CHAPTER 3

DC MOTOR

DC MOTOR The electric motor is a machine that transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy by variable electromagnetic fields. The continuous current motor operation is based on the force produced in a conductor due to the presence of magnetic field B on an intensity of electric current I. The equation that applies is: Where FB is the force produced in a conductor and L is the conductor length. DC MOTOR PURPOSE DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, among which are brushless servo motor and gears. The wide range of speed, together with its easy control and flexibility of the speed-torque characteristics of DC motor, have in recent years increasingly used with this variable speed machines in which need wide speed range and fine control thereof. DC motors are commonly used in toys, can be of the kind of permanent magnet, they provide power from a few watts to hundreds of watts. The motors in turntables, CD reader units, and many magnetic storage disks have as rotor a fixed magnet and brushless. Dc motors are also often used in the paper industry. Besides a multitude of machines working at constant speed and is therefore equipped with DC motors, there are actuators which require constant torque over a wide speed range. Other applications include machine tools, extracting machines, elevators, railways.

The figure 1 1 shows the main parts of an electric motor. PICTURES AND ELEMENTS OF THE EQUIPMENT Following is a photograph of the motor which is in the holder. In this picture is possible to differentiate the electronic control, which has an LCD to indicate the current speed of the motor, and also has terminal blocks for motor connections. It also shows the mechanical structure of the motor with its respective base.

Photograph

1 3 2

Elements
1. 2. 3. Control Connection cables Motor

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION In 1820 was made the discovery that there was a close relationship between electricity and magnetism. It all started because the scientist Hans Christian Oersted who found that when placing a coil around a compass, if he made pass a current through the coil, the needle of the compass (the magnet) moved. This experiment demonstrated that the loop when is traversed by a current generates a magnetic field.

Figura 1. Basic structure of a dc motor

http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-i

CHAPTER 3

DC MOTOR

each side and which thus form a pair, forcing it to rotate about its axis. EQUIPMENT SCHEME

Figura 2. Corriente y Campo Magntico2

If we place a rectangular loop for the electric current flowing within a uniform magnetic field, the coil will experience a turn. If the loop is connected to a shaft, can convert the electrical energy flowing through the coil into mechanical energy. This is precisely the basis of electric motors, but instead of using a spiral loop, a coil is used, as well as the resultant effect will be greater.

Elements
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Base Shaft support Slotted Disc Sensor Stator Rotor Terminal blocks (rotor and stator) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Shaft Commutator Brush LCD Terminal blocks and stator)

(rotor

13. Power button

Figura 3. Principle of dc motor3

DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS The overall design of the equipment is a simple DC electric motor 2 poles. An electric motor has six main parts, as shown in the diagram below: An armature or rotor. A commutator. Brush. A shaft. A permanent magnet or stator A DC power source of some kind.

The operation of an electric motor is based on the forces that appear on the conductors of the rotor when they are traversed by electric currents and, in turn, are subjected to the action of a magnetic field. By introducing a current to the rotor coil through a brush this, finding the poles of a magnet, will undergo a series of tangential forces on the conductors on each side thereof, opposite forces on
2

http://elblogdeangeldejesus.blogspot.com/2012/06/campos-

magneticos-producidos-por-medio.html
3

http://www.areatecnologia.com/EL%20MOTOR%20

ELECTRICO.htm

CHAPTER 3

DC MOTOR

COMMUTATOR: The commutator is a single pair of contact plates or coupled to the shaft. These plates provide two connections to the electromagnet windings of the rotor. The figure below shows the top view of the rotor where the commutator can be distinguished.

Figura 4. Simple electric motor 4

In the diagram you can see two magnets in the motor structure: the armature (or rotor) is an electromagnet, while the field magnet (or stator) is a permanent magnet (the field magnet can also be an electromagnet, as the present equipment). STATOR: As shown in the diagram and photograph of the equipment, the stator is an electromagnet that provides the permanent magnetic field when it is energized (connected). ROTOR: The armature or rotor is also an electromagnet that is made by rolling thin wire around a metal core. The rotor is supported on a shaft, and the commutator is attached to this shaft. In the diagram below you can see two different views of the rotor: front and side. In the front view shows that the two terminals of the rotor winding make contact with the commutator. BRUSHES:

Figura 6. Rotor top view 6

The part of the "magnetic field change" of a motor is supplemented by two things: the commutator and brushes. The figure below shows how the commutator and brushes work together to let the current flow of electrons (current) go to the electromagnet, and also change the direction of the electrons that are in that moment. The brushes are only two pieces of metal or charcoal which makes contact with the switch.

http://electronica.yoreparo.com/electronica/pista-de-carros-

Figura 5. Rotor of an electric

motor5

t325859.html

http://www.salonhogar.com

CHAPTER 3

DC MOTOR

Figura 8. Encoder scheme ECG 31007

Figura 7. Conmutador y escobillas

The current reaches the rotor through contact between the brushes and the commutator. Note: When the motor is running, do not touch any of the above named parts because they can become hot.

Figura 9. Slotted disk

CONDITIONING AND CONTROL CIRCUIT Once analyzed and described the components of the motor, now we are going to analyze the control, it means the motor connections and the speed display. The control panel can be seen in the diagram and photograph of the equipment and between the parts to consider are the following: SENSOR - ENCODER: The rotary encoder is a transducer that generates digital signals in response to movement of a graduated angular disk (See diagram of the equipment). The generated digital signals are carried to an opto-switch, comprising a photodiode and a phototransistor, and processed by the microcontroller to carry out the welding sections. The encoder disk is black plastic and has 4 slots located in the perimeter. This means that for every 4 pulses revolution will be sent to the microcontroller. The disc slot passing through the optocoupler, polarizes two transistors and this does change the status from 0 to 1, this signal goes to the microcontroller and then display it on an LCD (liquid crystal display).
7

Next, typical circuit of the sensor conditioning.

Reyes, C. (2008). Microntroladores PIC. Quito: RISPERGRAF.

CHAPTER 3

DC MOTOR

C2

Warning: The unit can be turned on at most a time of 1 minute, otherwise the windings may overheat and stop working. Also, avoid touching the equipment while it is running, because the operator could be electrocuted, getting minor burns or could damage motor parts.

22pF

U1 X1
CRYSTAL 13 14 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT RB0/INT RB1 RB2 RB3/PGM RB4 RB5 RB6/PGC RB7/PGD 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 15 16 17 18 23 24 25 26 19 20 21 22 27 28 29 30 B0 B1 B2 B3

C1
22pF

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5

RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RA3/AN3/VREF+ RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1 RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA MCLR/Vpp/THV RC5/SDO RC6/TX/CK RC7/RX/DT RD0/PSP0 RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 RD3/PSP3 RD4/PSP4 RD5/PSP5 RD6/PSP6 RD7/PSP7 PIC16F877A

ENCODER

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5

R2
1k

RESET R3
1 2 TBLOCK-I2

R4
330R

ENCODER

10k

R1
4k7 3

Q1
2N3906

Figura 11. Microcontroller

Then, the microcontroller sends respective signals to the LCD, which indicates the current speed of the motor (tachometer).
LCD1
LM016L

SENSOR ECG-3100

Figura 10. Sensore conditioning circuit

VSS VDD VEE RS RW E 4 5 6

The output signal of conditioning circuit enters the microcontroller, which processes the information and performs the calculations.
5k
0%

1 2 3

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 D0 D1 D2 D3

D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

PIN 15: VCC PIN 16: GND

D4

RV1

Figura 12. LCD circuit

SERVICES REQUIRED This dc electric motor works with the following characteristics: 5 Vdc or 12 Vdc for motor (rotor y stator) 5 Vdc for tachometer circuit

GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR VERIFICATION BEFORE WORKING

D5

CHAPTER 3

DC MOTOR

In order to ensure proper functioning of equipment you must perform the following procedures: 1. Checking the shaft. Turn the shaft by hand and verify that it is spinning without much friction, it means not bind. 2. Calibration of the brushes. You should verify that the brushes are making contact with the commutator on the shaft. MAINTENANCE ROUTINES

Frequency: Weekly 1. Remove the dust from the motor surfaces with a dry cloth only taking great care with the assembly of the computer. You can also use a brush for hard to reach parts. 2. Check continuity of cables using a multimeter. Frequency Monthly 1. Remove impurities of the brush, to ensure contact with the commutator. 2. Check that connecting the stator is forming a magnetic field. To this must bring a metal object to the stator and check the stator exert some force on that object.

Warning: Maintenance of equipment shall be done when the equipment is turned off.

Maintaining the dc electric motor is generally easy to perform. Routines and frequencies below. Priority Recommendation: Ensure that only students who have read the manual and practice document operate the equipment. PROBLEM PROBABLE CAUSE The brushes are not making contact with the commutator. Impurities in the brushes. The rotor does not rotate Bad connection Connection cables in open circuit. The shaft pierced the right bearing. Shaft locking movement. Contact between the encoder and the disc. Ignition button (0) SOLUTION Manipulate the brushes to make contact with the commutator. Unwrap carefully brushes from commutator and sand the brush in the part where they make contact. Check connections between the control and motor. Check continuity of cables. Trying to get the shaft a little, it will make the bearing friction get less. Move the disc slightly to avoid contact with the encoder. Turn the power switch on (I)

LCD does not turn on.

Table of functional errors and possible causes FUNCTIONAL ERROR LCD indicates no readings. POSSIBLE CAUSES Disconnect the sensor cable

CHAPTER 3

DC MOTOR

Control Panel off Bad soldering state of Power Button Faulty electronic system The stator creates no magnetic field. Winding defective

DEFINITIONS Magnetic field. The effect on a region of space, generated by an electric current or a magnet, wherein an electrical charge spot that moves at a certain speed, experiences the effects of a force that is perpendicular to both the proportional and speed as the field. Tangential force. The physical tangential force is that which has the same direction as the movement of the body that is applied. Electromagnet. Electromagnet is referred to a device formed by a soft iron core, which has been wound in coil form, a wire coated with an insulating material such as silk or varnish.

Changing the magnetic field. The magnetic field direction depends on the direction of the current. Then the magnetic field change refers to the reversal of direction of current flow. Encoder. A rotary transducer that converts an angular motion in a series of digital pulses. Transducer. It is a device capable of transforming or converting one type of energy input, in other than the output. Conditioning circuit. It is a circuit that takes the output signal of a sensor and amplifies or otherwise what fits for entry to the microcontroller.

References

Descubre y Aprende. (2006). Retrieved Enero 1, 2013, from

http://www.inta.es/descubreAprende/htm/hechos8_2.htm

Areatecnologa. (2008). Retrieved Enero 1, 2013, from

http://www.areatecnologia.com/EL%20MOTOR%20ELECTRICO.htm

Yo

Reparo. (2008, 10 21). Retrieved Enero http://electronica.yoreparo.com/electronica/pista-de-carros-t325859.html

1,

2013,

from

Galeon. (2009). Retrieved Enero 1, 2013, from http://electromagnetismo2.galeon.com/motor.html Todoproductividad. (2009, Octubre 15). Retrieved Enero 1, 2013, from
http://todoproductividad.blogspot.com/2009/10/el-uso-de-motores-de-corriente-continua.html

Netto, R. (2012). Fisicanet. Retrieved Enero 1, 2013, from http://www.fisicanet.com.ar/fisica/electrotecnia/ap10_motor_de_corriente_continua.php#.UOTE_28sD1M

Reyes, C. (2008). Microntroladores PIC. Quito: RISPERGRAF.

CHAPTER 3

DC MOTOR