Cohesion in English Seminar

Dr. Kerstin Kunz Saarland University Germany

Overview
18/08: Conceptualizing cohesion 19/08: Analyzing cohesion I 20/08: Analyzing cohesion II

What is Cohesion
Example

Definition of Cohesion - quotations

Cohesion concerns the ways in which the components of the SURFACE TEXT, i.e. the actual words we hear or see, are mutually connected within a sequence. The surface components depend upon each other according to grammatical forms and conventions, such that cohesion rests upon GRAMMATICAL DEPENDENCIES. [] All of the functions which can be used to signal relations among surface elements are included under our notion of COHESION. (de Beaugrande & Dressler ) Note that our use of the term is extremely broad, including all means of signalling surface dependencies (cf. Halliday 1964: 303). (de Beaugrande & Dressler)

Definition of Cohesion - quotations

[]set of lexicogrammatical systems that have evolved specifically as a resources for making it possible to transcend the boundaries of the clause that is the domain of the highest-ranking grammatical unit. (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004:523)

Definition of Cohesion - quotations

relations between sentences that are indicated by explicit syntactic or semantic ties between linguistic elements (see Linke et. al 2004:245).

Definition of Cohesion - quotations

The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as text. Cohesion occurs where the INTERPRETATION of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one PRESUPPOSES the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the presupposing an the presupposed, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a text. (Halliday & Hasan 1976:4)

Cohesion Coherence
Example
No smoking

It is raining.

Arab nations yesterday backed the Palestinian President's refusal to immediately restart direct talks with Israel despite heavy US pressure. The cat has been waiting for hours in front of the mouse hole. If product gets in eyes, rinse well with plenty of water and consult a doctor. Get away!
Prince Charles usually plays polo on Monday. He is preparing the bullfight. He has long black hair. He is the first man to travel to Mars. The dog growled and barked even louder. Mary tried to get up the tree as quickly as possible.

What is Cohesion
Example

Cohesion linguistic levels

Phonological Morphological Lexical Syntactical Textual: structural (information structure, focus, theme), cohesive (Semantic) (Conceptual, coherence)

Cohesion coherence
Often no detailed differentiation Halliday & Hasan 1976 only use cohesion Werlich 1983 only talks about coherence For Brinker the cohesion-coherence distinction is unnecessary (2005) Two out of seven standards of textuality in de Beaugrande & Dressler (1981) => along with intentionality, acceptability, informativity, situationality, intertextuality See: http://www.beaugrande.com/introduction_to_text_li nguistics.htm

Cohesion Coherence
phonemes morphemes lexemes phrases clauses cohesive devices

Linguistic structure

Mental textual world

coherence

Cohesion Coherence

Linguistic structure
Speech situation

cohesive devices

Mental textual world

coherence

Cohesion Coherence

Linguistic structure
Speech situation

cohesive devices

Mental textual world

coherence
Long term memory

Cohesion Coherence

Peter wasnt at work yesterday. He was ill.

He refers to the same person as Peter.

Cohesion Coherence

Peter wasnt at work yesterday. He was ill.

coreference

He refers to the same person as Peter.

identity of reference

Cohesion Coherence

Peter wasnt at work yesterday. He was ill.

inference

The second sentences provides the cause for the first sentence.

Cohesion Coherence

Peter wasnt at work yesterday. He was ill.

The second sentences provides the cause for the first sentence.

cause

Cohesion Coherence
Peter wasnt at work yesterday because he was ill. Peter was ill yesterday. Therefore, he wasnt at work.

The second sentences provides the cause for the first sentence.

Definition of coherence quotations

Coherence is a semantic property of discourse formed through the interpretation of each individual sentence relative to the interpretation of other sentences, with "interpretation" implying interaction between the text and the reader (van Dijk 1979: 93).

Definition of coherence quotations

concerns the ways in which the components of the TEXTUAL WORLD, i.e. the configuration of CONCEPTS and RELATIONS which underlie the surface text are mutually accessible and relevant. (de Beaugrande 1981:73).
COHERENCE

Definition of coherence quotations

Coherence can be viewed as a covert potential meaning relationship among parts of a text, made overt by the reader or listener through processes of interpretation. (BlumKulka 1986:17).

So what is coherence?
Creation

of semantic/ logical/ conceptual relations of meaning during text processing on the basis of: the linguistic structure of the text linguistic knowledge world knowledge knowledge about speech events

So what is cohesion?
Cohesion is the explicit marking of semantic/ logical/ conceptual relations of meaning via grammatical and lexical ties between linguistic expressions in different clauses, clause complexes and/ or text passages.

Cohesion Coherence briefly put

A text is cohesive if its elements are tied together. => Objectively verifiable through text analysis => Cohesion: explicit linguistic marking of meaning relations above the clause level

A text is coherent if it makes sense. => More subjective => Coherence: mental creation of meaning relations during text processing

Concepts of cohesion
Halliday / Hasan (1976)

Reference

Lexical cohesion
Substitution Ellipsis Conjunctions
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Concepts of cohesion
Halliday / Hasan (1976)

Reference

Items, which, instead of being interpreted semantically in their own right, make reference to something else for their interpretation

effect achieved by the selection Lexical cohesion Cohesive of the vocabulary

Substitution Ellipsis Conjunctions

Replacement of one item by another, in contrast to reference, a relation of wording rather than meaning Substitution by zero Conjunctive elements are cohesive not in themselves but indirectly, by virtue of their specific meaning; []they express certain meanings which presuppose the presence of other components in the discourse
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Concepts of cohesion
Halliday / Hasan (1976)

Reference
Lexical cohesion Substitution

personal demonstrative comparative general nouns repetition sense relations collocation

nominal verbal clausal

nominal verbal clausal additive adversative causal temporal continuatives

Ellipsis

Conjunctions

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Reference
Halliday / Hasan (1976)
REFERENCE

exophoric

endophoric

homophoric

situational

anaphoric

cataphoric

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Reference
homophoric The sun wont come out today The president of the United States just has announced that, Dont go, the train is coming. Look at that man over there. Are you coming. Thats not funny! When Nixon struggled to deliver a "peace with honor" in Vietnam, he could sense he was further alienating America's youth, When he struggled to deliver a "peace with honor" in Vietnam, Nixon could sense he was further alienating America's youth,
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situational

anaphoric

cataphoric

Reference
personal
Tad Williams is one of the most writers of modern times. In addition to Memory, Sorrow and Thorn he has written the acclaimed Otherland series. Tad Williams? I just read on of his novels. Tad Williams? I just read a novel of his.

demonstrative The United States will be taking three very important messages to

Johannesburg. America's vision for Johannesburg is to build on these three messages [...]. During the November/December ministerial, we created consensus in some very important areas.These would include [] At present, the only sure way to circumvent the problem of immune rejection would be to create an ES cell line using a patient's own genetic material through nuclear transfer or cloning. This technique []

comparative

Mr Bells clubs were privately owned. Like most such clubs [...] We accept that thought is a common property of the human race. But we cannot make the same assumption about machines. Germany, Denmark and France face declines in young people. Ireland is confronted with a contrasting problem. 31

Nominal Coreference
Example

This past spring, the U.S. Department of Education issued a report, The Condition of Education 2000. Some of the trends it pinpointed offer evidence that []. The report found that the benefits of attending college are greater today than ever before. []

With significant increases in the number of students who may not speak English at home, this report suggests that []. [EO_06].

HAMBURG, 06.11.2009

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Nominal Coreference
Example

This past spring, the U.S. Department of Education issued a report, The Condition of Education 2000. Some of the trends it pinpointed offer evidence that []. The report found that the benefits of attending college are greater today than ever before. []

With significant increases in the number of students who may not speak English at home, this report suggests that []. [EO_06].

HAMBURG, 06.11.2009

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Co-reference chains
This evening I find myself settled here in this comfortable guest house in a street not far from the centre of Salisbury.[...] The landlady, a woman of around forty or so, appeals to regard me as a rather grand visitor on account of Mr Farraday' s Ford and the high quality of my suit. [...]. She informed me that a double room at the front was available, though I was welcome to it for the price of a single. I was then brought up to this room, in which, at that point of the day, the sun was lighting up the floral patterns of the wall paper quite agreeably.There were twin beds and a pair of good-sized windows overlooking the street. On inquiring where the bathroom was, the woman told me in a timid voice that although it was the door facing mine, there would be no hot water available until after supper. I asked her to bring me up a pot of tea, and when she had gone, inspected the room further. [...] The basin in the corner was also very clean.

Lexical chains
Repetition
This evening I find myself settled here in this comfortable guest house in a street not far from the centre of Salisbury.[...] The landlady, a woman of around forty or so, appeals to regard me as a rather grand visitor on account of Mr Farraday' s Ford and the high quality of my suit. [...]. She informed me that a double room at the front was available, though I was welcome to it for the price of a single. I was then brought up to this room, in which, at that point of the day, the sun was lighting up the floral patterns of the wall paper quite agreeably.There were twin beds and a pair of good-sized windows overlooking the street. On inquiring where the bathroom was, the woman told me in a timid voice that although it was the door facing mine, there would be no hot water available until after supper. I asked her to bring me up a pot of tea, and when she had gone, inspected the room further. [...] The basin in the corner was also very clean.

Lexical chains
Semantic relations
This evening I find myself settled here in this comfortable guest house in a street not far from the centre of Salisbury.[...] The landlady, a woman of around forty or so, appeals to regard me as a rather grand visitor on account of Mr Farraday' s Ford and the high quality of my suit. [...]. She informed me that a double room at the front was available, though I was welcome to it for the price of a single. I was then brought up to this room, in which, at that point of the day, the sun was lighting up the floral patterns of the wall paper quite agreeably.There were twin beds and a pair of good-sized windows overlooking the street. On inquiring where the bathroom was, the woman told me in a timid voice that although it was the door facing mine, there would be no hot water available until after supper. I asked her to bring me up a pot of tea, and when she had gone, inspected the room further. [...] The basin in the corner was also very clean.

Types of cohesion or coherence?

Hasan (1985) Coreference => Situational identity of reference Coclassification => Class identity of reference Coextension => Same field of meaning

Types of cohesion or coherence?

Hasan (1985) Coreference
Recognizing the growing strains on energy systems as he took office, President Bush sought to develop a comprehensive and balanced energy policy. Nelson Mandela is to make a rare public appearance in London next month for a Live Aid-style concert to mark his 90th birthday[]. The former South African president[]will be joined by some of the biggest names from the worlds of pop and politics at the Hyde Park event. A lot of these activities go on in parallel. Others are sequential, particular proteins being synthesized in a well-defined sequence determined by the feedback circuits of gene activities changing cytoplasmic properties that in turn change gene activities. This dynamic sequence of events with its changing patterns of gene activities during cell reproduction is called the genetic program and it directs the development of a new organism.

Types of cohesion or coherence?

Hasan (1985) Coclassification Why does this boy wriggle all the time? Other boys don't wriggle. (Halliday & Hasan 1976:282) Can I borrow your pen? -Yes, but what happened to yours? (Hasan 1985a:74) Mummy will you buy me a bus? - I want that red one. (Halliday & Hasan 1976:99)

Types of cohesion or coherence?

Hasan (1985) Coextension Yesterday I had an accident with my car.The breaks weren't functioning. Soybean blossoms resemble orchids.The seeds ripen in pods and vary in terms of shape, color and size, depending on the variety.

Concepts of cohesion in the literature

Halliday & Hasan (1976)
Reference Lexical cohesion general nouns repetition reiteration by means of other sense relations collocation Substitution Ellipsis Conjunctive relations

Linke et al. (2004)

Pro-forms Article Deixis Recurrence Explicit text connection Tense Substitution Ellipsis Connectives

41

Concepts of cohesion in the literature

Schubert (2008)
Grammatical Cohesion Proforms Reference Substitution Syntactic constructions Ellipsis Parallelism Conjunction Grammatical categories Tense Aspect Lexical Cohesion Repetition total partial Semantic relations Synonymy Antonymy Hyponymy Meronymy Paraphrase Collocation

42

Cohesive non cohesive

Clause internal clause external relations
Referring non-referring expressions Endophoric exophoric reference

Cohesive non cohesive

Examples He, who hesitates is lost. He was annoyed by the fact that she was late again. He has been cleaning and washing all day.

It is raining. Is this your pen?

Analysis of cohesion
Types of variation

Variation over time Variation across registers Variation across languages Variation across originals and translations

Analysis of cohesion
Analysis of systemic inventory of cohesion Analysis of instances of cohesion in texts

Analysis of cohesion Methodology

Theoretical and example-based analysis In-depth text analysis Empirical analysis

Variation over time: ButAber/Doch

EngOrig: But what caused these calamities in the first place [...]? GerTrans: Aber Wie kam es zu der erstaunlichen Klima-Instabilitt [...]? But How did the astonishing climate instability come about?
But regularly left untranslated due to interactional function as question marker (Becher et al. forthc.)
Becher, Hdder, Kranich 2009

Variation over time: But/Aber/Doch 19781982 vs. 19992002

Becher, Hdder, Kranich 2009

Variation through contact

Contact through Translation English-German

Shining-through easily occurs in EnglishGerman translations. (= a first step towards change) Seems to be favored by perceivable formfunction equivalence (e.g. but-aber, but not may- knnte, mag, vielleicht, wohl) In a second step, spread to monolingual German text production

Becher, Hdder, Kranich 2009

Register Variation
Example: syntactic position and function of coreferential NPs Compared to the texts in other registers, political essays exhibit:

a high distribution of first person pronouns a high distribution of full lexical anaphors

a high number of semantic relations of repetition

a medium number of coreference chains per text a medium number of coreferential elements per coreference chain a high number of coreferential ties with longer distance spans a high distribution of coreferential subjects

a high distribution of coreferential NPs realized in sentence initial position

Kunz 2009

51

Systemic differences English-German Personal reference

speaker social distance speech roles addressee non-distance singular plural human singular specific other plural non-specific nonhuman it extended reference textual reference es entity er sie

person

Personal reference (English / German)

direct part. participant referential status as

pers. pronoun poss. pronoun pers. pronoun

meiner der meinige

attributed
poss. pronoun

attribute
possessive determiner

Systemic differences English-German Demonstrative reference

neutral article (as attribute) near

Demonstrative reference (English / German)

not near

as attribute as entity selective singular participant plural

logico-semantic relationship + direction place circumstance time direction

towards speaker away from speaker

pronominal adverbs

In-depth text analysis

English original German translation WHY DO YOU want me to go? I asked her Warum willst du, da ich hingehe? fragte ich sie am
the night before. Because if you don't go, I'll have to go to prison. She picked up the knife. How many slices do you want? Two, I said. What's going in them? Potted beef, and be thankful. But if you go to prison you'll get out again. St. Paul was always going to prison. I know that (she cut the bread firmly, so that only the tiniest squirt of potted beef oozed out) ... but the neighbours don't. Eat this and be quiet. She pushed the plate in front of me. It looked horrible. Why can't we have chips? Because I haven't time to make you chips. There's my feet to soak, your vest to iron, and I haven't touched all those requests for prayer. Besides, there's no potatoes. (EO_FICTION_008) Abend vorher. Weil ich, wenn du nicht gehst, ins Gefngnis komme. Sie griff nach dem Messer. Wieviele Scheiben willst du? Zwei, sagte ich. Was machst du drauf? Slze, und sei geflligst dankbar. Aber wenn du ins Gefngnis kommst, kommst du auch wieder raus. Der heilige Paulus war auch dauernd im Gefngnis. Ich wei (sie schnitt das Sandwich mit fester Hand durch, so da nur ein ganz kleines bichen Slze an den Seiten herausquoll). Aber die Nachbarn wissen es nicht. I jetzt und sei still. Sie schob den Teller vor mich. Er sah grlich aus. Wieso gibt es keine Pommes? Weil ich keine Zeit habe, dir welche zu machen. Ich mu noch ein Fubad nehmen und deine Bluse bgeln, und dabei habe ich mit den vielen Bitten um Gebete noch nicht einmal angefangen. Auerdem sind keine Kartoffeln da. (GTrans_FICTION_008)

Corpuslinguistic analysis CroCo corpus design

English texts Reference Corpus ER
17 registers, 2,000 word samples each

Registercontrolled Corpus EO Translation Corpus GTrans Registercontrolled Corpus GO German texts

8 registers, at least 10 texts each, 3,125 words (av.)

Translation Corpus ETrans

Reference Corpus GR

68,000 words

1 million words

55
55

The CroCo registers

English texts Reference Corpus ER Translation Corpus GTrans Reference Corpus GR German texts Registercontrolled Corpus GO Registercontrolled Corpus EO Translation Corpus ETrans

ESSAY

FICTION
INSTR POPSCI SHARE SPEECH TOU WEB
56
56

Annotation layers
+ Metainformation
Translation Corpus

+ Tokenization + PoS tagging + Morphology + Sense relations Word layer Chunk layer Word layer Chunk layer

Registercontrolled Corpus

Clause layer Sentence layer + Phrase structure + Grammatical functions

Clause layer Sentence layer

57
57

Alignment layers

Translation Corpus

Registercontrolled Corpus

Word layer Chunk layer Clause layer Sentence layer

Word layer Chunk layer Clause layer Sentence layer

+ Alignment

cf. Hansen-Schirra et al. (2006)

58
58

Differences in cohesive instances English-German

Example: frequencies "it/es"
ESSAY tokens it EO 34998 118 ETrans 42040 177 GTrans 35345 99 GO 35668 130 es

It
total Cohesive It FICTION tokens it It total Cohesive It

40
158 19 EO 36916 330 61 391 38 1.06 % 62.3 % 0.45 % 47.9 %

36
206 21 ETrans 40037 335 72 407 35 1.02 % 0.49 % 58.3 %

42
141 6 GTrans 35345 260 50 310 0.88% 36.29 % 0.39 % 14.29 %

41
171 5 GO 36781 244 65 309 23 0.84% 32 % 0.48 % 12.20 %

Es
total Cohesive Es

es Es total Cohesive Es

48.61 % 16

59

Differences in cohesive instances English-German

Example: frequencies "it/es"
ESSAY tokens it EO 34998 118 ETrans 42040 177 GTrans 35345 99 GO 35668 130 es

It
total Cohesive It FICTION tokens it It total Cohesive It

40
158 19 EO 36916 330 61 391 38 1.06 % 62.3 % 0.45 % 47.9 %

36
206 21 ETrans 40037 335 72 407 35 1.02 % 0.49 % 58.3 %

42
141 6 GTrans 35345 260 50 310 0.88% 36.29 % 0.39 % 14.29 %

41
171 5 GO 36781 244 65 309 23 0.84% 32 % 0.48 % 12.20 %

Es
total Cohesive Es

es Es total Cohesive Es

48.61 % 16

60

Differences in cohesive instances English-German

Example: frequencies "it/es"
ESSAY tokens it EO 34998 118 ETrans 42040 177 GTrans 35345 99 GO 35668 130 es

It
total Cohesive It FICTION tokens it It total Cohesive It

40
158 19 EO 36916 330 61 391 38 1.06 % 62.3 % 0.45 % 47.9 %

36
206 21 ETrans 40037 335 72 407 35 1.02 % 0.49 % 58.3 %

42
141 6 GTrans 35345 260 50 310 0.88% 36.29 % 0.39 % 14.29 %

41
171 5 GO 36781 244 65 309 23 0.84% 32 % 0.48 % 12.20 %

Es
total Cohesive Es

es Es total Cohesive Es

48.61 % 16

61

Example: frequencies "it/es"

ESSAY tokens it EO 34998 118 ETrans 42040 177 GTrans 35345 99 GO 35668 130 es

It
total Cohesive It FICTION tokens it It total Cohesive It

40
158 19 EO 36916 330 61 391 38 1.06 % 62.3 % 0.45 % 47.9 %

36
206 21 ETrans 40037 335 72 407 35 1.02 % 0.49 % 58.3 %

42
141 6 GTrans 35345 260 50 310 0.88% 36.29 % 0.39 % 14.29 %

41
171 5 GO 36781 244 65 309 23 0.84% 32 % 0.48 % 12.20 %

Es
total Cohesive Es

es Es total Cohesive Es

48.61 % 16

62

Differences in cohesive instances English-German

Example: frequencies "it/es"
ESSAY tokens it EO 34998 118 ETrans 42040 177 GTrans 35345 99 GO 35668 130 es

It
total Cohesive It FICTION tokens it It total Cohesive It

40
158 19 EO 36916 330 61 391 38 1.06 % 62.3 % 0.45 % 47.9 %

36
206 21 ETrans 40037 335 72 407 35 1.02 % 0.49 % 58.3 %

42
141 6 GTrans 35345 260 50 310 0.88% 36.29 % 0.39 % 14.29 %

41
171 5 GO 36781 244 65 309 23 0.84% 32 % 0.48 % 12.20 %

Es
total Cohesive Es

es Es total Cohesive Es

48.61 % 16

63

Shifts: EO GTrans

The UK has always been a strong supporter of European enlargement and I am very pleased to mark this latest accession of ten new members on 1 May. We welcome it as another important and historic step towards sealing over the artificial divisions created by the Cold War. [EO_ESSAY_003]
Grobritannien hat sich immer schon fr die europische Erweiterung stark gemacht und deshalb begre ich den Beitritt von zehn neuen Mitgliedstaaten am 1. Mai von ganzem Herzen. Er ist ein historischer Schritt auf dem Weg, die knstlichen Risse zu kitten, die der Kalte Krieg hinterlassen hat. [GTrans_ESSAY_003]

Shifts: EO GTrans
We work for prosperity and opportunity because theyre right. Its the right thing to do. [EO_ESSAY_006] Wir arbeiten fr Wohlstand und Chancen, weil das richtig ist. Wir tun damit das Richtige. [GTrans_ESSAY_006]

And he answered them courteously that they should speak on, for he had not come so far and so wearily simply in order to turn back. Moreover he was charged by his father with a mission, which he might not reveal in that place . It is known to us already, said the three damsels. [EO_FICTION_002] Und er erwiderte ihnen artig, da sie weitersprechen sollten, denn er habe die Mhsal und Beschwerden des weiten Weges nicht auf sich genommen, um nun kehrtzumachen. Und zudem habe sein Vater ihn mit einer Aufgabe betreut, die er an diesem Ort zu enthllen nicht gesonnen sei. Dies ist uns bekannt, sagten die drei Jungfrauen. [GTrans_FICTION_002]

Shifts: GO ETrans
due to ambiguous scope
Er war ein eher ngstliches Kind, sagte die Mutter. Er log nicht. Er war anstndig. Und vor allem, er war tapfer, sagte der Vater, schon als Kind. Der tapfere Junge. So wurde er beschrieben, auch von entfernten Verwandten. Es waren wrtliche Festlegungen, und sie werden es auch fr ihn gewesen sein. [GO_FICTION_008] He was rather a timid boy, said our mother. He didn't tell lies. He was well-behaved, and above all, said our father, he was brave even as a child. People described him as that brave boy, even distant relations. These were verbatim observations, and they will have been meant for him too. [ETrans_FICTION_008]

Empirical corpus-linguistic analysis

das GO_SPEECH 173 der 4 die 4

GTrans_SPEECH
GO_FICTION GTrans_FICTION GO_POPSCI

38
113 100 110

3
15 10 4

12 7 1

GTrans_POPSCI
GO_TOU GTrans_TOU GO_SHARE

44
31 14 44

3
9 2 3

1
2 1 1

Frequencies of demonstrative der/ die/ das in German subcorpora

GTrans_SHARE
GO_ESSAY GTrans_ESSAY GO_INSTR

46
90 49 20

3
1 -

3 -

GTrans_INSTR
GO_WEB GTrans_WEB

18
31 27

1 1

2 -

Shifts: GO ETrans
Ich lenkte mich ab, suchte Schlaf, verga, sank weg - prompt schoss mir das entscheidende Bild in den Kopf: mein Freund Axel am Tisch der Mensa, neben uns die Zeitung, aufgeschlagen die Seite mit einer berschrift zum beginnenden Prozess gegen diesen Richter, der am Volksgerichtshof mindestens 230 Todesurteile gefllt hatte. Sogleich stellte sich der Ton zu diesem Bild ein, der bittere, verchtliche Satz, den Axel hatte fallen lassen und der mich erst jetzt, im Bett, wie eine bse Erleuchtung traf: Der hat das Urteil fr meinen Vater fabriziert, der und der Freisler. [GO_FICTION_001] I distracted myself, sought sleep, forgot, drifted off - and promptly the crucial image popped into my head: my friend Axel at the cafeteria table, the newspaper next to us opened to a headline about the start of the trial of this judge who had passed at least 230 death sentences at the People's Tribunal. Immediately the soundtrack to this image kicked in, Axel's bitter, contemptuous words which hit me only now, in bed, like an evil epiphany: He fabricated my father's verdict - him and Freisler. [ETrans_FICTION_001]

Shifts: GO ETrans
Bei den Gebhren fr Rundfunk kann ich es mir, verehrter Herr Ministerprsident, ganz leicht machen: die drfen nur die deutschen Lnder erheben. [GO_SPEECH_012] As for the licence fee issue, I have a very simple answer, for these, Mr Minister-President, are a matter purely for the Lnder." [ETrans_FICTION_012]

corpuslinguistic analysis features to analyze:

a) additional possibilities not covered in purely theoretical approaches concerning the actual utilization of the theoretical possibilities b) the use of cohesive devices c) the nature of the cohesive ties set up between a cohesive device and its antecedent d) the nature of cohesive chains in the sense of frequency

questions to answer:
Which devices do exist?

Which of them are used?

How often are they used? Are there typical cooccurrences in texts of the same language? Which mechanisms of cognitive text processing do they reflect? In which contexts of situation/ registers do they occur? Which cohesive devices do co-occur in which registers? What can be said on their range, frequency and function in translations?

in relation to their cognitive function in relation to their pragmatic/ interpersonal function in translations

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Literature
Becher,V., Hdder S. & S. Kranich. A Tentative typology of language change through translation. Talk held at !!! Blum-Kulka, S. 1986. Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Translation. In: House, J. & S. Blum-Kulka (eds.), Interlingual and Intercultural Communication. Tbingen: Narr,17-35. Brown, G. & G. Yule.1983. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. De Beaugrande, R.-A. and W. Dressler. 1981. Introduction to Text Linguistics. London, New York: Longman (German version also in 1981 published by Niemeyer). Halliday, M.A.K. & R. Hasan. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Halliday, M.A.K & C. Matthiessen. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. New York: Oxford University Press. Hasan, R. 1985a. The texture of a text. In: Halliday, M.A.K. & R. Hasan. Language, context and text: aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kunz, K. 2009. English and German Nominal Coreference. A study of Political Essays. Saarbrcken: PhD thesis Schubert, C. 2008. Englische Textlinguistik. Eine Einfhrung. Berlin: Schmidt. Werlich, E. 1983. A text grammar of English. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meier

To Our Shareholders Fiscal 2002 was a very challenging year for the entire industry, and the most difficult environment Cisco Systems has ever faced. In a tough market, we focused on the four elements that we could influence and control-profit contribution, cash flow from operations, available market, and productivity. And although we all wish the market conditions had been different, we were pleased with our progress in each of these areas. One area where we set aggressive stretch goals was our focus on the available market, with our goal being to grow 10 percent faster than our top ten North American competitors. We achieved this goal consistently throughout the year. And in Q4 fiscal 2002, for example, the delta was impressive when our fourth quarter revenues from 2001 to 2002 increased 12 percent, while the revenue of our top ten competitors shrunk by 44 percent in their most recently reported quarters, compared with the prior year. During challenging market transitions, successful companies usually get surprised by the downturn, they determine how long it will last and how deep it will be, and then they get ready for the upturn. We mapped these three stages to our business strategy, the first being aligned with our breakaway opportunity, the second being aligned with our six-point plan, and the third stage focusing on the four elements that we could influence or control, as mentioned above. In each of our quarterly result announcements for fiscal 2002, we attempted to cover our progress in this way, and I will summarize the entire year on this basis.