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(c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

The prime surface area per meter of tube length. The weighted efciency of the nned surface. The rate of heat transfer from the ns per meter of tube length. The rate of heat transfer from the prime surface per meter of tube length. The total rate of heat transfer per meter of tube length.

Ans. (a) 86.7%. ( b) 0.183828 m2 . (c) 0.056398 m2 . (d) 89.8%. (e) 14,344 W. (f) 5076 W. ( g) 19,420 W. (2.22) Annular steel ns (k = 56.7 W/m K) are attached to a steel tube that is 30 mm in external diameter. The ns are 2 mm thick and 15 mm long. The tube wall temperature is 350 K and the surrounding uid temperature is 450 K with a heat-transfer coefcient of 75 W/m2 K. There are 200 ns per meter of tube length. Calculate: (a) The n efciency. (b) The n surface area per meter of tube length. (c) The prime surface area per meter of the tube length. (d) The weighted efciency of the nned surface. (e) The rate of heat transfer per meter of tube length. Ans. (a) 85%. (b) 0.9248 m2 . (c) 0.0565 m2 . (d) 86%. (e) 6330 W. (2.23) A nned heat exchanger tube is made of aluminum alloy (k = 186 W/m K) and contains 125 annular ns per meter of tube length. The bare tube between ns has an OD of 50 mm. The ns are 4 mm thick and extend 15 mm beyond the external surface of the tube. The outer surface of the tube will be at 200 C and the tube will be exposed to a uid at 20 C with a heat-transfer coefcient of 40 W/m2 K. Calculate: (a) The rate of heat transfer per meter of tube length for a plain (un-nned) tube. (b) The n efciency. (c) The n and prime surface areas per meter of tube length. (d) The weighted efciency of the nned surface. (e) The rate of heat transfer per meter of tube length for a nned tube. (f) If the cost per unit length of nned tubing is 25% greater than for plain tubing, determine whether plain or nned tubing is more economical for this service. Ans. (a) 1130 W. (b) 98.6% (c) 0.8946 m2 and 0.07854 m2 . (d) 98.7%. (e) 6920 W. (2.24) A stream of ethylene glycol having a ow rate of 1.6 kg/s is to be cooled from 350 to 310 K by pumping it through a 3-cm ID tube, the wall of which will be maintained at a temperature of 300 K. What length of tubing will be required? Ans. 49 m. (2.25) A small steam superheater will be made of -in. schedule 80 stainless steel pipe which will be exposed to hot ue gas from a boiler. 50 lbm/h of saturated steam at 320 F will enter the pipe and be heated to 380 F. Assuming that the pipe wall temperature will vary from 375 F at the steam inlet to 415 F at the outlet, calculate the length of pipe required for the superheater. Ans. 6.1 ft.

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(2.26) Suppose that the steam superheater of Problem 2.25 has a length of 10 ft and the wall temperature is constant at 415 F over the entire length of the pipe. Using the value of the heat-transfer coefcient calculated in Problem 2.24, estimate the temperature of the steam leaving the superheater. Ans. 405 F. (2.27) A gas heater shown below in cross-section consists of a square sheet metal duct insulated on the outside. A 5 cm OD steel pipe passes through the center of the duct and the pipe wall is maintained at 250 C by condensing steam owing through the pipe. Air at 20 C will be fed to the heater at a rate of 0.35 kg/s. (a) Calculate the equivalent diameter for the heater. (b) Calculate the length of the heater required to heat the air stream to 60 C. Ans. (a) De = 0.1083 m. (b) 8.1 m.
15 cm

Air

15 cm

Insulated on all four sides

Condensing steam

(2.28) Water at 20 C with a mass ow rate of 1.0 kg/s enters an annulus formed by an inner pipe having an OD of 2.5 cm and an outer pipe having an ID of 10 cm. The wall temperature of the inner pipe varies from 80 C at the inlet to 100 C at the outlet. The outer surface of the outer pipe is well insulated. Calculate the length of the annulus required to heat the water to 75 C. Ans. 75.3 m. (2.29) A stream of ethylene glycol having a ow rate of 4000 lb/h is to be heated from 17 C to 37 C by passing it through a circular annular heater. The outer pipe of the annulus will have an ID of 5 cm and the inner pipe will have an OD of 4 cm. The exterior surface of the outer pipe will be well insulated, while the inner pipe wall temperature will vary from 67 C at the entrance to 87 C at the exit. The required length of the heater is desired. Assuming as a rst approximation that L = 20 m, calculate a second approximation for the length. Ans. 20.8 m. (2.30) 100 lbm/h of oil at 130 F is needed for a process modication. The oil will be available at 70 F, so a plant engineer has designed a heater consisting of a 1-in. ID tube, 10 ft long, the wall of which will be maintained at 215 F by condensing steam. Will the heater work as required? Properties of the oil may be assumed constant at the following values: CP = 0.49 Btu/lbm F = 1.42 lbm/ft h = 55 lbm/ft 3

k = 0.0825 Btu/h ft F

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(2.31) A stream of Freon-12 with a ow rate of 4000 lb/h is to be heated from 20 C to 30 C for use in a chemical processing operation. Available for this service is an annular heater 3.05 m in length. The outer pipe of the annulus has an ID of 5 cm and an O.D. of 5.5 cm. The inner pipe has an ID of 3.75 cm and an OD of 4 cm. When in operation, the walls of both pipes are maintained at a constant temperature that can be set to any value between 30 C and 70 C. Will the heater be suitable for this service? (2.32) A feed stream to a chemical reactor consists of 0.2 kg/s of ammonia vapor at 300 K. Prior to entering the reactor, the ammonia is preheated by passing it through a rectangular duct whose walls are heated to 500 K by hot process waste gas. The duct cross-section is 9 cm by 20 cm, and it is 2.5-m long. At what temperature does the ammonia enter the reactor? (2.33) An air preheater is required to heat 0.2 kg/s of process air from 15 C to 115 C. The preheater will be constructed from rectangular ducting having a cross-section of 7.5 cm by 15 cm. The air will ow inside the duct and the duct walls will be maintained at 250 C by hot ue gas. What length of ducting will be required? (2.34) A cylindrical storage tank with a diameter of 4 m and a length of 10 m will hold a uid whose temperature must be maintained at 347 K. In order to size the heater required for the tank, the following worst-case scenario is considered: Ambient air temperature = 20 C Wind speed = 20 m/s Tank wall temperature = 347 K

What size (kW) heater will be needed? Ans. 400 kW. (2.35) A viscous liquid is to be pumped between two buildings at a chemical plant in an aboveground pipe that has an OD of 22 cm and is 110 m long. To facilitate pumping, the liquid will be heated to 40 C in order to reduce its viscosity. The liquid ow rate will be 20 kg/s and the specic heat of the liquid is 1300 J/kg K. Determine the temperature drop that the liquid will experience over the length of the pipe under the following worst-case conditions: Ambient air temperature = 10 C Wind speed = 14 m/s Pipe surface temperature = 37 C

Ans. 5.7 C.

(2.36) A surge tank to be used in a chemical process is spherical in shape with a diameter of 10 ft. The tank will hold a liquid that must be maintained at 180 F by means of a heating unit. The following parameters have been established for design purposes: Ambient air temperature = 20 F Wind speed = 20 miles/hr. Tank wall temperature = 180 F (a) Estimate the duty (Btu/h) that the heater must supply. (b) Comment on the probable accuracy of your estimate. Ans. (a) 88,500 Btu/h. (2.37) A duct is being designed to transport waste gas from a processing unit to a pollution control device. The duct will be 5 ft high, 6 ft wide, and 100 ft long. In order to determine

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whether the duct will need to be insulated, the rate of heat loss to the environment must be estimated. Based on the following design conditions, compute the rate of heat loss from the duct. Average duct surface temperature = 250 F Ambient air temperature = 10 F Wind speed = 20 miles/hr.

Ans. 1.4 106 Btu/h.

(2.38) A pipeline at a chemical complex has an OD of 10 cm, an ID of 9.4 cm, and is covered with a layer of insulation (k = 0.055 W/m K) that is 4-cm thick. A process liquid at 50 C ows in the pipeline with a heat-transfer coefcient of 400 W/m K. The pipeline is exposed to the environment on a day when the air temperature is 20 C and the wind speed is 15 m/s. What is the rate of heat loss from the pipeline per meter of length? Ans. 40 W. (2.39) Consider again the graphite heat exchanger of Problem 2.12. What air velocity is required to achieve the stated heat - transfer coefcient of 100 W/m2 K? (2.40) An energy recovery system is being considered to preheat process air using hot ue gas. The process requires air at 80 C. In the proposed energy recovery system, air at 25 C will enter a rectangular duct with a ow rate of 2 kg/s. The duct dimensions are 1 m 2 m 6 m long. The duct walls will be maintained at a temperature of 250 C by hot ue gas owing over the outside of the duct. Estimate the air temperature that will be achieved with this system and thereby determine whether or not the energy recovery system will satisfy the process requirement. (2.41) The surface temperature of the electronic chip shown below is 75 C and it is surrounded by ambient air at 25 C. Calculate the rate of heat loss by natural convection from the upper surface of the chip. Ans. 0.178 W.

16 mm 16 mm Chip carrier

(2.42) A petrochemical storage tank is cylindrical in shape with a diameter of 6 m and a height of 10 m. The surface temperature of the tank is 10 C when, on a calm clear night, the air temperature drops rapidly to 10 C. Estimate the rate of heat loss from the tank under these conditions.

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(2.43) A horizontal elevated pipeline in a chemical plant has an OD of 10 cm, an ID of 9.4 cm, and is covered with a layer of magnesia insulation that is 4-cm thick. A process liquid at 50 C ows in the pipeline with a heat-transfer coefcient of 400 W/m2 K. The pipeline is exposed to the environment on a calm night when the air temperature is 5 C. (a) Make a reasonable guess for the temperature of the exterior surface of the insulation and use it to calculate the heat-transfer coefcient between the insulation and the ambient air. (b) Use the result of part (a) together with the other information given in the problem to calculate the rate of heat loss per meter of pipe length. (c) Use the result of part (b) to calculate the temperature of the exterior surface of the insulation and compare it with the value that you assumed in part (a). (2.44) A spherical storage tank has a diameter of 5 m. The temperature of the exterior surface of the tank is 10 C when, on a calm clear night, the air temperature drops rapidly to 10 C. Estimate the rate of heat loss from the tank under these conditions. Ans. 5550 W. (2.45) At a convective boundary such as the one at x = B in the sketch below, heat is transferred between a solid and a uid. In order for a nite temperature to exist at the soliduid interface, the rate at which heat is transferred to the interface by conduction through the solid must equal the rate at which heat is transferred away from the interface by convection in the uid. The reason is that the interface has no volume and no mass, and so has zero heat capacity. The boundary condition at x = L is thus: dT = h( T T ) dx dT h( T T ) + k =0 dx k Expressions for both T and dT /dx (obtained by integration of the conduction equation) are substituted into this equation to obtain a relationship between the constants of integration.
Insulated

conduction = q convection q

Insulated

Solid B

Fluid T h

x Insulated

The rectangular solid shown above is insulated on all sides except the one at x = B , which is exposed to a uid at temperature T with heat-transfer coefcient, h. Heat is generated = x , where is a constant. within the solid at a rate per unit volume given by q (a) Assuming constant thermal conductivity, derive an expression for the steady-state temperature distribution, T ( x ), in the solid.

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(b) Calculate the temperature of the insulated boundary at x = 0 for the following parameter values: T = 20 C B = 2m Ans. (a) T ( x ) = T + k = 1.5 W /m K = 50 W /m4

h = 30 W /m2 K

B 2 + ( B 3 x 3 ). 2h 6k

(b) 67.8 C.

(2.46) Consider the rectangular solid shown below that is insulated on four sides. The side at x = B is held at a xed temperature, Tw , while the side at x = 0 is exposed to a uid at temperature = x , where is T . Heat is generated within the wall at a rate per unit volume given by q a constant. The thermal conductivity of the solid may be assumed constant. (a) Formulate an appropriate set of boundary conditions for this conguration. x, (b) Use the conduction equation to derive an expression for the steady-state heat ux, q in the solid.
Insulated

Fluid T h

Solid B

Tw

Insulated

x = Ans. (b) q

x 2 h{k( T Tw ) B 3 /6} + . 2 ( k + B h)

(2.47) A long solid cylindrical rod of radius R contains a heat source that generates heat per unit = r , where is a constant and r is radial position measured from the volume at a rate q centerline. The rod is completely surrounded by a uid at temperature T with heat-transfer coefcient, h. Assuming heat ow only in the radial direction: (a) Formulate an appropriate set of boundary conditions to be used with the heat conduction equation. (b) Derive an expression for the steady-state temperature prole, T ( r ), in the rod. State any assumptions that you make in your derivation. (c) Obtain an expression for the maximum temperature in the rod at steady state. Ans. (b) T ( r ) = T + R 2 ( R 3 r 3 ) + . 3h 9k

= /r . (2.48) Repeat Problem 2.47 for a heat source of the form q Ans. (b) T ( r ) = T + /h + ( /k)( R r ). (2.49) A long hollow cylinder has inner and outer radii R1 and R2 , respectively. Heat is generated in the cylinder wall at a uniform rate, , per unit volume. The outer surface of the cylinder is well insulated. A uid ows through the inside of the cylinder to provide cooling. The

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uid temperature is T and the heat-transfer coefcient is h. Assuming constant thermal conductivity, k, derive an expression for the steady-state temperature prole, T ( r ), in the cylinder wall. Ans. T ( r ) = T +
2 R2) 2 ln( r /R ) 2 r 2) ( R2 R2 ( R1 1 1 + + . 2 hR1 4k 2k

(2.50) A solid sphere of radius R is immersed in a uid with temperature T and heat-transfer = r , coefcient h. Heat is generated within the sphere at a rate per unit volume given by q where is a constant and r is radial position measured from the center of the sphere. Assuming constant thermal conductivity, k: (a) Derive an expression for the steady-state temperature prole, T ( r ), in the sphere. (b) Calculate the maximum temperature in the sphere under steady-state conditions for the following parameter values: = 100 W /m4 h = 100 W /m2 K

R = 1.5 m

k = 0.5 W /m K

T = 20 C

Ans. (a) T ( r ) = T +

R 2 ( R 3 r 3 ) + . (b) 76.8 C. 4h 12 k