 units 25 Calculate the cost in RM of using a 1.5 kW refrigerator for 360 hours. A 84.00 B 90.00 C 118.80 D 129.00 E 135.00 7.5/ SPM 2006, NO. 40 16 Diagram 26 shows an electric circuit.The reading of the ammeter is 0.2 A and the reading of the voltmeter is 2.8 V. Calculate the electrical energy released by the bulb in 2 minutes. A 0.56 J B 1.12 J C 28.00 J D 67.20 J E 1 680.00 J DIAGRAM 26 7.5/ SPM 2008, NO. 38 26 Which graph shows the relationship between the power, P, and the square of the current, I2, of a wire with constant resistance?

34. What is the relationship between electrical energy, voltage, current and time 34.1Based on the definition of current, Q I t Q = It ------------- (1) 34.2Based on the definition of potential difference, E V Q E = VQ ------------- (2) Substitute (1) into (2) E = V It ------------- (3) 34.3Electrical energy is the product of the potential difference, the current and the time 34.4The S.I. unit of Electrical energy is Joule (J) 1J=1VAs 34.5Based on the equation of the Ohms law V = IR ------------- (4) V I ------------- (5) R Substitute (4) into (3) E = I2 R t ------------- (6) Substitute (5) into (3)
E V 2t ------------- (7) R

Conclusion

Example 11: A current of 5A flows in a heating elements for 10 minutes. If the potential difference across the elements is 240 V, calculate the electrical energy is used by the elements

Example 12: When switch S is closed for 5 minutes, calculate the energy is produced in the resistor 6?

Define electrical energy 33. What is electrical energy?

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Define electric power 35. What is electrical power?

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

35.1From the definition of power, E P t 35.2and from the formula of the electrical energy,

(b) An air-conditioner is rating 2kW and is used for 5 hours per day during one month

Conclusion

35.3The S.I. unit f power is Watt (W) 1W=1VA Solve problems involving electrical energy and power Example 13: An electric kettle is labeled 3 kW, 240 V. (a) What is meant by the label 3 kW, 240 V? (b) What is the current flow through the kettle? (c) Determine the suitable fuse to use in the kettle. (d) Determine the resistance of the heating elements in the kettle.

Compare power rating and energy consumption of various electrical appliances Compare various electrical appliances in terms of efficient use of energy Example 15: The following table shows the electrical appliances is used at Ahmads house. Power of Time is Number of each used for a Appliance appliance appliance day (W) (Hour) Fluorescent 15 60 12 lamp Fan 8 90 5 Iron 1 1200 0.5 Calculate the cost of using the electrical appliances by Ahmads Family within 20 days. [The cost of electricity is 20 cent for first 100 units and 24 cent for next 900 units]

Example 14: A small laboratory immersion heater uses a 12 V supply. The current through the heater is 4 A. What is the power of the heater?

Efficiency of Electrical Appliances 40. What is efficiency? Energyoutput Efficiency = x 100% Energyinput Efficiency =
Pout 100% Pin

Compare power rating and energy consumption of various electrical appliances 36. What is power rating? 36.1An electrical kettle which is marked 240 V 1500 W means that the electric kettle will consume 1500 J of electrical energy every 1 second if it is connected to the 240 V 36.2The larger the power rating in the electrical appliance, the more energy is used every second 36.3The longer the usage time, the more electrical energy is consumed. Buying electrical energy 37. Every house has an electrical meter supplied by the Electricity board. 38. The units used are kilowatt-hours (kWh) 39. 1 kilowatt-hour is the energy supplied in 1 hour to an appliance whose power rating is 1 kW. Energy = power x time Kilowatt-hour kilowatts hours 6 1 kW h = 1 000 x 3 600 J = 3.6 x 10 J Example 15: Determine how many units are used for the following electrical appliances: (a) 2 bulbs is used in 5 hours and each is labeled 60 W, 240 V

Example 17: An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 2 kg to a height 5 m in 2.5 s. If the supply voltage is 12 V and the flow of current in the motor is 5.0 A, calculate (a) Energy input to the motor (b) Useful energy output of the motor (c) Efficiency of the motor

Example17: An electric kettle is used to boil some water to make tea. The kettle has a power rating of 3 kW, and is filled with 0.5 kg of cold tap water at 20oC. It takes a minutes and a half to boil. How efficient is this kettle? [cwater = 4 200 Jkg-1 oC-1]

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SPM 08, PHYSICS 1A

Describe ways of increasing energy efficiency 41. Maintaining the electrical appliances in good working condition. For example: 41.1Regularly cleaning and removing dust from the air filters of air conditioners and blades of electric fans 41.2Cleaning regularly filter bags of vacuum cleaner 41.3Operating the appliances correctly. For example: 41.4Turn off the appliance when not in use 41.5Use full loads of washing in a washing machine 41.6Use free wind and sunshine instead of a tumbledryer whenever possible 41.7Do not put warm food into a fridge or freezer 41.8Do not put more water in a kettle than you need for your hot drinks 41.9Switch off all unnecessary lights; use low-power lamps and install fluorescent lighting where it is acceptable 41.10 Make full use of energy needed to heat an oven by cooking several things at the same time 42 What are fuses? 42.1A fuse is a short piece of thin wire which overheats and melts if current of more than a certain value flows through it 42.2If a short circuit develops in the appliance, a current which is too high will flow 42.3The fuse will melt and prevents overheating of the wire that can cause a fire 42.4If an electrical appliance is rated 960 W and 240 V then current in normal use is 4.0 A 42.5The fuse suitable for use must slightly higher than the normal current flowing through the appliance .ie 5 A fuse. 43 Three-pin plug 43.1Live wire, L (brown). A current flows through the circuit 43.2Neutral wire, N (blue). It is a zero potential difference 43.3Earth wire, E (green). Safety wire which connects the metal body of the appliance to earth 43.4If a live wire touches the metal body of appliance, a large current would immediately flow to the earth and breaks the fuse 43.5This will prevent a person from electrocution. TUTORIAL 7.5 SPM 2004, NO. 8 1 Figure 8.1 shows an immersion heater with specification of 240 V, 1 000 W

element in the immersion heater. ... [1 mark] (b) The immersion heater is connected to a 240 V supply. Calculate; (i) the current that passes through the immersion heater.

[2 marks] (ii) the resistance of the immersion heater.

[2 marks] A student conducts an experiment to compare the heating effect of immersion heaters P, Q and R. The volume and initial temperature of the water is fixed. Table 8.1 shows the result of the experiment. Time for Potential Immersion Current/ water to start difference/ heater A boiling/ V minute P 240 6.0 8.0 Q 240 5.0 10.0 R 240 4.0 9.0 TABLE 8.1 (i) State the energy change that occurs when the immersion heater switched on. [1 mark] (ii) Calculate the energy supplied by each of the immersion heaters P, Q and R to start boiling the water. ( c)

[4 marks] Using your answer in (c)(ii), suggest which immersion heater is the most suitable to heat water. Give one reason for your answer. [2 marks]
(iii)

(a)

FIGURE 8.1 Name one suitable material to be used to a heating

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