Load Cases Dave Diehl

CAESAR II Using the full potential of load case combinations

Background
CAESAR II recommends a set of basic load cases for analysis. A user can edit and add to these load cases. Load cases are built or modified to collect specific stress calculations and, more general structural response (e.g. equipment & support loads and pipe displacements). This presentation is not an introduction to basic load case concepts but a review of the potential found in the static load case processor.

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Load Combinations

Load combinations and their control are accessed through the Main Menu:

or from the Piping Input:

Load Combinations

Two tabs are reviewed in this presentation

Load Case Editor

Load Case Options

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Load Combinations

Load Case Editor

Highlights of recommended load cases Addressing nonlinear response (restraints) Building standard load case lists Specifying load cycles (fatigue evaluation)

Load Combinations

Load Case Options

General overview Combination methods Manipulating friction effects Using hot modulus for equipment loads

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

The Load Case Editor

Are Recommended Load Cases Adequate?

CAESAR II Recommended Cases satisfy Sustained & Expansion Stress calculations

Other non-B31.3-style codes have their own criteria

Special situations have additional impact

Hanger sizing Hydro leak test

Does not create stress ranges between operating cases Does not create occasional states

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Special Situations Hanger Sizing

Load Cases may be affected by the Hanger Design Control Data

Special Situations Hanger Sizing

Additional load cases are required

CAU Express 2012

Load Cases Dave Diehl

Special Situations Hanger Sizing

Special Situations Hanger Sizing

L2

L1

L3

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Special Situations Hydrostatic Leak Test

A hydrostatic leak test may impose a unique set of structural loads on a piping system, especially a vapor system. CAESAR II addresses this loading with an additional load case whenever a hydrostatic test pressure (HP) is defined

Special Situations Hydrostatic Leak Test

CAU Express 2012

Load Cases Dave Diehl

Special Situations Hydrostatic Leak Test

Special Situations Hydrostatic Leak Test

You can also control the application of insulation weight in the hydrostatic test case:

CAU Express 2012

Load Cases Dave Diehl

Stress Ranges between Operating States

CAESAR II will create expansion range calculations between ambient (e.g. W+P1) and each operating state But that may not identify the greatest stress range

Running temperatures above AND below ambient Valve states could alter stress range

A meter station, one leg hot, one leg ambient; may fail the tee: T1 T2 Ambient Hot

Stress Ranges between Operating States

Recommended cases:
L1: W+P1+T1 (OPE) L2: W+P1+T2 (OPE) L3: W+P1 (SUS) L4: L1-L3 (EXP) L5: L2-L3 (EXP)

Adjusted cases:
L1: W+P1+T1 (OPE) L2: W+P1+T2 (OPE) L3: W+P1 (SUS) L4: L1-L3 (EXP) L5: L2-L3 (EXP) L6: L1-L2 (EXP)

Ambient Hot

A meter station, one leg hot, one leg ambient; may fail the tee: T1 T2

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Addressing Nonlinear Response (Restraints)

Sustained stress

Operating - strain = force-based load Operating with occasional - Operating = Occasional

Occasional stress

Layout Position
Nonlinear Example

Occasional stresses can be isolated in linear systems or in systems that remain linear

X Z

Here is the modeled starting point of the system. Equal gap

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Independent, +X Wind
Nonlinear Example

L1: W+T1+P1 (OPE) L2: W+P1 (SUS) L3: WIND1 (OCC) L4: L1-L2 (EXP) L5: L2+L3 (OCC)

X Z
L3

Independent, -X Wind
Nonlinear Example

L1: W+T1+P1 (OPE) L2: W+P1 (SUS) L3: -WIND1 (OCC) L4: L1-L2 (EXP) L5: L2+L3 (OCC)

X Z

L3

But this position, based on a wind only load case, ignores the true starting position the operating position.

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Operating Position
Nonlinear Example

L1 L1: W+T1+P1 (OPE) L2: W+P1 (SUS) L3: W+T1+P1+WIND1 (OPE) L4: W+T1+P1-WIND1 (OPE) L5: L3-L1 (OCC) L6: L4-L1 (OCC) L7: L1-L2 (EXP) L8: L2+L5 (OCC) L9: L2+L6 (OCC)

X Z

Operating Loads & +X Wind

Nonlinear Example L5 L1 L3 L1: W+T1+P1 (OPE) L2: W+P1 (SUS) L3: W+T1+P1+WIND1 (OPE) L4: W+T1+P1-WIND1 (OPE) L5: L3-L1 (OCC) L6: L4-L1 (OCC) L7: L1-L2 (EXP) L8: L2+L5 (OCC) L9: L2+L6 (OCC)

X Z

Response to Wind Load alone

Here we see that, based on the operating position, the same +X wind will now engage the guide

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Operating Loads & -X Wind

Nonlinear Example L6 L4 L1 L1: W+T1+P1 (OPE) L2: W+P1 (SUS) L3: W+T1+P1+WIND1 (OPE) L4: W+T1+P1-WIND1 (OPE) L5: L3-L1 (OCC) L6: L4-L1 (OCC) L7: L1-L2 (EXP) L8: L2+L5 (OCC) L9: L2+L6 (OCC)

X Z

Response to Wind Load alone

While the X wind will remain free

Building standard load case lists

Many firms have standardized their load sets In more and more instances, these are very comprehensive

Seismic, wind, blast FPSO Fatigue

and therefor, tedious and prone to error You can copy existing load cases from one job to another

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Sharing Load Cases

Sharing Load Cases Fatigue

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Sharing Load Cases Fatigue

Sharing Load Cases Seismic

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Sharing Load Cases

Heres a very complex list of loads that one would not want to enter each time.

Specifying Load Cycles (Fatigue Evaluation)

You can associate a number of cycles (N) or a cyclic factor (f) with each thermal state of the piping system.

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Specifying Load Cycles (Fatigue Evaluation)

But a proper application of N would be with the individual range(s) analyzed.

Specifying Load Cycles (Fatigue Evaluation)

But a proper application of N would be with the individual range(s) analyzed.

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Load Case Options

General Overview

A few highlights will be reviewed here

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Combination Methods

How are these terms used?

Combination Methods

Expansion stress range is an algebraic combination of two load cases

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Combination Methods

Sustained and occasional stresses are combined in a scalar fashion

Combination Methods

Seismic loads (both inertia and support displacement) may combine spatial components by square root sum of the squares (SRSS).
Load Case 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Content W+T1+P1 W+P1 U1 U2 U3 D1 D3 L3+L4+L5 L6+L7 L2+L8 L1-L2 L9+L11 Stress Type (OPE) (SUS) (OCC) (OCC) (OCC) (OCC) (OCC) (OCC) (OCC) (OCC) (EXP) (EXP) Combination Method Description Operating state Installed state X inertial Y inertial Z inertial X support displacement Z support displacement Composite inertial Composite displacement Occasional stress code check Non-seismic expansion case Approx. expansion code check

SRSS combination SRSS combination Scalar combination Algebraic combination Scalar combination

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Combination Methods

You may want to extract the maximum response from a variety of operating cases
Here, a single operating case appears with a group of 8 seismic combinations It would be convenient to show the maximum displacement of each node and maximum restraint load from all these cases

Combination Methods

Note how SignMin & SignMax are used here; also, there is no stress output for SignMin.

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Combination Methods Review

Combination Method Algebraic Scalar SRSS Absolute Maximum Minimum SignedMaximum ofstructuralresponse xi xi SRSS(xi) |xi| MAXof(|xi|),retainsign MINof(|xi|),retainsign MAXof(xi) ofstress f(xi) i SRSS(i) i MAXof(i) MINof(i) MAXof(i) Collect maximum cyclicload Used togetherto collect rangeof restraint load&pipe movement Collectmaximum stress TypicalUse Structure Stress Traditional Expansionrange response Sustained+ summation occasional Spatialseismic summation

SignedMinimum

MINof(xi)

MINof(i)

Manipulating Friction Effects

What is the coefficient of friction steel-on-steel?

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Manipulating Friction Effects

You can easily bracket the effect of friction in a 10 single run

30

60

Using hot modulus for equipment loads

While most stress evaluation specifies using the reference (ambient) modulus of elasticity for pipe stress, the modulus at temperature may be used for equipment load calculation. This may significantly reduce the magnitude of strain-based loads

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Using hot modulus for equipment loads

Carbon steel stiffness drops 9% @ 300C Cr-Mo steels drop 23% @ 600C

In Conclusion

There is more to CAESAR II load case combinations than Use Recommended

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Load Cases Dave Diehl

Thank You for Your Attention

Any Questions?

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