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MULTIPLECHOICE.Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion. 1) Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofsignalmolecules? A) InresponsetosomeGprotein- mediatedsignals,aspecialtypeoflipidmoleculeassociated withtheplasmamembraneiscleavedtoformIP 3 andcalcium. B) ProteinkinaseAactivationisonepossibleresultofsignalmoleculesbindingtoG protein- coupledreceptors. C) Whensignalmoleculesfirstbindtoreceptortyrosinekinases,thereceptorsphosphorylatea numberofnearbymolecules. D) ToxinssuchasthosethatcausebotulismandcholerainterferewiththeabilityofactivatedG proteinstohydrolyzeGTPtoGDP,resultinginphosphodiesteraseactivityintheabsenceof anappropriatesignalmolecule. E) Inmostcases,signalmoleculesinteractwiththecellattheplasmamembraneandthenenter thecellandeventuallythenucleus. 2) Ifapharmaceuticalcompanywishedtodesignadrugtomaintainlowbloodsugarlevels,one approachmightbetodesignacompound A) thatstimulatescAMPproductioninlivercells. B) tostimulateGproteinactivityinlivercells. C) thatmimicsepinephrineandcanbindtotheepinephrinereceptor. D) thatincreasesphosphodiesteraseactivity. E) thatdoesanyoftheabove. Usethisinformationtorespondtothefollowingquestions. Humanshavereceptorsfortwokindsofbetaadrenergiccompoundssuchascatecholaminestocontrolcardiacmuscle contractions.Somearebeta1receptorsthatpromoteincreasedheartrate.Otherdrugs,calledbetablockers,slowheartrate. Smoothmusclecells,however,havebeta2receptors,whichmediatemusclerelaxation.Blockersoftheseeffectsare sometimesusedtotreatasthma. 3) Beta2antagonistdrugsmightalsobeusedmosteffectivelyforwhichofthefollowing? A) increasinglowbloodpressure B) cardiacarrhythmias C) decreasingperistalsis D) increasedgastricacidproduction E) neuropathyoftheextremities 4) Caffeineisaninhibitorofphosphodiesterase.Therefore,thecellsofapersonwhohasrecently consumedcoffeewouldhaveincreasedlevelsof A) GTP. B) cAMP. C) phosphorylatedproteins. D) adenylylcyclase. E) activatedGproteins. 3) 2) 1)

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5) WhatexplainstheincreasedconcentrationofCa ++intheER? A) TheCaionsarerecycledfromothermoleculesintheER. B) Calciumconcentrationiskeptlowinthecytoplasmbecauseofitshighusagelevel. C) CalciumionsareactivelyimportedfromthecytoplasmintotheER. D) Calciumlevelsinthebloodorotherbodyfluidsareextremelylow. E) Calciumcannotentertheplasmamembranethroughionchannels. 6) Whyisapoptosispotentiallythreateningtothehealthyneighborsofadyingcell? A) Neighboringcellswouldactivateimmunologicalresponses. B) Lysosomalenzymesexitingthedyingcellwoulddamagesurroundingcells. C) Celldeathwouldusuallyspreadfromonecelltothenextviaparacrinesignals. D) Releasedcellularenergywouldinterferewiththeneighborsenergybudget. E) Bitsofmembranefromthedyingcellcouldmergewithneighborsandbringinforeign receptors. 7) Becausemostreceptorsaremembraneproteins,whichofthefollowingisusuallytrue? A) Theypreferentiallybindwithlipidorglycolipidsignalmolecules. B) Theyopenandcloseinresponsetoproteinsignals. C) Theyleadtochangesinintracellularionconcentration. D) Theyareonlyattachedtoonemembranesurface:exteriororinterior. E) Theychangetheirconformationafterbindingwithsignalpolypeptides. 8) Whichofthefollowingistrueoftranscriptionfactors? A) Theycontrolgeneexpression. B) TheytranscribeATPintocAMP. C) TheyregulatethesynthesisofDNAinresponsetoasignal. D) Theyregulatethesynthesisoflipidsinthecytoplasm. E) Theyinitiatetheepinephrineresponseinanimalcells. 9) Intheformationofbiofilms,suchasthoseformingonunbrushedteeth,cellsignalingserveswhich function? A) formationofmatingcomplexes B) secretionofapoptoticsignals C) secretionofsubstancesthatinhibitforeignbacteria D) digestionofunwantedparasitepopulations E) aggregationofbacteriathatcancausecavities 10) Theterminationphaseofcellsignalingrequireswhichofthefollowing? A) convertingATPtocamp B) apoptosis C) removalofthereceptor D) activationofadifferentsetofrelaymolecules E) incompatibilityofthebindingofthesignalmoleculetothereceptor 11) Whichofthefollowingmostlikelywouldbeanimmediateresultofgrowthfactorbindingtoits receptor? A) proteinphosphataseactivity B) adenylylcyclaseactivity C) proteinkinaseactivity D) GTPaseactivity E) phosphorylaseactivity 2

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12) Sincesteroidreceptorsarelocatedintracellularly,whichofthefollowingistrue? A) Thesteroid/receptorcomplexcancrossthenuclearmembrane. B) Theconcentrationofsteroidreceptorsmustberelativelyhighinmostcells. C) Theunboundsteroidreceptorsarequicklyrecycledbylysosomes. D) Thereceptormoleculesarefreetomoveinandoutofmostorganelles. E) Thereceptormoleculesarethemselveslipidsorglycolipids. 13) Lipid- solublesignalingmolecules,suchastestosterone,crossthemembranesofallcellsbutaffect onlytargetcellsbecause A) mostcellslacktheYchromosomerequired. B) intracellularreceptorsarepresentonlyintargetcells. C) onlyintargetcellsistestosteroneabletoinitiatethephosphorylationcascadeleadingto activatedtranscriptionfactor. D) onlytargetcellsretaintheappropriateDNAsegments. E) onlytargetcellspossessthecytosolicenzymesthattransducethetestosterone. 14) Whichofthefollowingisthebestexplanationforthefactthatmosttransductionpathwayshave multiplesteps? A) Eachindividualstepcanremoveexcessphosphategroupsfromthecytoplasm. B) Mostofthestepswerealreadyinplacebecausetheyarestepsinotherpathways. C) Multiplestepsprovideforgreaterpossibleamplificationofasignal. D) EachstepcanbeactivatedbyseveralGproteinssimultaneously. E) MultiplestepsinapathwayrequiretheleastamountofATP. 15) Whenaneuronrespondstoaparticularneurotransmitterbyopeninggatedionchannels,the neurotransmitterisservingaswhichpartofthesignalpathway? A) receptor B) transducer C) endocrinemolecule D) signalmolecule E) relaymolecule 16) Whatismostlikelytohappentoananimalstargetcellsthatlackreceptorsforlocalregulators? A) Theycoulddividebutneverreachfullsize. B) Theymightcompensatebyreceivingnutrientsviaafactor. C) Hormoneswouldnotbeabletointeractwithtargetcells. D) Theycoulddevelopnormallyinresponsetoneurotransmittersinstead. E) Theymightnotbeabletomultiplyinresponsetogrowthfactorsfromnearbycells. 17) Thehumanpopulationslifeexpectancyhasincreasedsignificantlybutseemstohaveanupper limit.Whichofthefollowingmightbedescribedasanecologicalconsequenceofpassingthat upperlimitbyregulatingcelldeath? A) anincreaseintherelativefrequencyofdeathsfromcancer B) adecreaseintheratioofyoungertooldermembersofthepopulation C) adecreaseinthebirthrate D) anincreasedneedforgerontologistsandotherprofessionalstocarefortheelderly E) anincreaseinthetotalpopulationofhumansontheplanet

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18) Inwhichofthefollowingwayscouldsignaltransductionmostprobablybeexploredinresearchto treatcancer? A) removalofserine/threoninephosphateacceptorsfromtransductionpathwaysincolon pre- cancerousgrowths B) alterationofproteinkinasesincellcycleregulationinordertoslowcancergrowth C) increaseincalciumionuptakeintothecytoplasminordertomodulatetheeffectsof environmentalcarcinogens D) increaseintheconcentrationofphosphodiesterasesinordertoproducemoreAMP E) expansionoftheroleoftransductioninhibitorsinthecellsbeforetheygiverisetocancer Usethisdescriptiontoanswerthefollowingquestions.

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AmajorgroupofGprotein- coupledreceptorscontainsseventransmembranehelices.Theaminoendoftheproteinliesat theexterioroftheplasmamembrane.Loopsofaminoacidsconnecttheheliceseitherattheexteriorfaceoronthecytosol faceofthemembrane.Thelooponthecytosolsidebetweenhelices5and6isusuallysubstantiallylongerthantheothers. 19) IfyouwishtodesignanexperimenttoblocktheGprotein - coupledreceptorinteraction,theblock wouldpreferentiallyaffectwhichofthefollowing? A) thephospholipidstransmembranedomain B) theaminoacidsinthebindingsiteforthetransductionmolecules C) thecytosolicendofthereceptor D) theexterior(cytoplasmic)endofthereceptor E) theaminoacidsequenceinthebindingsitefortheGprotein 20) Ofthefollowing,areceptorproteininamembranethatrecognizesachemicalsignalismost similarto A) tRNAspecifyingwhichaminoacidsareinapolypeptide. B) anenzymehavinganoptimumpHandtemperatureforactivity. C) anantibodyintheimmunesystem. D) ametabolicpathwayoperatingwithinaspecificorganelle. E) theactivesiteofanallostericenzymethatbindstoaspecificsubstrate. 21) Whichofthefollowingwouldbeinhibitedbyadrugthatspecificallyblockstheadditionof phosphategroupstoproteins? A) Gprotein- coupledreceptorsignaling B) ligand- gatedionchannelsignaling C) receptortyrosinekinaseactivity D) adenylylcyclaseactivity E) phosphataseactivity 22) Sutherlanddiscoveredthatepinephrinesignals A) adecreaseinlevelsofcAMPasaresultofbypassingtheplasmamembrane. B) interactionswithinsulininsidemusclecells. C) interactionsdirectlywithglycogenphosphorylase. D) lowerbloodglucosebybindingtolivercells. E) elevationofcytosolicconcentrationsofcyclicAMP. 19)

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23) Receptortyrosinekinases(RTKs)arefoundathighlevelsonvariouscancercells.Aprotein, Herceptin,hasbeenfoundtobindtoanRTKknownasHER2.Thisinformationcannowbe utilizedinbreastcancertreatmentifwhichofthefollowingistrue? A) IfHerceptinisfoundinthebreastlymphnodesofthepatient. B) IfthepatientsgenomecodesfortheHER2receptor. C) IfthepatientscancercellshavedetectableHER2. D) IfHER2,administeredbyinjection,isinsufficientconcentration. E) IfthepatientsgenomecodesforthemanufactureofHerceptin. 24) Wheredoapoptoticsignalscomefrom? A) thenucleusonly B) ligandbindingonly C) mitochondrialproteinleakageonly D) theERonly E) alloftheabove 25) WhyhasC.elegans proventobeausefulmodelforunderstandingapoptosis? A) Allofitsgenesareconstantlybeingexpressedsoallofitsproteinsareavailablefromeach cell. B) Theanimalhasasmanygenesascomplexorganisms,butfindingthoseresponsibleiseasier thaninamorecomplexorganism. C) Whiletheorganismages,itscellsdieprogressivelyuntilthewholeorganismisdead. D) Thenematodeundergoesafixedandeasy - to- visualizenumberofapoptoticeventsduring itsnormaldevelopment. E) Thisplanthasalong - studiedagingmechanismthathasmadeunderstandingitsdeathjusta laststage.

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AnswerKey Testname:CH11

1) B 2) D 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) B 7) E 8) A 9) E 10) E 11) C 12) A 13) B 14) C 15) D 16) E 17) E 18) B 19) E 20) E 21) C 22) E 23) C 24) E 25) D