COMPARATIVE EMISSION LOAD FROM BRICK KILNS A SPECIAL CASE WITH MOVABLE AND FIXED CHIMNEYS, RUPANDEHI DISTRICT

Case study prepared in the fulfilment of the partial requirement for the Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree in Environment Science of Tribhuvan University

Submitted To College of Applied Science Nepal (CAS) Anamnagar, Kathmandu Submitted By Nisha Amatya T.U. Reg. No. 5-2-38-1330-2005

2067 (2010)

Acknowledgements
This report is the result of study of Brick kilns of which occupies the Tarai region of our country. The study was only possible with initiation, support, permission and guidance of a few people and I feel obliged to pay them my sincere gratitude. I am indebted to my Supervisor Mr. Sunil Babu Khatry for his guidance, support all the way through and making me understand all the procedure of case study and report preparation. I am equally thankful to Mr. Dr. Bhupendra Devkota, Principal of our college as long as permission for the case study at Rupendhai District. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Clean Energy Nepal for best coordination in the field and Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) for providing me the opportunity to take part in the survey that had approach to CDM Project. I am equally grateful to District Brick Committee for their support. I would like to extend my deep appreciation to all individuals, my friends and family along with the factory workers, the related institutions and all the staff members of College of Applied Science Nepal (CAS) who cooperated directly or indirectly in any imaginable way for constructing my task to this stage.

THANK YOU!!

Acronyms
ADB BTK CDM Asian Development Bank Bulls Trench Kilns Clean Development Mechanisms

DCSSI Department of Cottage and Small Scale Industry DHM EIA EPA EPR ESPS Department of Hydrology and Meteorology Environment Impact Assessment Environment Protection Act Environment Protection Rules Environment Sector Program Support

FCBTK Fixed Chimney Bulls Trench Kilns GoN HAP IEE IUCN Government of Nepal Hazardous air pollutants Initial Environment Examination International Union for Conservation of Nature

MCBTK Movable Chimney Bulls Trench Kilns MDG Millennium Development Goals

MOICS Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies MOPE Ministry of Population and Environment NAAQS NAST PM QC SDAN TOC TSP VDC VOC National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Academy of Science and Technology Particulate Matter Quality Control Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal Total Organic Compounds Total Suspended Particles Village Development Committee Volatile Organic Compounds

Results showed that brick kiln emits PM10 and other major air pollutants throughout the manufacturing processes. Based on the calculation, the gaseous emission loads were very minimum than the particles emission for every brick industry. The gaseous emission load followed the order of NOx>CO>SOx. The PM10 loads were 55.02, 40.93, 29.54 and 59.06 tons per year for Siddhartha, New Heena, Manakamana & LBB respectively. The PM10 emission load for MCBTK kiln was about 20 tons higher than that of FCBTK with the reference production of 50 lakh (FCBTK) & 60 lakh (MCBTK). Among the gaseous loads, NOx came in the top level, within 10% of the total emission whereas the CO emission percentage load was lesser than 1%. This signified that the combustion was nearly completed. SOx is emitted in least concentration of 0.01% in all of the brick kilns whose emission depends on the amount of sulphur contained in the coal. The chimney heights in the visited industries were varied from /// to /// (m).

Chimney height
To recommend the appropriate control measures for the pollutants reduction.

For sustainability of the factory, keen interest should be given for the management of environmental and social matter through the respective entrepreneurs. The department of industries with other line agencies should motivate the brick entrepreneurs for the substitution of existing kiln technology towards VSBK through the technical assistance and ways out to financial uplifting. All applicable environmental regulations applicable to brick manufacturing such as: - Height of chimney (////): pollution control norms (6.5m 8.5 m from the loading platform) Use of internal fuel: increases energy efficiency and reduces emissions Regular analysis of calorific value of coal should be done that is utilized as a major fuel. Management of water for brick making

Mechanization of unloading of fired bricks Onsite training of fire crew Training of moulders on material handling and preparation First aid box should be available on site Covering of face with a clean cloth during manual mixing of soil, coal breaking and unloading

Health and Accidental insurance for brick workers at kiln sites Provision of toilet facilities for brick workers at kiln sites Utilization of industrial waste: to conserve soil Restoration of top soil

Bottom ash (generated from kiln) put back in green bricks, wherever possible, especially in mechanized mixing