CHAPTER 2

Fluid Statics
Part 1:Pressure

Fluid Statics
Fluid Statics deals with problems associated with fluids at rest. In fluid statics, there is no relative motion between adjacent fluid layers. Therefore, there is no shear stress in the fluid trying to deform it. The only stress in fluid statics is normal stress
Normal stress is due to pressure Variation of pressure is due only to the weight of the fluid fluid statics is only relevant in presence of gravity fields.

Applications: Floating or submerged bodies, water dams and gates, liquid storage tanks, etc. 2

Pressure
Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area. P = F/A Unit of pressure is N/m2, which is called pascal (Pa). Since the unit Pa is too small for pressures encountered in practice, kilopascal (1 kPa = 103 Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa = 106 Pa) are commonly used. Other units include bar, atm, kgf/cm2, lbf/in2=psi.

Pressure at a Point
Pressure ? Indicating the normal force per unit area at a given point acting on a given plane within the fluid mass of interest. How the pressure at a point varies with the orientation of the plane passing through the point ? In fluid at rest, pressure at any point is the same at all direction.

The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest, or in motion, is independent of the direction as long as there are no shearing stresses present. Pressure at any point in a fluid is the same in all directions. Pressure has a magnitude, but not a specific direction, and thus it is a scalar quantity. The result is known as Pascals law named in honor of Blaise Pascal (1623-1662).
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Absolute, gauge, and vacuum pressures

Actual pressure at a give point is called the absolute pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and therefore indicate gauge pressure, Pgauge= Pabs - Patm. Pressure below atmospheric pressure are called vacuum pressure, Pvac= Patm - Pabs.

Absolute, gauge, and vacuum pressures

Atmospheric Pressure, Patm * Pressure due to weight of air above it. * Standard value (1 atm =) 10.35 mH2O water (34 ftH2O) 760 mmHg 14.7 psi 101.3 kN/m2 can be measured by P = gh * Fluid pressure at free surface is equal to atmospheric pressure.
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Gauge Pressure, Pg
* Measured using pressure gauge.
* Can be positive (above atm pressure) or negative (below atm pressure) * Gauge negative pressure is referred to suction pressure of vacuum pressure. * Zero pressure means the pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. * Gauge pressure units: N/m2 gauge psig kPa gauge barg
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Pressure Head of Fluid

* Pressure head of fluid is a pressure and it is interpreted as the height of a column of fluid of specific weight required. * A basic equation is a relationship among pressure, density and depth. P = gh * Consider an element of fluid as shown below. dA : cross sectional area of element : fluid density P : pressure

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In equilibrium; Upward Force = Downward Force (P + dP) dA = PdA + mg dPdA = mg But; m = v

(v = element volume = dAdh)

dPdA = vg = gdAdh dP = gdh Integrated it;

dP = g dh
P1 h1

P2

h2

P2 - P1 = g (h2 - h1)
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But; h2 - h1 = h Then P2 - P1 = g h If h1 = 0 and P1 = 0 (atmospheric pressure), then P2 = gh Based on the above equation, pressure is proportional to depth ( P h ) regardless of shape of container.

O In pressure head, the above equation become

h=

p1 p2

Specific weight

and its unit is in e.g.; mmHg or mmH20

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Variation of Pressure with Depth

Pressure in a fluid at rest is independent of the shape of the container. Pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid.

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Scuba Diving and Hydrostatic Pressure

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Absolute pressure (atm) on diver at 100 ft?

1m kg m P gage,2 = gz =998 3 9.81 2 (100ft) 3.28 ft m s

100 ft

1atm =298.5kPa =2.95atm 101.325kPa P atm+1atm=3.95atm abs,2 = P gage,2 +P atm =2.95

Danger of emergency ascent?

Boyles law

If you hold your breath on ascent, your lung volume would increase by a factor of 4, P1V 1 = P2V 2 would result in embolism and/or death.

V1 P 3 .9 5 a tm = 2 = 4 V2 P1 1 a tm

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Example; Change a pressure of 350 kN/m2 gauge into pressure head of water and mercury. Water

350 x 103 N / m 2 h= = = 35.68 m H 2O water g 1000 kg / m3 x 9.81 m / s 2 P

Mercury

350 x 103 N / m 2 h= = = 2.62 m Hg 3 2 mercury g 13600 kg / m x 9.81 m / s P

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Transmission of Fluid Pressure

* If a fluid remaining constant in the horizontal direction, the pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the same amount. This is called Pascals Law. * The transmission of fluid pressure throughout a stationary fluid is the principle upon which many hydraulic devices are based.

P1 = P2

F1 = pA1

F2 = pA2

F2 =

A2 F1 A1

Note : The pressure force exerted by the fluid is always normal to the surface at the specified points

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Pascals Law
Pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by the same amount. In picture, pistons are at same height:

F F2 F2 A2 1 P = = 1=P 2 A1 A2 F1 A 1
Ratio A2/A1 is called ideal mechanical advantage
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Example; Dimension of hydraulic jack is shown in figure below. If a force of 100 N applied onto the jet handle, determine a maximum force F2 would be support.

Free Body Diagram of handle

100 N

F1

100 N x 33 cm - F1 x 3 cm = 0 F1 = (100 N x 0.33 m/0.03 m) = 1100 N

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Pressure at small piston (left site);

F1 1100 N 6 2 P1 = = = 6 . 22 x 10 N / m d2 A1 4

Based on transmission principle;

P1 = P2 = 6.22 x 106 N/m2

Therefore;
2 d F2 = P2 A 2 = 6.22 x 10 6 x = 12.22 kN 4

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Example; Example ; Oil with a specific gravity of 0.9 is used in a hydraulic apparatus as shown in figure below. If a gauge indicate that a pressure of 2.15 bar, determine the value of W so that the system is in equilibrium condition.

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At x x

Px ' = Pgauge + oil gh = 2.15 x 105 N / m 2 + 0.9 (1000 kg / m3 )(9.81m / s 2 )( 2 m) = 232658 N / m 2

Based on transmission principle; Px = Px' = 232658 N/m2

Force = Pr essure x Area
= 232658 N / m 2 x = 730916.66 N 2 ( 2) 4

730916.66 N W= = 74507.30 kg 2 9.81 m / s

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