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READINGMODULEFORSPM2013
SMKMERBAUMIRISARAWAK
PART1:MASTERINGTHEDEFINITION
PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION
FORM4CHAPTER1INTRODUCTIONTOPHYSICS
Physicalquantity Isaquantitythatcanbemeasured.
Basequantity Isaquantitythatcannotbedefinedinothertermsofphysicalquantities.
Derivedquantity Isaquantitythatcanbedefinedinothertermsofphysicalquantitiesbyeithermultiplication
ordivisionorboth.

Scalarquantity Isaquantitywithmagnitudeonly. Example:distance,speed,time,mass,temperature


Vectorquantity Isaquantitywithbothmagnitudeanddirection. Example:displacement,velocity,acceleration,force
FORM4CHAPTER2FORCESANDMOTION
Distance Isthetotallengthbetweentwopoints. Measuretheactuallength.
Displacement Isthetotallengthbetweentwopointsatcertaindirection. Measuretheshortcutlength
Speed Istherateofchangeofdistance.
Speed=
taken Time
Distance

Unitofspeedisms
1
.
Velocity Istherateofchangeofdisplacement.
Velocity,v=
taken Time
nt Displaceme

Unitofvelocityisms
1
.
Acceleration Istherateofchangeofvelocity.
Acceleration,a=
taken Time
velocity of Change

Unitofaccelerationisms
2
.
Anda=
T
v - u

Inertia Isthetendencyofobjecttoresistthesuddenchangeactingonthesystem
OR
Isthetendencyofobjecttoremainatrestifrestorcontinuetomovewithuniform
velocityinstraightlineifmovingunlessexternalforceactingonit.
No formula as it is not a physical quantity that can be
measured.
BUTinertiadependsonthemass.Biggermasshasbigger
inertia.
Momentum Istheproductofmassandvelocity. Momentum,p=mvm=mass,v=velocity
Unitofmomentumiskgms
1

Principleofconservationof
momentum
States that in closed system, total momentum before collision is equal to the total
momentumafterthecollisionsuchthatthetotalmomentumisconserved.
Elastic:m
1
u
1
+m
2
u
2
=m
1
v
1
+m
1
v
2
Inelastic:m
1
u
1
+m
2
u
2
=(m
1
+m
1
)v

Explosion:0=m
1
v
1
+m
1
v
2

Impulse Isthechangeofmomentum. Impulse=FtF=force,t=time


Impulse=mvmu
Unitofimpulseiskgms
1

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PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION


Impulsiveforce Istherateofchangeofmomentum.
Impulsiveforce,F=
t
mv - mu

Unitofimpulsiveforceiskgms
2

Shorterimpacttime,biggerimpulsiveforce.
Force Istheproductofmassandacceleration. Force,F=mam=mass
a=acceleration
Unitofforceiskgms
2
orNewtonorN
Newtonsfirstlawofmotion Statesthatabodycontinuesinstateofrestoruniformvelocityinstraightlineunless
acteduponbyanexternalforce.
Alwaysreferredtoinertiacondition!!
Newtonssecondlawof
motion
States that the rate of change of momentum of moving object is directly
proportionaltoandinthesamedirectionastheforceactingonit.
Alwaysreferredtocollisionsystems!!

Newtonsthirdlawof
motion
States that if one body exerts a force on another, there is an equal but opposite
forcecalledreactionexertedonthefirstbodybythesecond.
Alwaysreferredtoactionandreaction!!
(Ihitballaction)
(Theballcausesmyhandpainreaction)
Energy Istheabilityofdoingwork.
Workdone Istheproductofforceanddisplacementwhichisparalleltothedisplacementofthe
object.
Workdone,W=Fs[noangle]
Workdone,W=Fscos[ifangle]
F=force
s=displacement
UnitofworkdoneisJouleorJ
Potentialenergy Istheenergypossessedbytheobjectduetoitspositionorlocation. Potentialenergy,E
p
=mgh
m=mass
g=gravityvalue=10ms
2

h=height

UnitofpotentialenergyisJoule
Kineticenergy Istheenergypossessedbytheobjectduetoitsconditionofmovement. Kineticenergy,E
k
=mv
2

m=mass
v=velocity

UnitofkineticenergyisJoule
Principleofconservationof
energy
Statesthatinaclosedsystem,theenergycannotbecreatedordestroyedbutitcan
be changed from one form to another form that is the total energy is being
conserved.

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PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION


Power Istherateofworkdone.
Power,P=
Time
WorkDone

OR
Power,P=
Time
Energy

UnitofpowerisWattorW
Efficiency Istheratioofoutputworkdonetotheinputenergysuppliedbythesystem.
Efficiency,e=
y InputEnerg
OutputWork
x100%
Hookeslaw States that the extension of spring is directly proportional to the force acting on it
suchthattheelasticlimitisnotexceeded.
Force,F=kx
k=forceconstant
x=extensionofspring
Fistotheweightofobjectwhereweight=massx10
Elasticity Is the ability of an object to resume to its original state once the applied force is
removed.

Springconstant Istheforceperunitlengthofextension. k=F/x

UnitofspringconstantisNm
1
FORM4CHAPTER3FORCESANDPRESSURE
Pressure Istheforceactingnormallytothesurfaceperunitarea. Pressure,p=F/A[ifsolid]
F=force
A=area

UnitofpressureisNm
2
orPascalorPa

OR
Pressure,p=hg[ifliquid]
h=depth
=densityofliquid
g=gravityvalue=10ms
2

UnitofpressureisNm
2
orPascalorPa

OR
Pressure,p=76cmHg+unbalance[mercury]

Atmosphericpressure Isthepressureexertedbytheatmosphereonthesurfaceoftheearth.

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PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION


Pascalsprinciple States that in enclosed system, the applied pressure will be transmitted equally to
everypartofthefluidandalsotothewallofthecontainer.
1
1
A
F
=
2
2
A
F

AndA
1
d
1
=A
2
d
2

A=area
d=distancemoved
Achimedesprinciple Statesthatwhenanobjectisimmersedpartiallyorwhollyintoafluid,theweightof
water being displaced due buoyant force is equal to the weight of object being
immersed.
Buoyantforce,F=Vg
=densityofliquid
V=Immersedvolumeoftheobject
g=gravityvalue=10ms
2
UnitofbuoyantforceisNewtonorN
Bernoullisprinciple States that a region where experiences high air speed will has low air pressure and
viceversa.
Highspeedlowpressure
Lowspeedhighpressure
FORM4CHAPTER4HEAT
Thermalequilibrium Isaconditionwheretwoobjectsincontacthavethesametemperatureandthereis
nonettransferofheatbetweentwoobjects.

Heat Isaformofenergy.
Temperature Isthedegreeofhotnessofanobject.
Specificheatcapacity Is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 kg object by 1 C
withoutchangeinphysicalstate.
Heat,H=mc
m=mass,c=specificheatcapacity,=riseintemperature
UnitofheatisJouleorJ
Lowspecificheatcapacityfastergettinghot
Highspecificheatcapacityslowergettinghot
Waterisagoodcoolingagentasithashighspecificheat
capacity
Meltingpoint Is the maximum temperature point that can be sustained by the object before the
objectstartstomelt.
Highmeltingpointcanwithstandhightemperature
beforeitgetsmelt
Boilingpoint Is the maximum temperature point that can be sustained by the object before the
objectstartstoboil.

Specificlatentheatoffusion Is the amount of heat required to change the 1 kg object physically from solid to
liquidwithoutthechangeintemperature.
Heat,H=mL
f

m=mass
L
f
=specificlatentheatoffusion

UnitofheatisJouleorJ
Specificlatentheatof
vapourisation
Is the amount of heat required to change the 1 kg object physically from liquid to
steamwithoutthechangeintemperature.
Heat,H=mL
v

m=mass
L
v
=specificlatentheatofvapourisation

UnitofheatisJouleorJ
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PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION


Boyleslaw Statesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisinverselyproportionaltoits
volumesuchthatthetemperatureofgasiskeptconstant.
P
1
V
1
=P
2
V
2
P=pressure,V=volume
Charleslaw States that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of gas is directly proportional to its
absolutetemperaturesuchthatthepressureofgasiskeptconstant.
1
1
T
V
=
2
2
T
V

V=volume,T=temperaturemustbeinunitKelvin
T=(u+273)K
Pressurelaw Statesthatforafixedmassofgas,thepressureofgasisdirectlyproportionaltoits
absolutetemperaturesuchthatthevolumeofgasiskeptconstant.
1
1
T
P
=
2
2
T
P

P=pressure,T=temperaturemustbeinunitKelvin
T=(u+273)K

FORM4CHAPTER5LIGHT
Snellslaw Statesthattheangleofincidence,angleofreflectionandthenormaltothesurface
all lie in the same plane such that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection.

Mirror Isanobjectwithonlyonesideoffocus/viewwhereitwillreflecttheincidentray.
Lens Isanobjectwithtwosidesoffocus/viewwhereitallowstherefractionoflight.
Refractiveindex Istheratioofsineofincidenceangletothesineofrefractedangle.
Refractiveindex,n=
r
i
sin
sin

imustbeinairandrinmedium

Apparentdepth Isthedistanceofthevirtualimagefromthesurfaceofthewater.
Realdepth Isthedistanceoftherealobjectfromthesurfaceofthewater.
Refractiveindex,n=
Depth Apparent
Depth Real

Criticalangle Is defined as the angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of
refractioninthelessdensemediumis90.
Refractiveindex,n=
c sin
1

c=criticalangle
Totalinternalreflection Statesthatwhentheangleofincidenceisfurtherincreasesothatitisgreaterthan
thecriticalangle,thenthelightisnolongerrefractedbutitisreflectedinternally.
Example:mirage,opticalfibre
Focalpoint Isapointwherealltherayswillfocusat.
Focallength,f IsthedistancebetweenthecentreofthelenswiththeprincipleF.
Poweroflens Isthereciprocalofthefocallengthofalens. Poweroflens,P=1/f
f=focallength(mustconverttounitmetre)
UnitofpoweroflensisDioptreorD
Formulaoflens:
u
1

+
v
1

=
f
1

u=objectdistance,v=imagedistance,f=focallength
Imagemagnification,m=v/u

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PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION


FORM5CHAPTER1WAVES
Wave Isthevibrationoroscillationofparticlewhichtransfersenergywithouttransferring
matterandthesevibrationsarerepeatedperiodically.

Transversewave Is a wave where the direction of vibrations of particles is perpendicular to the


propagationofwave
#producecrestsandtroughs
Anytypesofwavesexceptsoundwave!!
Forexample:electromagneticwave,light,waterwave

Longitudinalwave Isawavewherethedirectionofvibrationsofparticlesisparalleltothepropagation
ofwave
#Produceaseriesofcompressionsandrarefactions
Soundwaveonly

Dampedoscillations Isanoscillationwhereitsamplitudedecreaseswithtimebutthefrequencyremains
constantandthisvibrationwillcometoastop.

Resonance Is the vibration where is forced frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the
object.
Example:Bridgefallsbywindblow
Loudnessofsound Asoundwhereitdependsonitsamplitude
Pitchofsound Asoundwhereitdependsonitsfrequency
Phenomenonofwave Refraction,diffraction,reflectionandinterference
Refraction Refractionpassesthrough/seethroughthemedium
frequencyconstant
decreaseinspeed,wavelength(deeptoshalloworlessdensetodenser)
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PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION


Diffraction Diffractionpassesthroughthegaporhole
frequency,wavelengthandspeedconstant
changeinshapeonlydependsonsizeofgap
Wavelengthissmallerthansizeofgap
diffractioneffectislessobvious
strongerenergyofwaveenteringthegap

Wavelengthisbiggerthansizeofgap
diffractioneffectismoreobvious
lesserenergyofwaveenteringthegap
Reflection Diffractiongoandreboundedbyshinnysurfaceorreflector
frequency,wavelengthandspeedconstant
changeindirectionofmovingonly

Interference Interferenceresultantofallwaves

AntinodeAlinejoiningalltheconstructivepoints
NodeAlinejoiningallthedestructivepoints

Wavelength,=
D
ax

a=sizeofgap/distancebetweensource
x=distancebetweentwoadjacentbrightfringeOR
distancebetweentwoadjacentdarkfringe
D=distancebetweenthescreenwithgaps

Monochromaticlight Isonewavelengthoronecolouroflight
Coherent Samefrequencyandsamephase
Electromagneticspectrum Is the continuous spread of light ray into seven colours with different wavelengths
andfrequencies.
#Gamma,Xray,ultraviolet,visiblelight,infrared,microwave,radiowave
Gammaray(highfrequency,lowwavelength)dangerous
andkillscancercells
Xray(Scanning),ultraviolet(detectforgenote),
infrared(shortdistancelinking),microwave(heatingand
satellite),radiowave(aerial/signalreceiver)
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PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION


FORM5CHAPTER2ELECTRICITY
Charge Isthetotalamountofelectronsflow Charge,Q=nen=numberofelectrons,e=1.67x10
19
C
Charge,Q=ItI=current,t=timeinseconds

UnitforchargeiscoulomborC
Current Istherateofelectronflow

I=Q/t
UnitforcurrentisampereorA

##Lowcurrentifhighresistance!!
Resistance Istheoppositionofcurrentflow.
Note:Resistance,R=L/A
Higherresistancehigherresistivity,longerwirelengthbutthinnerwire
Coppergoodconductorofelectricity
Aluminiumgoodaselectriccableascheapandlowrustingrate
Tungstengoodasfilamentbulbasitcanionizeeasilytogiveoutray
Copperveryhighresistanceandthusitisgoodasheatingelement
Higherresistanceproducemoreheat
morevoltage
lowercurrent

UnitforresistanceisohmorO
Voltage
Potentialdifference
Is the work done when one coulomb of charge passes from one point to another
point

Voltage,V=IR

##Morevoltageifhighresistance!!
##Highvoltagedoesnotmeanhighcurrent!!
##Highvoltagecansayhighresistance!!
Ohmslaw States that the potential difference across an ohmic conductor is directly
proportional to its current flow such that the temperature and other physical
quantityarekeptconstant!
OhmslawmeansV=IR

##AnytypesofwiresobeyOhmslaw
##Bulbandheatingmaterialsdoesnotobeyohmslaw
Electricalenergy Totalworkdonetomoveonecoulombofchargeinonesecond Electricalenergy,E=VIttinsecond

InunitJouleorJ
Electricpower Istherateofelectricenergy Power,P=IV=V
2
/R=I
2
/R

InunitWattorW

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PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION


240V,300W Means the device is supplied with potential difference of 240 V and releases the
powerat300Joulesinonesecond
240V,300WV=240
P=300
FromP=IV
300=I(240)
I=1.25A
Fuse Is an electric component installed in electric socket to surge the power down once
thecurrentisoverloadedbyburningthefuseitself
Fusemustcangethoteasily
canbeburnteasily
lowmeltingpoint
highresistanceandproducesheatfast
FORM5CHAPTER3ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnet Istheflowofelectricaroundthecoilofwirewhichproducemagnet
Righthandgriprule Statethatforacurrentcarryingconductor,thethumbwillpointtothedirectionof
currentflowwhereastherestoffingerwillpointtothemagneticdirection

Flemingslefthandrule State that when the thumb, forefinger and middle finger are extended at the right
angletoeachothersforsystemwhichcarriescurrent,thenthethumbwillshowthe
magnetic force, the forefinger will point to the direction of magnetic field and the
middlefingerwillpointtothecurrentdirection.
Forelectricmotorwhichcarriescurrent
Thumbdirectionofforce
Forefingerdirectionofmagnet(fromnorthtosouth)
Middlefingercurrentdirection

Flemingsrighthandrule State that when the thumb, forefinger and middle finger are extended at the right
angle to each others for system generating current, then the thumb will show the
magnetic force, the forefinger will point to the direction of magnetic field and the
middlefingerwillpointtothecurrentdirection.
Forelectricdynamowhichgenerateelectriccurrent
Thumbdirectionofforce
Forefingerdirectionofmagnet(fromnorthtosouth)
Middlefingercurrentdirection

Lenzslaw States that the direction of induced current is always opposing to the direction
whichproducesthecurrent.
determinethedirectionofinducedcurrent
determinethemagneticpole(northorsouth)

Faradayslaw States that the magnitude of induced current is always directly proportional to the
rateofmagneticfluxbeingcutbymovingmagnetinsolenoid
determinethemagnitudeofinducedcurrent
Inducedcurrent Is the produce of current by movement of magnet bar in solenoid and there is no
physicalcontactbetweenthem

FORM5CHAPTER4ELECTRONICS
Thermionicemission Istheprocessofreleasingelectronsfromtheheatedcathode Moreelectronscanbereleasedif
cathodeisheatedathightemperature
moresurfaceareaisexposedtoheat
typeofmaterialwhichcanproducemoreelectrons
Cathoderayoscilloscope Is a device used to display waveform, measure short time intervals or to measure
thepotentialdifference

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PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION


Rectification Istheprocessofchangingalternatingcurrenttodirectcurrent Usediode
Semiconductor Isamaterialwhichhastheconductivitybetweentheconductorandinsulatorandits
conductivitycanbeimprovedbyincreasingitstemperature.
ptypesemiconductorsilicondopedwithtrivalent
majoritychargecarrierofhole

ntypesemiconductorsilicondopedwithpentavalent
majoritychargecarrierwhichis
calledelectron
Logicgate Is gate which has one or more than one inputs but with only one output and logic
gatesarereferredtoswitch

FORM5CHAPTER5RADIOACTIVITY
Radioisotopes Isunstablesubstancewhichhassameprotonnumberbutdifferentnucleonnumber
Radioactivity Is the spontaneous and random disintegration of unstable substance to become
stablenucleusbyemittingradiationsandhugeenergy

Spontaneous Means happen automatically by itself without triggered by any external source like
temperatureorpressure

Random Meansthereisnowaytotellwhichradioisotopewillundergothedecayprocessand
whenitwillhappen

Halflife Isthetimetakenforhalfoftheradioactivesubstancetodisintegrateordecay
Whatisalpha Alphaisheliumparticle Range0fewcm(canbestoppedbypaper)
highionizingpower(canchangethestructureof)
positiveheavychargewithsmalldeflectiontoward
negativeplate
deflectupfromthemagneticfield
lowpenetratingpower
movesstraightin
Whatisbeta Betaisafastmovingelectronbeam Range0fewm(canbestoppedbyaluminiumfoil)
mediumionizingpowerandpenetratingpower
negativelightchargewithbigdeflectiontoward
positiveplate
deflectdownfromthemagneticfield
Whatisgamma Gammaisanenergeticelectromagneticray Range0fewhundredm
(canbestoppedonlybylead)
lowionizingpower
veryhighpenetratingpower(killthe.)
nochargeandnodeflectionneitherinelectricfield
normagneticfield
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PHYSICSTERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE/QUESTION


Nuclearfusion is the combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, releasing a vast
amountofenergyduringtheprocess

Nuclearfission isthesplittingofaheavynucleusintotwolighternucleiafterthenucleusofanatom
is bombarded with a neutron with the release of a large amount of energy during
theprocess.
Energy n Ba Kr U n + + + +
1
0
142
56
91
36
235
92
1
0
3
Chainreaction is a selfsustaining reaction in which the products of a reaction can initiate another
similar reaction. For instance, as uranium atoms continue to split, a significant
amount of energy is released during each reaction. The heat released is harnessed
andusedtogenerateelectricalenergy.
Theprocessisexpandingandnonstopasthenumberof
neutronskeepsonmultiplyingwithtime

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PART2:MASTERINGTHEPROBLEMSOLVING[EXPLAININGTHEPROCESS]
1 Diagram1showsthephenomenonofseabreeze.

Diagram1
Using the concept of specific heat capacity, explain how the phenomenon of sea
breezeoccurs.
Answer
Seabreeze Landbreeze[Extranote]
1
st
:Seabreezehappensduringdaytime.
2
nd
:Thelandhaslowerspecificheatcapacity
thanthesea.
3
rd
:Thelandisfastergettinghotthanthe
seawhenexposedtosunlight.
4
th
:Theairmoleculesatlandarefaster
heatedup.
5
th
:Thehotairmoleculesatlandwillriseup
andreplacedwithcoolairfromthesea.
6
th
:Movementofcoolairmoleculesfromthe
seatothelandiscalledtheseabreeze.
1
st
:Landbreezehappensduringnighttime.
2
nd
:Thelandhaslowerspecificheatcapacity
thanthesea.
3
rd
:Theseaisslowergettingcoldthanthe
seaatnightime.
4
th
:Theairmoleculesatseaareslowerbeing
cooleddown.
5
th
:Thehotairmoleculesatseawillriseup
andreplacedwithcoolairfromtheland.
6
th
:Movementofcoolairmoleculesfromthe
landtotheseaiscalledthelandbreeze.

2 Diagram2showsarelayusedinanelectricalcircuit.

Diagram2
Explaintheworkingprincipleofrelayswitch.
Answer
1
st
:Theworkingprincipleofrelayswitchisbasedontheelectromagnetconcept.
2
nd
:Therelayswitchhasthesoftironcoreinsidewiththecoilofwire.
3
rd
:Whenasmallcurrentflowsintotherelayswitch,thesystemismagnetizedandproduces
magneticforce.
4
th
:Themagneticforcewillpulltheswitchandcompletethecircuit.
5
th
:Whenthecurrenttotherelayswitchiscutoff,thesystemisdemagnetizedandtheswitchis
released.

3 Explain the arrangement of the paper thickness detector apparatus and state how
radioactivityisusedtodetectthethicknessofthepaper.
Explaintheprocessofdetectionofpaperthicknessinfactorywithuseofonenamed
radioisotope.
Answer
1
st
:Betaisusedforpaperdetectionasithasmediumpenetratingpoweranditspenetration
powervarieswiththethicknessofpaper.
2
nd
:Betaislocatedunderneaththepaper.Theratemeter(GeigerMullertube)whichisconnected
tothesignalgeneratorislocatedabovethepaper.
3
rd
:Thedetectorismovedalongthepapertodetecttheamountofradioisotopeswhichhas
penetratedthroughthepaper.
4
th
:Theregionwhereshowshighreadingindicatesthatthepaperisverythinasmostofthe
betacanpenetratethroughit.So,thecompressorwillbetriggeredtostopcompressingthe
paper.
5
th
:Theregionwhereshowslowreadingwillindicatethatthepaperisverythickasmostofthe
betacannotpenetratethroughit.So,thecompressorwillbetriggeredtocompressthepaper

4 Diagram4showsaBunsenburner.

Diagram4
ExplainhowtheBunsenburnercanproduceasmallblueflameorbigyellowreddish
flame.
Answer
Smallblueflame Bigyellowreddishflame
Whentheairholeisopened,thereisahigh
airspeedflowbetweentheinnerofBunsen
burnerwiththesurroundingair.
AccordingtoBernoullisprinciple,highair
speedwillresultinlowpressureinsidethe
Bunsenburner.
Thislowairpressurecannotpushupthe
flamehighandcausesasmallflame
Theflameisbluebecausethereisa
completecombustionastheairholeis
opened
Whentheairholeisclosed,thereisnoair
speedflowbetweentheinnerofBunsen
burnerwiththesurroundingair.
AccordingtoBernoullisprinciple,lowair
speedwillresultinhighpressureinsidethe
Bunsenburner.
Thishighairpressurecanpushuptheflame
highandresultinbigflame
Theflameisyellowreddishbecausethe
combustionisnotcompleteastheairholeis
closed.

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5 You are giventwo coils,P andQ, with100 turns and 500turns respectively, asolid
coreanda240Va.c.powersupply.Usingallthematerialssuppliedandwiththeaid
oflabeleddiagram,showshowyoucanbuildasimplestepdowntransformer.
Answer
AsimplestepdowntransformercanbeconstructedusingasoftUshapeironcorewithnumber
ofinputcoilsismorethantheoutputcorewhichisusingana.c.inputvoltageasshownbelow:

Remember:Transformermustuseinputa.cvoltage
6 Explain how you would go to escape from being chased by a bull based on one
concept.
Answer
1
st
:Iwillperformmyruninzigzagdirectionswithnodefinitedirectionofrun.
2
nd
:Thebullhasbiggermassifcomparedtome.
3
rd
:Thismeansthatthebullwillhasbiggerinertiaastheinertiadependsonthemass.
4
th
:Duetoinertia,thebullishardertochangeitsdirectionandwilllosecontrolandfall

7 Diagram 7.1 and 7.2 show two identical block A and block B hanging by string X and
string Z. In Diagram 7.1, the string W is given by an increasing gradually of pulling
force.InDiagram7.2,thestringYisgivenbyasharppullandfast.

Diagram7.1:PulledgentlyDiagram7.2:Pulledveryfast
(a) InDiagram7.1,explainwhatwillhappenifthestringW isgivenbyanincreasing
graduallyofpullingforce.
Answer
IfthestringWisgivenbyanincreasinggraduallyofpullingforce,thestringXwillcrack.
Reason:
ThepullingforcewillbetransferredfromstringWtothestringX.
StringXhastosupportthepullingforceandalsohastosupporttheweightofblockAat
thesametime.So,stringXwillcrack.
(b) InDiagram7.2,explainwhatwillhappenifthestringWisgivenbyasharppull
andfast.
Answer
IfthestringWisgivenbyasharppullandfast,thestringYitselfwillcrack.
Reason:
IfthestringYisgivenbyasharppullandfast,thestringYwillpossessaninertiawhichwill
tendtoresistthesuddenpullexertingontoit.Asaresult,stringYwillcrack.
8 Diagram8.1andDiagram8.2showsanexperimenttostudytherelationshipbetween
thepressureandvolumeofairtrappedinanairtightcontainer.Thepistonsforboth
diagramsarepusheddownslowly.

Diagram8.1Diagram8.2
Theexperimentaboveisusuallyapplicableifagasexpandsorcompressedslowly.
Whyisthisso?
Answer
1
st
:TheBoyleslawisapplicableifthetemperatureofthegasisconstant.
2
nd
:Thegasmustbeexpandedorcompressedslowlyastoreducethecollisionbetweenthe
moleculesofgas.
3
rd
:Thecollisionofmoleculesincreasethefrictionofmoleculesbetweenthemandthisfriction
willproduceheat.
4
th
:Iftheheatproduced,thenthetemperatureofthegasisnotconstantalready.

9 Largegeneratorsareusedtogeneratetheelectricitythatwillbeusedinthecountry.
ElectricityisdistributedthroughoutthecountrybytheNationalGridNetwork.
StatefouradvantagesintheuseoftheNationalGridNetworktodistributeelectricity
totheconsumers.
Answer
1
st
:reducespowerlossduringtransmission
2
nd
:thesupplyofelectricityismorestableandreliable
3
rd
:electricitycanbedistributedtodifferentusersaccordingtothevoltagerequirement
4
th
:maintenanceandrepairworkofpowerstations,cableandpylonscanbedoneatanytime

10 Explainwhyaspringiselastic?
Answer
1
st
:Undernormalcircumstances,thespringhasitsattractiveandrepulsiveforcesbetween
neighbouringatomswhicharebalancingoneanother.
2
nd
:Whenthespringisstretched,theattractiveforcesbetweenneighbouringatomsactto
againsttheforcethattriestoseparatethem.
3
rd
:Whenthespringiscompressed,therepulsiveforcesbetweenneighbouringatomsactto
resisttheforcethattriestobringthemtogether.
4
th
:Itisthecombinedactionoftheattractiveandrepulsiveforcesthatenablethespringto
resumetoitsoriginalshapeandsizewhentheexternalforcethatactsonitisremoved.





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11 A small amount of impurities are normally added into the pure crystal of
semiconductorastoimprovetheconductivityofsemiconductor.
(a) Withaidofdiagram,explainhowyougotoproduceaptypesemiconductor.
Answer
1
st
:Asemiconductorlikessiliconhasfourvalenceelectrons.
2
nd
:Toproduceaptypesemiconductor,itmustbedopedwithelementwhichhasthree
valenceelectrons.
3
rd
:Elementwithindiumatomisdopedintothesiliconandproducesanemptyspacein
indiumasshownbelow,

4
th
:Thisemptyspaceiscalledtheholeandbecomethemajoritychargecarriertothe
semiconductor.
5
th
:Asaresult,thesemiconductorbecomesptypewithmajoritychargecarrierwhichis
calledthehole.
11 (b) Withaidofdiagram,explainhowyougotoproducentypesemiconductor.
Answer
1
st
:Asemiconductorlikessiliconhasfourvalenceelectrons.
2
nd
:Toproduceantypesemiconductor,itmustbedopedwithelementwhichhasfive
valenceelectrons.
3
rd
:Elementwitharsenicatomisdopedintothesiliconandproducesanextraelectron
aroundthearsenicasshownbelow,

4
th
:Thisextraelectronwillmovefreelyandbecomethemajoritychargecarriertothe
semiconductor.
5
th
:Asaresult,thesemiconductorbecomesntypewithmajoritychargecarrierwhichis
calledtheelectron.
12 Diagram12 showsthepatternofseawaveswhenapproachingthebeach.

Diagram12
ExplainintermsofthewavephenomenainDiagram12,whythewaterwavesfollow
theshapeofthebeachasitapproachestheshore.
Answer
1
st
:Whenthewavesrefractfromdeepseatoshallowersea,boththewavelengthandenergy
decrease.
2
nd
:Therefore,itbecomesweakerandfollowstheshapeofthebeach.
13 Diagramshowsasoundwaveproducedbyvibrationofatuningfork.Thesoundwave
travelsinair.

WiththehelpofDiagram13,explainhowthesoundwaveisproduced.
Answer
1st:Whenatuningforkvibrates,airmoleculeswillvibrate.
2nd:Whenthetuningforkmovesforwards,theairiscompressed.
3rd:Whenthetuningforkmovesbackwards,theairlayersarepulledapartand
causetherarefaction.
4th:Therefore,aseriesofcompressionandrarefactionswillproducesound.
5th:Thesoundenergyispropagatedthroughtheairarounditintheformofwaves.
14 Diagramshowsatransformer.Atransformerisoperatedbasedontheprincipleof
electromagneticinduction.

Explaintheworkingprincipleoftransformer.
1
st
:Theworkingprincipleoftransformerisbasedonelectromagneticinductionwiththeinput
voltagemustbealternatingcurrent.
2
nd
:Whenanalternatinginputcurrentflowsinprimarycoil,itinducesamagneticfluxaround
thecoil.
3
rd
:Thisinducedmagneticfluxwillbeinducedtothesecondarycoil.
4
th
:Themagnitudeofe.m.f.inducedtothesecondarycoilsdependsonthenumberofsecondary
coilsbesidesthecoreislaminatedorsoftornot.
5
th
:Thisinducede.m.fwillproduceaninducedvoltageandalsoinducedcurrenttothebulbto
lighton.
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PART3:QUESTIONANSWERORIENTATED[SELECTEDTOPICS]
1 Diagram1.1showsanverniercallipers.
Z
Mainscale
Vernierscale
1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0 10 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4

Diagram1.1
(a) Namethephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredbyverniercalipers.
Diameter
(b) (i) NamethepartlabeledZ.
Tail
(ii) StatethefunctionofpartZ.
Tomeasurethedepth
(c) Whatisthesensitivityoftheverniercalipers?
0.01cm
(d) Name one measuring instrument which is more sensitive than vernier
calipers.
Micrometerscrewgauge
(e) Diagram1.2showsthereadingoftheverniercaliperswhenthejawsis
closed.

Diagram1.2
BasedonDiagram1.2:
(i) Namethetypeoferroroccurred.
Zeroerror
(ii) Statethevalueoftheerror.
Valueis0.03cm[Remember:Negativereadfrombehind]

2 Diagram 2.1 shows a student taking the reading of thermometer at three


differentpositions,P,QandR.

Diagram2.1
(a) Namethephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredbythermometer.
Temperature
(b) Whatisthetypeofphysicalquantityyounamein2(a)?Tickthecorrect
answerintheboxprovided.
Scalarquantity \

Vectorquantity
(c) What is the smallest scale division of the scale of the thermometer in
Diagram2.1?
0.1C
(d) What is the correct position of the student to take the reading of the
scaleofthermometer?
AtpositionQ
(e) What is the reading of the thermometer based on your position in
2(d)?
28.7C
(f) Explainwhythemercuryisusedinthermometer?
Itissensitivetotheheat.
Itdoesnotsticktothewallofcapillarytubeinthermometer.
Itissensitivetowiderangeoftemperature.
Itisagoodheatconductor
(g) Nameoneprincipleinvolvedforthemeasuringofthermometer.
Thermalequilibriumconcept
(h) Stateawaytoincreasethesensitivityofthermometerbeingmade?
Makethecapillarytubenarrowerwiththinnerstem.
(i) Nameatypeoferrorduetothewrongpositioningofeyesduringscale
reading.
Parallaxerror

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3 Diagram3.1showsanimageisformedbyacurvedmirror.

Diagram3.1
(a) Namethelightphenomenoninvolved.
Reflection
(b) NamethetypeofmirrorasshowninDiagram3.1.
Convexmirror
(c) (i) CompletetheraydiagraminDiagram3.2toshowtheformation
ofimage.

Diagram3.2
Answer
(ii) Stateonecharacteristicoftheimageformed.
Upright//Diminished//Virtual
(d) Stateoneuseofthismirrorindailylife
Asmirroratsharpcornerofroad//parkingarea
Asmirrorinsidethesupermarkettoviewunwantedactivitiesofshoplifter
(e) Whythismirrorisusedin3(d)insteadofothertypesofmirrors?
Haswiderviewofvision
(f) What happen to the size of image if the object is placed nearer to the
mirror?
Sizeofimageincreases
4 (g) Explain how to use a concave mirror to heat up water in a container
usingsolarenergy.
1
st
:concavemirrorcanreflecttheparallelsunlight.
2
nd
:Thereflectedraysareconvergingtofocalpoint
3
rd
:Thefocalpointisplacedwiththewatertobeheated
(h) Diagram 3.3 shows a microscope. You are given two convex lenses P
and Q, with focal lengths of 20 cm and 5 cm respectively. Both of the
lensesareusedtobuildamicroscope.

Diagram3.3
Whatismeantbyfocallength?
FocallengthisthedistancebetweenthecentreoflenswiththeprincipalF.

Using an appropriate physics concept, suggest and explain suitable


modifications to enable the microscope to form brighter and clear
image.Yourmodificationscanbeemphasizedonthefollowingaspects:
Theselectionoflensasobjectivelensandasaneyepiece
Thediameterofthelens
Thedistancebetweentheobjectivelensandeyepiece
Conditionoftheplacetostorethemicroscope
.Additionalcomponenttothemicroscope
Answer
Suggestion Reason
Shorterfocallengthasobjectivelens
Longerfocallengthaseyepiecelens
Producebigimagemagnification
Diameteroflensmustbebig Morerefractionoflightsandthusthe
imageisbrightandclearq
Distancebetweentheobjectiveand
eyepiecelensmustbebiggerthanthe
sumoffocallengthsofbothlens
Atnormaladjustment
Storethemicroscopeatcoolanddryplace Preventtheactivitiesoffungusonthe
lenses
Installoneconcavemirrorunderneaththe
slaid
Thereflectedrayisconvergingtothe
slaid

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5 Diagram 5.4 shows an astronomical telescope to be used to view distant


objects.

Diagram5.4
Table5.4showsthecharacteristicsoffourdifferenttelescopes.
Telescope

Typeof
lens
Focallengthof
objectivelens
Poweroflens Diameterof
lens
S Convex 40 10 5.0
T Concave 10 40 5.0
U Convex 10 40 2.5
V Concave 40 10 2.5
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the telescope and determine
the most suitable telescope to be used to observe very far object. Give
reasonforyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics Reason
Useconvexlens Thelightisconvergingtoonepoint
Focallengthofobjectivelensmustbebig Toviewdistantobject
Poweroflensisbig Toproducebigmagnificationofimage
Diameteroflensmustbebig More refraction of lights and thus the
imageisbrighterandclearer
So, the telescope S is chosen because it uses convex lens, focal length of the objective lens is
long,powerofthelensisbigandthediameterofthelensisbig.
6 Diagram6.1andDiagram6.2showtwoidenticalobjectslocatedatdifferent
positions in front of identical convex lens. Real images with different height
areproduced.

Diagram6.1

Diagram6.2
(a) Whatismeantbyfocallength?
FocallengthisthedistancebetweenthecentreoflenswithitsprincipalF.
(b) UsingDiagram6.1andDiagram6.2,compare;
(i) Thefocallengthofthelens.
Boththelenseshavethesamefocallength.
(ii) Theobjectdistance,u
1
andu
2
.
u
1
isshorterthanu
2.

(iii) Theheightofimage,h1andh2.
h1islongerthanh2.
(iv) State the relationship between the object distance and the
heightofimage.
Shortertheobjectdistance,longertheheightofimage.
(v) Name the light phenomenon that occurs in Diagram 6.1 and
Diagram6.2.
Refraction
(c) Diagram6.3showsanobject,Oplacedatthefrontofaconcavelensof
focallength2cm.Thelightraysoftheobjectpassingthroughthelens
usingthelightphenomenonin6(b)(ii).

Diagram6.3

(i) Sketchraydiagramoftheobjecttoshowanimageisformed.

(ii) Statethreecharacteristicsoftheimageformed.
Upright//Diminished//Virtual
(iii) Stateoneuseofconcavelens.
Tomakespectaclelens

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7 Diagram 7.1 shows a method used to detect leakage of pipes lay


underground. A little radioisotope substance is dissolved in the water that
flowsinthepipes.AGeigerMullertubewhichisconnectedtotheratemeter
is then moved over the pipes according to the layout plan of the
undergroundpipes.

Diagram7.1
Table7.1showsthereadingsoftheratemeteratthedifferentlocations.
LocationofGeigerMullerTube A B C D E F
Readingoftheratemeter
(countsperminute)
290 295 284 372 290 216
Table7.1
(a) Whatismeantbyradioisotope?
Radioisotope is an unstable nucleus which has same proton number but different
nucleonnumber.
(b) Based on Table 7.1, state the location on the pipe where the leakage
takesplace.Statereasonforyouranswer.
LocationDshowstheleakagetakesplace.
Because sudden increase in the reading of ratemeter showing that the radioisotope is
comingoutfromtheleakagetobedetectedbyratemeter.
(c)
Diagram 7.2 shows a nuclide Thorium234, Th
234
90
is placed in a
container.Thorium234nuclidedecaystoanuclideRadium226, Ra
226
88
byemittingparticleandparticle.
+

Container
Bekas
Thoriumnuclide
Nuklidathorium

Diagram7.2
(i) InDiagram7.2,drawthepathofparticleandparticle.
Answer
(ii) Explainyouranswerin7(d)(i).
Alphaispositivechargeandthusdeflectedtonegativeplate.
Betaisnegativechargeandthusdeflectedtopositiveplate.
(iii) Calculatethenumberofparticleandparticlethatemittedin
theThorium234decaysafterwritingthedecayequation.
Answer
Th
234
90
Ra
226
88

+2( He
4
2
)+2( e
0
1
)+Energy
So,releasetwoalphasandtwobetas.
(iv) Thorium234 has halflife of 20 days and initial mass of 48 g.
CalculatethemassofundecayedThorium234after60days.
48g24g12g6g
202020
So,massundecayedis20g.
(v) Definethemeaningofhalflife.
Halflifeisthetimetakenforhalfoftheradioactivesubstancetodecay.
(d) Table7.1showsthecharacteristicsoffiveradioisotopesP,Q,R,SandT.
Radioisotope Halflife Ionizing
power
Radiation Stateof
matter
P 5minutes Low Gamma Liquid
Q 8days High Alpha Solid
R 6hours Low Gamma Liquid
S 5years Low Beta Solid
T 7hours High Alpha Liquid
Table7.1
As a medical officer, you are required to determine the most suitable
radioisotopeasaradiotherapytreatmentforabraintumor.Explainthe
characteristics of all the five radioisotopes given and then, choose the
mostsuitableradioisotopetobeused.Justifyyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics Reason
Useshorthalflife Does not give long term effect to the
patientasitdecaysfast
Theionizingpowermustbelow Does not change the structure of
substantialcells
Usegammaradiation Has high penetrating power which can
killthecancercells
Stateofmatterisliquid Easy to put into the area of tumor by
injection
So, the radioisotope P is chosen as its halflife is short, has low ionizing power, use
gammaradiationandisinliquidstate.

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8
Neptunium239 ( Np
239
93
) has 93 protons and decays to nuclide X with proton
numberof94.
ThemassofNeptunium=239.04251am.u
massofnuclideX=239.02312a.m.u
Massofelectron=0.00054a.m.u,1a.m.u=1.67x10
27
kg,
Speedoflight,c=3x10
8
ms
1

(a) Whatisthemeaningofprotonnumber?
Protonnumberisthetotalnumberofprotoncontainedinnucleus.
(b) NametheradiationgivenoutinthedecayofNeptunium239.
Betaparticle
(c) WritethedecayequationforthedecayofNeptunium239.
Np
239
93
X
239
94
+ e
0
1
+Energy
(d) (i) Statethetypeofnuclearprocessfor8(c).
Nuclearfission
(ii) Calculatethemassdefect,inkg,inthisnuclearprocess.
Totalmassbefore=239.04251a.m.u
Totalmassafter=239.02312a.m.u+0.00054a.m.u
=239.02366a.m.u
Totalmassdefect=239.04251a.m.u239.02366a.m.u
=0.01885a.m.u
=0.01885x1.67x10
27
kg
=3.14795x10
29
kg
(iii) Calculatethetotalenergyreleasedinthisprocess.
FromEinsteinstheory,E=mc
2

So,energy=(3.14795x10
29
)(3x10
8
)
2
J
=2.83x10
12
J
(e) Diagram 8.1 shows the schematic diagram of a nuclear reactor at a
nuclearpowerstation.

Diagram8.1
Table 8.1 shows the four designs P, Q, R and S of nuclear reactor with
differentspecifications.
Design Typeof
reaction
Halflifeof
nuclearfuel
Specificheat
capacityofgas
Materialof
shield
P Fusion Long Low Brick
Q Fission Short High Concrete
R Fission Long Low Concrete
S Fusion Short High Brick
Table8.1
You are required to determine the most suitable design of nuclear
reactorsothatthenuclearenergycanbeusedefficientlyandsafelyin
the generation of electricity. Determine the most suitable design and
justifyyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics Reason
Typeofreactionisfission Reactioncanoccuratlowtemperature
Halflifeofnuclearfuelmustbelong Canbeusedforlongertimewiththeleast
ofreplacement
Specificheatcapacitymustbelow Heatupfaster
Materialofshieldmustbeconcrete Lessleakageofradiation
So, the design R is chosen because its type of reaction is fission, halflife of the fuel is
long,specificheatcapacityofgasislowandmaterialoftheshieldisconcrete.
(f) Table8.2showsthecharacteristicsoffourradioisotopesP,Q,RandS.
Radioisotope Halflife Typesof
ray
Stateof
matter
Ionising
power
P 7hours Alpha Solid High
Q 7years Gamma Solid Low
R 10days Gamma Liquid High
S 8years Beta Solid Low
Table8.2
Asafactoryengineer,youarerequiredtodeterminethemostsuitable
radioisotope that can be used to detect the volume of guava juice in
tin. Determine the most suitable radioisotope and give the reason for
yourchoice.Answer
Characteristics Reason
Uselonghalflife Canbeusedforlongertimewithlessrefillmentcost
Usegammaray Canpenetratethetintosee
Physicalstateissolid Easytohandle
Ionizingpowerislow Doesnotchangethetasteofjuiceinside
So, radioisotope Q is chosen as its halflife is short, use gamma ray, in solid state and
haslowionizingpower.
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9 Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show movements of identical bar magnet into
the solenoid with the same force as to produce current. Both solenoids are
madeofsamewireswhichareconnectedtoazerocenteredgalvanometer.

Diagram9.1Diagram9.2
(a) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence
below.
The method of producing current without electrical supply is called
(electromagnet,electromagneticinduction).
(b) OnDiagram9.1andDiagram9.2:
(i) StatethepolarityofregionP.
Northpole
(ii) Namethelawusedtodeterminethepolarityin9(b)(i).
Lenzslaw
(c) BasedonDiagram9.1andDiagram9.2,compare:
(i) Thenumberofturnsofcoils
NumberofturnsofcoilsinDiagram9.1ismorethaninDiagram9.2
(ii) Deflectionofthepointerofthegalvanometer
Deflection of pointer of galvanometer is higher in Diagram 9.1 than in Diagram
9.2
(d) Statetherelationshipbetweenthenumberofturnsofcoilsand
(i) deflectionofthepointerofthegalvanometer
Morenumberofturnsofcoils,moredeflectionofthepointerofgalvanometer
(ii) magnitudeofinducedcurrent
Morenumberofturnsofcoils,highermagnitudeofinducedcurrent
(e) State what will happen to the deflection of galvanometer if a soft
magnetisused?
Deflectionofgalvanometerwillincrease
(f) Diagram 9.3 shows a crosssection of a bicycle dynamo which has two
magnets with difference pole, a coil of insulated copper wire. The
outputofthedynamoisconnectedtothebicyclelamp.

Magnet
Magnet
Softironcore
Terasbesilembut
Coilofinsulatedcopperwire
Gegelungdawaikuprumbertebat

Diagram9.3
Explain how the bicycle dynamo works to produce alternating current
tolightupthelamp.
1
st
:Thecoilrotateswithinthemagneticfield.
2
nd
:Magneticfieldlinescutbythecoil.
3
rd
:Cutofmagneticfieldlinescausestheinducedcurrentflowinthecircuit
(g) Diagram9.4showsamovingcoilammeterwhichislesssensitive.

Diagram9.4
Explainhowyouwoulddesignamovingcoilammeterthatcanfunction
better.Inyourexplanation,emphasizethefollowingaspects:
NumberofturnsofcoilMaterialofcore
ShapeofthemagnetStiffnessofhairspring
Typeoftheammeterscale
Additionalcomponenttogiveaccuratereading
Answer
Suggestion Reason
Morenumberofturnsofcoils Increasemagneticfieldstrength
Softironcorematerial Canbemagnetisedordemagnetizedeasily
Curvemagnet Produceradialmagneticfield
Lowstiffnessofhairspring Thepointeriseasiertodeflect
Stripmirrorunderthepointer
Hasadjustmentscrew
Toavoidparallaxerror
Tocorrectthezeroerror

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10 Diagram 10.1 shows three transformers X, Y and Z. Each transformer has its
own specific number of turns of primary and secondary coils respectively.
Each transformer is connected to 240 V alternating current suppliers. The
output for each transformer is connected to electric filament bulbs in
differentarrangement.

TransformerXTransformerYTransformerZ
Diagram10.1
(a) Whatistransformer?
Transformerisadeviceusedtostepuporstepdowntheinputa.cvoltage.
(b) (i) StatethetypeoftransformerusedinDiagram10.1.
Stepdowntransformer
(ii) Stateonereasonwhythea.c.voltageissupplied.
So that the voltage can be alternated according to the changing magnetic flux
beinginducedtosecondarycoilintransformer
(iii) Statethefunctionofdiodeinthecircuit.
Tochangethea.cvoltagetod.cvoltage
(b) Statetheprincipleappliedfortheworkingprincipleoftransformer.
Electromagneticinduction
(c) Whentheswitchison,0.25Acurrentflowsthroughtheprimarycoilin
eachtransformer.Allthebulbslightsupnormally.
(i) Calculatetheinputpower.
Inputpower,P=IV=0.25x240
=60W
(ii) All the transformers in Diagram 10.1 have the same output
voltage.Calculateitsoutputvoltage.
Byratio:1200turns240V
800turns?
So,1200/800=240/?
?=160V
(iii) CalculatetheoutputpowerforallthetransformersX,YandZ.
OutputpowerfortransformerX=12W+12W+12W=36W
OutputpowerfortransformerY=24W+12W+12W=48W
OutputpowerfortransformerZ=18W+18W+18W=54W
(iv) Between transformer X, Y and Z, which one has the highest
efficiency?Why?
Transformer Z. Because its output power is closed to input power with its
efficiencyof90%

(d) A student wants to build a simple transformer. Table 10.1 shows the
characteristicoffourcores.
Core Shapeofthe
core
Materialof
core
Typeof
core
Thicknessof
wire
A Softiron Laminated Thick
B Steel Single Thin
C Steel Single Thin
D Softiron Laminated Thick
Table10.1
Explain the suitability of the characteristics given so that it can produce the
mostefficienttransformer.Choosethebestcoreandjustifyyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics Reason
ShapeofcoreisUshape Centralizethemagnetfromleaking
Usesoftironcorematerial Canbemagnetizedordemagnetizedeasily
Thecoreislaminated Toreduceeddycurrent
Usethickwire Lowresistance
So,coreDischosenbecauseitcoreisUshape,madeofsoftiron,laminatedanduse
thickwire.
(e) Diagram10.2 showsacrosssectionofamovingcoilmicrophone.

Diagram10.2
Using an appropriate concept in physics, suggest and explain suitable
modifications or ways to enable the microphone to detect sound effectively
andgeneratebiggercurrentbasedonthefollowingaspect:
(i)thicknessofdiaphragm(ii)strengthofthematerialfordiaphragm
(iii)numberofturnsofcoil(iv)diameterofthewireofcoil
(v)strengthofmagnet
Characteristics Reason
Usethickerdiaphragm Canwithstandhighpressureofsoundvibrations
Highstrengthofdiaphragm Longlasting
Usemoreturns moremagneticfluxcut
Biggerdiameterofwirecoil Reduceresistance
Higherstrengthofmagnet Producestrongermagneticflux
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11 Diagram 11.1 shows an apparatus used to investigate one physics concept.


When an air is blown from region P, the water level in the arms of tube
changesasshown.

Diagram11.1
(a) Namethephysicsprincipleinvolved.
Bernoullisprinciple
(b) (i) ComparetheairspeedatregionPandregionQ.
AirspeedatregionPislowerthanatregionQ.
(ii) ComparetheairpressureatregionPandregionQ.
AirpressureatregionPishigherthanatregionQ.
(iii) ExplainwhythereisadifferenceinairpressureatregionPand
regionQ.
According to Bernoullis principle, region which has high air speed will has low
pressureandviceversa.
AtregionP,theairspeedislowbutwithhighpressure.
AtregionQ,theairspeedishighbutwithlowpressure.
(c) CalculatethedifferenceinwaterpressurebetweenregionPandregion
Q.Giventhedensityofwateris1000kgm
3
.
Differenceinwaterpressure=hg
=(0.05)(1000)(10)Pa
=500Pa
(d) Suggest three ways by which the difference in water pressure can be
increased.Givereasonsforyouranswers.
Suggestion1:increasethespeedofairflow
Reason:differenceinairpressurebetweenPandQwillbebigger
Suggestion2:reducethediameteroftubeQ.
Reason:higherspeedproduceatQresultinlowerpressureatQ
Suggestion3:reducethediameterofarms
Reason:thearmswillbemoresensitivetosmallchangeinpressure
(e) Whatwillhappentothewaterlevelifthenonuniformhorizontaltube
isreplacedwithuniformhorizontaltube?
Thedifferenceinwaterlevelwillbereversed.

(f) Table 11.1 shows four Bunsen burners, P, Q, R and S, with different
specifications.
Bunsen
burner
StructureofBunsenburner Meltingpoint
ofmaterial
Density of
material
P High High
Q High Low
R High Low
S Low Low
Table11.1
You are required to determine the most suitable Bunsen burner that
canproducebiggerblueflameandportable.
Study the specifications of all the four Bunsen burners from the
followingaspects:
(a)Sizeofgasnozzle(b)Sizeoforifice
(c)Meltingpointofthematerial(d)Densityofthematerial
Explainthesuitabilityoftheaspects.Justifyyourchoice.
Characteristics Reason
Smallgasnozzle Producehighairspeed
Sizeoforificeisbig MoreairflowintotheBunsenburner
Highmeltingpoint Canwithstandhightemperaturewithoutmelt
Lowdensity Lighterandportable
So,BunsenburnerRischosenbecauseitssmallgasnozzle,smallorifice,hashigh
meltingpointandlowdensitymaterial.

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12 Diagram12.1showsanordinarybicycle.

Diagram12.1
You are required to give some suggestions to enable the cyclist to ride the
bicycle safely at higher speed. Your explanations are based on following
characteristics:
(i) Massofbicycle
(ii) Typeofmaterialforthebodyofbicycle
(iii) Widthoftyres
(iv) Typeofbrakingdistance
(v) Theattireoraccessoriesforthecyclist
Answer
Suggestion Reason
Themassofbicyclemustbesmall Smallmassproducehigheracceleration
Materialforbodymustbelowdensity Lighterforcyclisttoride
Widthoftyresmustbebig Stablewhileriding
Usehydraulicdiscbrake Canstopthebicycleinshorterdistanceand
shorterbrakingtime
Weartightattire
Wearglove
Wearhelmet
Reduceairfriction
Bettergriponhandles
Protecttheheadofcyclistoncefall

(b) Diagram 12.2 and Diagram 12.3 shows the situation of the canopy of
thelorrybeforelorrymovesandwhenthelorrymovesatahighspeed.

Diagram12.2Diagram12.3
Explain why the canopy of the lorry lifts up when the lorry moves at a
highspeed.Nametheprincipleinvolved.
1
st
:Beforelorrymoves,theairspeedoutsideandinsidethecanopyissame.
2
nd
: When the lorry moves, the air speed outside the canopy is high causing low
pressureoutside.Insidethecanopy,theairspeedislowbutwithhighpressure.
3
rd
:HighpressureinsidethecanopypushesupthecanopyasshoninDiagram12.3
4
th
:PhysicsprincipleinvolvedistheBernoullisprinciple.
(c) Diagram12.4showsawaterrocketmadefromanempty1.5litreplasticbottle
byaddingwaterandpressurizingitwithairforlaunching.

Diagram12.4
The objective is to travel the rocket as far as possible. Using the appropriate
physicsconcepts,suggestandexplainthefollowingaspects:
(i)Theshapeoftherocket(ii)Volumeofwatertobefilledtobottle
(iii)Thestabilityofthemotion(iv)Densityofmaterialtotherocket
(v)Angleoflaunching
Answer
Suggestion Reason
Theshapeofrocketisaerodynamics Reducesairfrictionwhileflying
1/3ofthebottleisfilledwithwater Gainmomentumtolaunch
Addwingstothebody Stablewhileflyingandnotwobble
Densityofthematerialislow Nottooheavytofly
Launchat45fromhorizontal Getmaximumprojectilewithmaximum
distancetraveled.
(d) Diagram12.5 showsfourracingcars,P,Q,R andS,withdifferentspecifications.
Car Shape Ridgeson
tyre
Engine
power
Materialfor
thecarbody
P

Aerodynamics
Yes 518kW Lightand
elastic
Q

Aerodynamics
None

745kW Heavyandstiff
R

Invertedaerofoil
Yes 518kW Heavyand
elastic
S

Invertedaerofoil
None 745kW Lightandstiff
Diagram12.5
Youarerequiredtoinvestigatethespecificationsgivensothatthecarcanrun
veryfast.Determinethemostsuitablecarandjustifyyourchoice.
Characteristics Reason
Theshapeisinvertedaerofoil Producedownwardforce
Noridgeontyre Canmovefast
Enginepowerisbig Producebigacceleration
Materialislightandstiff Nottooheavytomovebutyetcanwithstandforce
So,carSischosenbecauseitisinvertedaerofoil,noridgeontyres,enginepowerisbig
andmaterialofbodyislightandstiff.
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13 Diagram 13.1 shows a submarine floating in sea water due to the effect of
buoyantforce.

Diagram13.1
(a) Whatisthemeaningofbuoyantforce?
Buoyantforceisanupthrusttotheobjectfromwatercausingtheobjecttofloat.
(b) Explainhowasubmarineisabletosubmergeintodeepseawater.
1
st
:Tosubmerge,thelowervalveoftheballasttankisopenedtoletinthewater.
2
nd
:Theuppervalveisopentoletoutthetrappedairinsidetheballasttank
3
rd
:Whentheweightofsubmarineishigherthanbuoyantforce,thesubmarinestarts
tosubmerge.
4
th
:Theloweranduppervalvesareclosedwhenthesubmarinehasreachedthedepth
required.
(c) Diagram13.2showstheairballoonwhichisusedasaweatherballoon
to carry a radiosonde instrument for collecting data about the
atmosphere.

Diagram13.2
(i) StatetheArchimedesprinciple.
Archimedes principle states that the when the object is immersed partially or
whollyintofluid,theweightofwaterdisplacedisequaltotheweightofobject
beingimmersed.
(ii) Explainwhyaweatherballoonthatisrisingupintheairwillstop
atcertainaltitude.
1
st
:Densityofairdecreasesasthealtitudeincreases
2
nd
:Buoyantforcebecomesmaller
3
rd
:Atcertainheight,theweightofairdisplacedisequaltotheweightof
balloon.
4
th
:Therefore,nonetforcetopushtheballoonup.
(d) Diagram 13.3 shows two boats of the same weight floating on the
surfaceofwaterintheseaandintheriver.

SeaRiver
Diagram13.3
(i) Nametheprincipleappliedforthefloatingoftheboat.
Archimedesprinciple
(ii) Explainwhytheboatisabletofloat?
Theboatdisplacesthewaterandthusgainsthesamebuoyantforcetofloat.
(iii) Deducetherelationshipbetweentheweightoftheshipandthe
weightofthewaterdisplaced.
Weightoftheshipisequaltotheweightofwaterdisplaced
(iv) A ship that travels round the world will has Plimsoll symbol as
showninDiagram13.4.

Diagram13.4
StatethecommonfunctionofthePlimsollline.
To guide navigator the maximum weight load limits that can still be safely
loadedbytheshipbeforeitstartstosink.
(e) Youarerequiredtogivesomesuggestionsonhowtodesigntheboatin
Diagram 13.3 as to increase the floating force and safer. Explain the
suggestionsbasedonthefollowingaspects:
Materialused
Shapeofboat
Densityofboat
Additionalcomponents
Safetyfeature
Answer
Suggestion Reason
Materialusedmustbewithlowrusting
rate(fibrecomposite)
Longlastingwithoutrust
Shapeofboatisstreamline Reducewaterfrictionwhileflying
Densityofboatislight Cancarrymoreloadbeforeitsinks
Haslifejacketandtyre Forpassengertofloatinemergencycase
Installperiscope Toviewhiddenobjectwhichmaycollide
theboat

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14 (a) Table 14.1 shows four hot air balloons P, Q, R and S with different
features.
Balloon Sizeand
volume
Numberof
burners
Typeof
balloon
fabric
Temperatureof
airinside
P Smalland
800m
3
1 Synthetic
nylon
100C
Q Largeand
2500m
3
2 Synthetic
nylon
120C
R Largeand
2500m
3
1 Canvas 60C
S Smalland
800m
3
2 Canvas 70C
Table14.1
You are required to investigate the hot air balloon which is able to
carry three or four people to a higher altitude in a shorter time.
Determinethemostsuitableballoonandjustifyyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics Reason
Bigsizeandhighvolume Candisplacemoreairandgainshigherbuoyant
force
Usemoreburners Fasterheatingtheairinsidetheballoon
Usesyntheticnylon Resistancetoheatwithoutmelt
Hightemperatureinsideballoon Hotairislighter
So, the balloon Q is chosen because it is big size with high volume, use more burners,
theballoonismadeofsyntheticnylonandtemperatureofairinsideishigh.
(b) Theweightofaboatwithoutloadis15000N.Theboatisthenloaded
with a heavy box. The volume of the immersed portion of the boat is
5.0m
3
.
(i) Calculatethebuoyantforceexertedtotheboat.
[Densityofseawateris1020kgm
3
]
Fromformula,buoyantforce,F=Vg
=1020x5x10
=51000N
(ii) Calculate the maximum weight of the box so that the boat will
notsinkcompletely.
Weightofboat+weightofloadload=buoyantforce
15000N+weightofload=51000N
Weightofload=36000N

(c) You are asked to investigate the characteristics of four submarines


showninTable14.2.
Volumeof
ballasttank
Number
ofairtank
Maximum
pressuretobe
tolerated
Shapeofsubmarine
3000litre 15 4.5atm
P
2500litre 30 6.0atm
Q
350litre 3 6.1atm
R
400litre 1 2.0atm
S
Table14.2
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the submarines and
determinethesubmarinewhichcantravelfaster,staylongerindeeper
seawaterandabletocarrymorecrew.Givereasonsforyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics Reason
Volumeofballasttankishigh Candisplacemorewaterandthusgains
morebuoyantforce
Usemoreairtank Cantrapmoreairtogainmorebuoyant
force
Higherpressurethatcanbetolerated Cansubmergedeeperwithoutcrackdue
waterpressure
Shapeofsubmarineisstreamline Reducewaterfrictionwhilemoving
So,thesubmarineQischosenbecauseithashighvolumeofballasttankwithmoreair
tanks,cantoleratehigherpressureandisinstreamlineshape.

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15 Diagram15.1showsoneendofaspringisfixedtoawoodenblock.
Diagram15.2showsthespringiscompressedbyasteelballofmass0.52kg
usingaforceF.
Diagram15.3showsthesteelballmovesaftertheforce,Fisremoved.
[Thespringconstant=50Nm
1
]

Diagram15.1

Diagram15.2

Diagram15.3
(a) Whatismeantbyforce?
Forceistheproductofmassandacceleration
(b) (i) Nametheformofenergystoredincompressedspringasshown
inDiagram15.2.
Elasticpotentialenergy
(ii) CalculatethevalueofF.
FromF=kx
=50x(0.200.15)
=2.5N
(iii) Statetheconversionofenergywhentheballisreleased.
Elasticpotentialenergyischangedtokineticenergy
(iv) Calculatethespeedofball,v.
Workdonetocompressspring=kx
2

=(50)(0.200.15)
2

=0.0625J
Fromkineticenergy:mv
2
=0.0625
(0.52)v
2
=0.0625
v=0.49ms
1
(v) Statetheprincipleyouusedtofind(iv).
Principleofconservationofenergy

(c) (i) Whatismeantbyelasticity?


Elasticity is the ability of an object to resume to its original state once the
appliedforceisremovedwithelasticlimitisnotexceeded.
(ii) Theelasticityofaspringcanbeexplainedbyonelaw.Statethat
law.
Hookeslaw
(d) When the spring is compressed, its length decreases and returns back
to its original length after compressive force is removed due to
elasticity property of a material. Based on the forces between atoms,
explainwhythespringiselastic.
RefertoabovenotePage13..
(e) Diagram15.4showsatrampoline.Itusestheelasticpropertyofa
materialtorebounceapersonupwards.

Diagram15.4
Youarerequiredtogivesomesuggestionstoimprovethedesignofthe
trampoline so that it can be used by the children safely and can jump
higher.Explainthesuggestionsbasedonthefollowingaspects:
(i)thenumberofspringused
(ii)springconstant
(iii)thematerialusedforframe
(iv)thematerialusedforfabric
(v)extrafittingordesignofthetrampolinetoensuresafety
Suggestion Reason
Usemorespringinparallel Increasetheelasticityofspring
Lowspringconstant Canextendorcompressmore
Mainframeismadeofsteel Strongmaterialwhichdoesnotbreak
Usenylonforfabric Doesnottear
Hasnetaroundtheedgeoftrampoline Topreventthechildrenfromslippingout
tothefloor

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16 AtypicaltorchlightwithbatteriesisshowninDiagram16.1.

Diagram16.1
(a) (i) Namethetypeofcurrentusedinthetorchlight.
Directcurrent
(ii) DrawacircuitdiagramforthetorchlightinDiagram16.1.

(b) Energy efficiency and safety are important considerations in the
purchaseanduseofelectricalproductsandappliances.
(i) Afuseinapowerplugislabeled8A.
Whatdoesthelabel8Amean?
Meansmaximumcurrentbeingloadedtothepowerplugis8A.
(ii) Table16.1showsfourtypesofpowersocketextensionsP,Q,R
andSavailableinasupermarket.
Type Type Extension
cord
length
Number
offuse
Power
Surge
Protection
Earthing
system
P

5m Four
sockets
onefuse
Available

Not
available

None

Four
sockets
onefuse
Not
Available

Available

5m Each
socket
onefuse
Not
available

Not
available

None

Each
socket
onefuse
Available

Available

Table16.1
Using physics concepts, explain the suitability of the power
socket extensions for each aspect which can be used safely and
efficiently for normal home use. Determine the most suitable
socketextensionandjustifyyourchoice.
Answer
Characteristics Reason
No extension cord
lengthisneed
To reduce the resistance of the power socket
extensionastheresistanceincreaseswithlength
Must have fuse for
everysocket
Once one of the fuse is burnt due overloaded of
that socket, the rest of the sockets can still
function
There is a power surge
protection
To shut down the whole current to the power
socketifthereisaelectriccurrentleakage
Must have head plug
earthing
To flow the unused current to the earth so that
theuserwillnotbeelectrocuted
So, the type S is chosen because it has no extension cord length, have fuse for
everysocket,haspowersurgeprotectionandhaveheadplugearthing.
(c) Diagram16.2showsatwodoorrefrigeratorforhouseholduse.

Diagram16.2
Using the knowledge about heat flows, explain the modification
needed to produce a refrigerator which is constantly cold, energy
savingandlastingforthepurposeofkeepingthefreshnessofthefood
stored in it. Your modification should be based on the following
characteristics: Material used to make the desk, Type of lamp used in
refrigerator, Power of the refrigerator, Air circulation in the
refrigerator,Specificheatcapacityofthecoverofrefrigerator
Characteristics Reason
Thedeskismadeofplastic Doesnotrustandlonglasting
UseLEDlamporlampoflowpower
andjustlightwhenthedoorisopen
Does not heat up the refrigerator inside due
tothelampofbulb
Usehighpowerofrefrigerator Therefrigeratorwillbemorecoldtokeepthe
freshnessoffoodstored
Thefreezermustbeinstalledatthe
highestpartinsidetherefrigerator
The cool air has higher density will move
downtocoolthelowerpartoffoodandthus
causes the air circulation. Hot air at lower
part will move up and cooled down by the
freezer.
The specific heat capacity of the
coverofrefrigeratormustbehigh.
Slower conducting the heat outside into the
refrigerator.
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17 Diagram17.1showsahairdryerlabelled240V,500Wconnectedtoathree
pinplug.Diagram17.2showsthefuseinthethreepinplug.

Diagram17.1Diagram17.2
(a) State three properties of the material of the heating element in the
hairdryer.
Hashighmeltingpoint,hashighresistance,haslowspecificheatcapacity
(b) (i) Whatisthemeaningofthelabel0.5Aonthefuse?
Maximumcurrentthatcanbeloadedtothefuseis0.5A
(ii) Table17.1showsthespecificationofafewmetalstobeusedas
afusewire.
Metal Melting
point/C
Specificheat
capacity/Jkg
1
C
1

Diameter Resistivity
W 1100 900 Big Low
X 600 900 Small High
Y 1100 240 Big Low
Z 700 240 Small High
Table17.1
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the four metals
and determine the most suitable metal to be used as the fuse
wire.Givereasonsforyourchoice.
Characteristics Reason
Themeltingpointmustbelow Easymeltwhenhot
Specificheatcapacitymustbelow Fastergettinghot
Thediameterofmetalmustbelow Produceshigherresistancewhichcan
convertcurrenttoheat
Theresistivitymustbehigh Produceshighresistance
So,themetalZischosenbecauseitsmeltingpointislow,specificheatcapacity
islow,smalldiameteranditsresistivityislow.
(c) ThehairdryerinDiagram17.1isswitchedon.
(i) Calculatethecurrentflowingthroughthehairdryer.
Giventhehairdryerlabelled240V,500W
||
VoltagePower
FromPower,P=IV
500=I(240)
I=2.08A

(ii) Statewhetherthe0.5Afuseissuitabletobeusedintheplug.
Not suitable. The hair dryer needs 2.08 A to function. This current of 2.08 A
which passes to the fuse of 0.5 A will burn the fuse directly before working up
thehairdryer.
(iii) Calculatetheenergyusedbythehairdryerwhenitisswitched
onfor10minutes.
Power=Energy/Time
Energy=PowerTime
=500(1060)J
=300000J@300kJ
(d) Fuse takes some time to melt or blow. A fast blowing fuse is required
toprotectsemiconductorequipmentswhichcannotstandhighcurrent
surge for too long. When a fuse blows, sparking may occur and
produceshightemperature.

Table 17.2 shows the specifications of five fuses that can be used to
protectasemiconductordevice.
Fuse Thicknessoffuse
wire
Cartridge
tye
Rating Melting
point
P Medium Rubber 10A Medium
Q Thin Glass 10A Low
R Thin Ceramic 13A Low
S Thick Plastic 10A High
Table17.2
Determine the most suitable fuse to protect a 240V, 2000 W
semiconductormaterialdevice.Studythespecificationsofallfivefuses
givenandjustifyyourchoice.
Characteristics Reason
Thethicknessoffuse
wireisthin
Hashigherresistancewhichcangethotfaster
Thecartridgetyemust
beglass
Easilygetbrokenwhenhot
Thefuseratingis10A Enoughtobreakdownthe240V,2000Wsemiconductor
devicewhichneedsonlyacurrentof8.33A
Themeltingpointmust
below
Fastergettingmeltandshortopenthecircuitwhenthe
circuitoverheated
So,thefuseQischosenbecauseitsthicknessoffusewireisthin,cartridgetyeismade
ofglass,fuseratingis10Aandthemeltingpointislow.
##Remember:Thefuseitselfmustbecangethotfasterwithhighresistanceandeasily
getmeltsothatthecircuitisshortopenandthusprotecttheelectricalcomponentfrom
gettingburnt.
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18 Diagram 18.1 and Diagram 18.2 shows an experiment to study the


relationship between the pressure and volume of air trapped in an airtight
container.Thepistonsforbothdiagramsarepusheddownslowly.

Diagram18.1Diagram18.2
(a) StatethephysicalquantitybeingmeasuredbyBourdongauge.
Gaspressure
(b) BasedonDiagram18.1andDiagram18.2;
(i) Comparethevolumeofthegasintheairtightcontainer
Volume of gas in the airtight container in Diagram 18.1 is more than in
Diagram18.2
(ii) ThereadingofBourdongauge
ThereadingofBourdongaugeinDiagram18.1islowerthaninDiagram18.2
(iii) Temperatureofthegasintheairtightcontainer
The temperature of the gas in the airtight container for both diagram are
same.
(c) (i) Using your answer in (b)(i) and (b)(ii), state the relationship
betweenthevolumeofgasandthereadingofBourdongauge.
VolumeofgasisinverselyproportionaltothereadingofBourdongauge
(ii) Statethegaslawinvolved.
Boyleslaw
(iii) Definethegaslawyounamein(c)(ii).
Boyles law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of gas is inversely
proportionaltoitsvolumeatconstanttemperature.
(d) The experiment above is usually applicable if a gas expands or
compressedslowly.Whyisthisso?
TheBoyleslawisapplicableifthetemperatureofthegasisconstant.Thegasmustbe
expandedorcompressedslowlyastoreducethecollisionbetweenthemoleculesofgas.
The collision of molecules increase the friction of molecules between them and this
frictionwillproduceheat.Iftheheatproduced,thenthetemperatureofthegasisnot
constantalready.
(e) A syringe contains 50 m
3
of air at a pressure of 100 kPa. This piston is
pulled outwards slowly so that the air expands. What would be the
volumeoftheairwhentheairpressuredropsto80kPa?
FromBoyleslaw:P
1
V
1
=P
2
V
2

(100)(50)=80(V
2
)
V
2
=62.5m
3

19 Diagram19.1showsaBourdongaugewhichisusedtomeasuregaspressure
insidearoundbottomflask.

Diagram19.1
(a) (i) Whatismeantbysensitivity?
Sensitivityistheabilitytodetectthesmallchangeinitsreading
(ii) StatethesensitivityoftheBourdonGauge.
5Pascal[#smallestscale]
(b) (i) State the correct position of the eye while taking reading from
theBourdonGauge?
Perpendiculartothescale
(ii) Whatisthepressureofthegasinsidetheroundbottomflaskas
shownbytheBourdongauge?
165Pa
(c) The round bottom flask is then heated. Would the reading of the
Bourdongaugeincreaseordecrease?
Increases
(d) (i) Stateonelawthatyouusedin(c).
Pressurelaw
(ii) Definethelawyoustatein(d)(i).
Pressure law states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature such that the volume of gas is kept
constant.
(e) An experiment is carried out to investigate the relationship between
the pressure, P and the temperature, of a fixed mass of a gas as
showningraphbelow.
(i) What is the value of temperature, T
o
when the pressure of the
gasiszero?
273C
(ii) WhatisthenamegiventoT
o
?
Absolutezerotemperature
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20 Diagram20.1showsacarandalorrystoppingataredtrafficlight.Whenthe
trafficlightturnsgreenasinDiagram16.2,thecarisfoundtomoveaheadof
thelorry.

Diagram20.1Diagram20.2
(a) Whatismeantbymass?
Massisthequantityofmattercontainedbyanobject.
(b) Based on Diagram 20.1 and Diagram 20.2, compare the masses of the
vehiclesandtheirabilitytospeedahead.Relatethemassofthevehicle
and the way it can start moving from rest to deduce a concept in
physicswithregardtothemotionofobjects.
The mass of the lorry is more than the car causing the lorry has less ability to speed
ahead.Thebiggermassoflorrycausesthelorryhardertostartmovingfromrest.The
physicsconceptinvolvedistheinertia.
(c) Definethephysicsconceptyounamein(b).
Inertiaisthetendencyofanobjecttoresistthesuddenchangeexertingontheobject.
(d) Basedonthephysicsconceptstatedin(b)(i),explainwhyadriverlurch
forwardswhenacarheisdrivingcomestoasuddenhalt.
Whenthecarcomestoasuddenhalt,theinertiaisverybigactingontothedriver.The
inertiawillcausethedrivertocontinuetomoveforwardalthoughthecarhasstopped.
Asaresult,thedriverwillbesurgedforward.
(e) Explainhowyouwouldgotoescapefrombeingchasedbyabullbased
ononeconcept.
1
st
:Iwillperformmyruninzigzagdirectionswithnodefinitedirectionofrun.
2
nd
:Thebullhasbiggermassifcomparedtome.Thismeansthatthebullwillhas
biggerinertiaastheinertiadependsonthemass.
3
rd
:Duetoinertia,thebullishardertochangeitsdirectionandwilllosecontrolandfall
(f) You are asked to investigate the characteristics of each backhoes in
Table20andchooseabackhoethatcandoheavyworks,anexampleof
a backhoe is shown in Diagram 20.3. Explain the suitability of the
characteristics each backhoes. Determine the most suitable backhoe.
Givereasonforyourchoice

Diagram20.3
Typeof
Backhoe
Sizeof
tyre
Fluidusedin
hydraulic
system
Mass Base
area
Centre
of
gravity
P Large Liquid Large Large Low
Q Large Liquid Small Large Low
M Large Gas Large Small High
N Medium Liquid Large Medium Low
S Large Liquid Large Medium High
Answer
Characteristics Reason
Thesizeoftyremustbebig Topreventthebackhoefromsinkingintosoft
ground
Fluidusedinthehydraulicsystem
isliquid
Liquidhasverylowcompressibility
Themassmustbebig Thebackhoewillbemorestable
Thebaseareamustbebig Ensurethatthebackhoewillnotcollide
Thecentreofgravitymustbelow Stablefromfalling
So,thebackhoePischosenbecauseitstyreisbig,fluidusedinhydraulicsystemis
liquid,haslargemass,thebaseareaislargeandhaslowcentreofgravity.
(g) Diagram 20.4 shows a transformer connected between a 240 V a.c.
power supply and two light bulbs. The bulbs are at normal brightness
andthereadingoftheammeteris0.25A.

Diagram20.4
(1) StatethetypeoftransformerinDiagram20.4.
Stepdowntransformer
(2) Whatistheoutputvoltageofthetransformer?
6V
(3) Calculatetheefficiencyofthetransformer?
Inputpower,P=IV=2400.25=60W
Outputpower,P=12W+24W=36W
Efficiency=(36/60)100%=60%
(4) Explainwhythetransformermustusea.c.inputvoltage?
Sothatthevoltagecanbechangedeasily

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21 Diagram 21.1 shows a bright spot, M, formed on the screen on the cathode
rayoscilloscope,CRO,whenitisswitchedon.

Diagram21.1
(a) Whatisthemeaningofcathoderay?
Cathoderayisafastmovingelectronbeam
(b) Whatisthemeaningofthermionicemission?
Thermionic emission is the process of releasing electrons from a heated cathode
surface.
(c) Nametheparticlethatproducesthebrightspot,M,whenithitsthe
fluorescentscreenoftheCRO.
Electron
(d) Explainhowtoproduceabrightspot,MonthescreenofCRO?
Thed.cvoltageissuppliedtotheCROwiththetimebaseissetoff.
(e) Diagram21.2showsthebrightspot,Nwhenadirectcurrentd.c.supply
isconnectedtotheYinputoftheCRO.

Diagram21.2
The Ygain of the CRO is set at 5 V / division with the timebase is set
off.
CalculatethevalueofthevoltageshownbyN.
Valueofvoltage=5Vperdivision2divisions
=10V
(f) TheCROinDiagram21.2isconnectedtoalternatingcurrentsupply,a.c
andthetimebaseissetoff.
On Diagram 21.3 below, sketch the output waveform that will be
displayedonthescreen.

Diagram21.3
Answer

(g) StateonecommonfunctionofCRO.
To display waveform //To measure short time interval // To measure the potential
difference
(h) Diagram 21.4 and Diagram 21.5 show two circuits which consist of
identicalammeters,drycellsandsemiconductordiodes.

Diagram21.4Diagram21.5
(1) Nameanexampleofpuresemiconductormaterial.
Silicon
(2) Explainthedifferenceinthereadingsoftheammeters
ThecurrentflowisinforwardbiasinDiagram21.4causesanammeterreading
but no reading in Diagram 21.4 due to the reverse of diode which has blocked
thecurrentflow
(3) Basedontheanswerin(h)(2),statethefunctionofdiode.
Toallowtheflowofcurrentinonedirectiononly
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22 Diagram22.1showsthepatternofseawaveswhenapproachingthebeach.

Diagram22.1
(a) NamethewavephenomenonshowninDiagram22.1.
Refraction
(b) Explainintermsofthewavephenomenain22(a),whythewaterwaves
followtheshapeofthebeachasitapproachestheshore.
Whenthewavesrefractfromdeepseatoshallowersea,boththewavelengthandthe
energydecrease.Therefore,itbecomesweakerandfollowstheshapeofthebeach.
(c) Diagram 22.1 shows the seashore of a fishing village. During the rainy
season, waves are big. One year the waves eroded the seashore,
causedthejettytocollapseanddamagedthefishermensboats.
To prevent similar damage in the future, the fishermen suggest
building retaining walls and relocating the jetty. You should use your
knowledge of reflection, refraction and diffraction of waves to explain
thesesuggestion,toincludetheaspects:
i.thedesignandstructureoftheretainingwall
ii.thelocationofthenewjetty
iii.thesizeorenergyofthewaves.
Answer
Suggestion Reason
Designaninclinedconcretebarrier Waveisrefractedwithdecreasingwavelength
Jettyisbuildatbay Waveatbayiscalmer
Builtdiffractionbarrier(slitvery
small)forshippassage
Lesswaveenergypassingthrough
Barrierisbuiltfromastrong
material/concrete
Noteasilycorrosive/broken//canpreventa
stronghardwave
Designthehigherbarrier Watercannotoverflow
(d) Diagram22.2showsaBartonspendulumwhichconsistsoffivesimple
pendulums hanging on a horizontal string. When A is pulled and
released,itwillcausetheotherfourpendulumstooscillate.

Diagram22.2

It is observed that the four pendulums B, C,D and E will oscillate with
differentamplitudesbutwiththesamefrequency
(i) Whatisthemeaningofamplitude?
Amplitudeisthemaximumdisplacementofwavefromtheequilibriumposition
(ii) Whichpendulumoscillateswiththemaximumamplitude?
PendulumC
(iii) Stateonereasonforyouranswerin22(d)(ii).
HasthesamelengthwiththependulumA
(iv) Namethephenomenonstatedin22(d)(iii).
Resonance
(e) Ultrasonic echoes are wisely used in medicine to see the internal organs of
insidethebody.Diagram22.3showstheuseofultrasoundscanneracrossthe
motherswombtoseetheunbornbabies.

Ultrasound scanner
Pengimbas ultrasonik
Ultrasonic waves
Gelombang ultrasonik
Foetus

Diagram22.3
Table22showsthecharacteristicsoftheultrasoundscannerW,X,YandZ.
Scanner Typeofwave Frequencies
range(Hz)
Penetrating
power
Ionizing
power
W Mechanical <20000 High Low
X Mechanical >20000 Low Low
Y Electromagnet <20000 Low High
Z Electromagnet >20000 Low High
Table22
Explain the suitability of each characteristic in Table 22 that can be used as
ultrasound scanner to scan the image of foetus safely. Determine the most
suitableultrasoundscannertobeusedandhence,justifyyourchoice.
Characteristics Reason
Usemechanicalwave Ultrasonicneedsmediumtotravel
Usehighfrequency Theimagescannedisclear
Uselowpenetratingpower Doesnothurtthefoetus
Uselowionizingpower Doesnotchangethestructureofcellsoffoetus
So, scanner X is chosen because it use mechanical wave, use high frequency, low
penetratingpowerandlowionizingpower

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23 Diagram 23.1 and Diagram 23.2 shows water waves passing through the
entranceoftwodifferentharbours.

Diagram23.1Diagram23.2
(a) Namethetypeofwaveofwaterwave.
Transversewave
(b) (i) Namethephenomenoninvolvedinbothdiagrams.
Diffraction
(ii) What will happen to the frequency, wavelength and speed of
waveafterpassingthroughthegap?
Frequency:unchanged
Wavelength:unchanged
Speedofwave:unchanged
(c) BetweenDiagram23.1andDiagram23.2,whichoneshowstheobvious
diffractioneffect?Explainwhy?
Diagram23.1showsobviousdiffractioneffect.
Becausethesizeofgapislessthanthewavelengthofthewave
(d) BetweenDiagram23.1andDiagram23.2,whichoneshowsthebigger
energywaveenteringthegap?
Diagram23.2
(e) Diagram23.3showsthewavesenteringtwodifferentmediums.

Diagram23.3

(i) Namethephenomenoninvolved.
Refraction
(ii) What will happen to the frequency, wavelength and speed of
waveafterpassingthroughthegap?
Frequency:unchanged
Wavelength:decreases
Speedofwave:decreases
(iii) CompletethewavepatterninDiagram23.3.
Deep area
Kawasan dalam
Shallow area
Kawasan cetek

(f) Diagram23.4showsadriverthatisdrivingunderahotsun,seesapool
of water appearing on the road ahead, but the pool of water
disappearsasthecarapproachesit.

Diagram23.4
(i) Namethisnaturalphenomenonasobservedbythedriver.
Mirage
(ii) Statethephysicsconceptthatisinvolvedinthisphenomenon.
Totalinternalreflection
(iii) When light rays propagates from a denser medium to a less
dense medium, state what happen to the direction of the
refractedrays.
Refractedawayfromnormal
(iv) Stateoneapplicationofthisphenomenon.
Opticalfibre

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PAPER3EXPERIMENTS
1 DEPTHWITHPRESSURE
Diagram 1.1 shows a scuba diving in a sea notices that the water pressure
acted on his eardrums is greater when he dives at greater depth.

Diagram 1.1
Based on your knowledge of the pressure and observation above:

(a) State one suitable inference. [1 mark]


(b) State one suitable hypothesis. [1 mark]


(c) With the use of apparatus such as thistle funnel, a manometer and other
apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate the
hypothesis stated in 1(b).
In your description, state clearly the following:

(i) Aim of the experiment


(ii) Variables in the experiment


(iii) List of apparatus and materials


(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus and materials


(v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of


controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring
the responding variable

(vi) The way you would tabulate the data


(vii) The way you would analyse the data [10 marks]







ANSWER

(a) Thewaterpressureisinfluencedbythedepthofwater

(b) Whenthedepthofwaterincreases,itswaterpressureincreasesalso

(c) (i) Tofindtherelationshipbetweenthedepthwiththewaterpressure



(ii) ManipulatedVariable:depthofwater
RespondingVariable:waterpressure
ConstantVariable:densityofwater

(iii) Apparatus: Metre rule, manometer, water, rubber tube, measuring cylinder,
thistlefunnel,rubbersheet
Materials:water

(iv)

OperationalDefinitions:
Thedepthofwaterismeasuredusingmetrerule
Thewaterpressureismeasuredfromdifferenceheightbetweenthecolumn
ofwaterinmanometermeasuredusingmetrerule

(v) The experiment is started by lowering the thistle funnel into the water to
depth,x=2cm.Thereadingofdifferenceinheightofwatercolumn,h,ofthe
manometerisrecorded.
Theprocedureisrepeatedwiththedepthsof4cm,6cm,8cm,10cmand12
cm and the respective reading of the manometer are read respectively from
metrerule.

(vi) Depthx/cm Differenceinheightofcolumn,h/cm
2
4
6
8
10
12

(vii) Agraphofdifferenceinheightofwatercolumnagainstthedepthisplotted.

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2 DENSITYOFLIQUIDWITHPRESSURE
Diagram 2.1 shows a scuba diving in a sea notices that the water pressure
acted on his eardrums is greater compared to fresh water at same depth.

Diagram 2.1
Based on observation above:

(a) State one suitable inference. [1 mark]


(b) State one suitable hypothesis. [1 mark]


(c) With the use of apparatus such as thistle funnel, salts, a manometer and
other apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate the
hypothesis stated in 2(b).
In your description, state clearly the following:

(i) Aim of the experiment


(ii) Variables in the experiment


(iii) List of apparatus and materials


(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus and materials


(v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of


controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring
the responding variable

(vi) The way you would tabulate the data


(vii) The way you would analyse the data [10 marks]








ANSWER

(a) Thewaterpressureisinfluencedbythedensityofwater

(b) Whenthedensityofwaterincreases,itswaterpressureincreasesalso

(c)
(i) Tofindtherelationshipbetweenthedensityofliquidwiththewaterpressure

(ii) ManipulatedVariable:densityofwater
RespondingVariable:waterpressure
ConstantVariable:depthofthistlefunnelimmersed

(iii) Apparatus: Metre rule, manometer, water, rubber tube, measuring cylinder,
thistlefunnel,rubbersheet
Materials:water,salts

(iv)

OperationalDefinitions:
Thedepthofthistlefunnelisfixedat10cm.
Thewaterpressureismeasuredfromdifferenceheightbetweenthecolumn
ofwaterinmanometermeasuredusingmetrerule
Densityofwaterisdeterminedfromthemassofsaltsdissolved

(v) Theexperimentisstartedbydissolving200gofsaltintothewaterwithfixed
volumeofV.Thethistlefunnelimmersedintothewatertodepth10cm.The
reading of difference in height of water column, h, of the manometer is
recorded.
The procedure is repeated with the amount of salt dissolved of 400g, 600g,
800g and 1000g and the respective reading of the manometer are read
respectivelyfrommetrerule.

(vi) Amountof
salt,m/g
Differenceinheightofcolumn,h/cm
200
400
600
800
1000

(vii) Agraphofdifferenceinheightofwatercolumnagainstthemassofsaltis
plotted.

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3 DEPTH WITH READING OF SPRING BALANCE (BUOYANT FORCE)


Diagram 3.1 shows a boy lifted up a rock in the sea water.
Diagram 3.2 shows the boy lifted up the rock at the surface of the sea water.
He feels much heavier than before.

Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2
Based on your knowledge of the buoyant force and observation above:

(a) State one suitable inference. [1 mark]


(b) State one suitable hypothesis. [1 mark]


(c) With the use of apparatus such as tall beaker, spring balance, a metal
rod and other apparatus, describe an experiment framework to
investigate the hypothesis stated in 3(b).
In your description, state clearly the following:

(i) Aim of the experiment


(ii) Variables in the experiment


(iii) List of apparatus and materials


(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus and materials


(v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of


controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring
the responding variable

(vi) The way you would tabulate the data


(vii) The way you would analyse the data [10 marks]








ANSWER

(a) Theimmersedistanceaffectsthebuoyantforce

(b) Whentheimmersedistanceincreases,itsbuoyantforceincreasesalso

(c) (i) Tofindtherelationshipbetweentheimmersedistancewiththebuoyantforce



(ii) ManipulatedVariable:immersedistance
RespondingVariable:buoyantforce(decreaseinspringbalancereading)
ConstantVariable:densityofwater

(iii) Apparatus:springbalance,beaker,metrerule,load
Materials:string,tapwater

(iv)

Operationaldefinition
Theimmersedistanceismeasuredusingmetrerule
Thebuoyantforceismeasuredfromthedecreaseinspringbalancereading
(readinginairreadinginwater)

(v) Theexperimentisstartedbyimmersingtheloadintothewatertoadepthof,
d=2cmandthebuoyantforceactingtothewoodenblockcanbecountedby
thechangesinthereadingofspringbalance,F
1
isrecorded.
Theexperimentisthenrepeatedbyimmersingtheloadtodepthof4cm,6
cm,8cm,10cmand12cmandtherespectivechangesinthereadingofspring
balance,Farerecorded.

(vi) Immersedepth,d/cm Buoyantforce,F/N
2
4
6
8
10
12

(vii) Agraphofbuoyantforceagainsttheimmersedistanceisplotted.

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4 TRANSFORMER (NUMBER OF TURNS OF SECONDARY COILS WITH INDUCED


CURRENT/VOLTAGE)
Diagram 4.1 shows a substation in a residential area in Shah Alam. The number of
turns of primary coil of the transformer is 200 with the voltage of 450 V while the
numberofturnsofsecondarycoilofthetransformeris107withthevoltageof240V.

Diagram4.1
Basedontheaboveobservation;

(a) State one suitable inference. [1 mark]


(b) State one suitable hypothesis. [1 mark]



(c) With the use of apparatus such as ammeter, voltmeter, constantan wire,
metre rule and other apparatus, describe an experiment framework to
investigate the hypothesis stated in 4(b).
In your description, state clearly the following:

(i) Aim of the experiment


(ii) Variables in the experiment


(iii) List of apparatus and materials


(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus and materials


(v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of


controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring
the responding variable

(vi) The way you would tabulate the data


(vii) The way you would analyse the data [10 marks]







ANSWER

(a) Themagnitudeofinducedcurrentdependsonthenumberofturnsofsecondarycoils

(b) When the number of turns of secondary coils increases, the magnitude of induced
currentincreasesalso

(c) (i) To investigate the relationship between number of turns of secondary coils
withthemagnitudeofinducedcurrent

(ii) MV:numberofturnsofthesecondarycoil
RV:Magnitudeofinducedcurrentorpotentialdifference
CV:numberofturnsofprimarycoils/strengthofmagnetused

(iii) Apparatus:softiron,ammeters/voltmeter,Cshapemagnetbars,a.cpower
supply,bulb,connectingwires

(iv)

OperationalDefinitions:
Theinducedcurrentismeasuredusingammeter

(v) Setuptheapparatusasshown,witha240Vaccurrentsupplywith50turns
ontheprimarycoil.
Setthesecondarycoilsothatthenumberofturnsn=20
Switchonthepowersupply,measurethecurrent,I(withtheammeter)that
passesthroughthesecondarycoil.
Repeatstep2and3forn=40,60,80and100turns.

(vi) Numberofsecondarycoils,n Inducedcurrent,I/A
20
40
60
80
100

(vii) Graph of induced current, I/A against the number of secondary coils, n is
plotted.
5 ALSO READ
-SWING OF PENDULUM BOB
-MASS/VOLUME OF WATER WITH BOILING TIME
-ANGLE OF INCIDENT WITH ANGLE OF REFRACTION
-DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SPEAKERS WITH DISTANCE BETWEEN
TWO LOUD SOUNDS
-NUMBER OF TURNS WITH INDUCED CURRENT (LENZS LAW)
-SPEED/HEIGHT OF MAGNET BAR DROPPED WITH INDUCED CURRENT
(LENZS LAW)
ENDOFREADINGOFMODULE
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