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Gas Dynamics
Heat transfer
Friction
Assumptions:
- Adiabatic frictional
- ow in a constant cross-
sectional area duct .
Gas Dynamics
V
1
V + dV
w
2
X + dX
+ d
V + dV
Momentum equation
B = 4A DH
= wetted perimeter
DH = hydraulic diameter
V
X V
V + dV
X + dX
AP A( P + dP) w Bdx = AV (V + dV V )
AdP w Bdx = AVdV 1 2 w = F ( V ) 2
2
V + dV
1
+ d
1 V 2 2
Dynamic pressure
hloss in pipe
Gas Dynamics
LV LV = 4 FF = f D.W D 2g D 2g
Fanning
coefcient
of friction
Darcy-weisbech
coefcient
of friction
VdV= dV2/2
B dP + w dX + VdV = 0 A
4 F V 2 V 2 dV 2 dP + dX + =0 2 DH 2 2 V
V 2 dV 2 VdV = 2 V2 V 2 w = F 2
4A DH = B
F = f(
Gas Dynamics
P = RT
m = V =Constant
A d dV
ho V2 = h+ = Constant
2
+ V =0
dP d dT = + P T
Energy Eq.
dh + VdV = 0 2
Mach number
2 2
2
Gas Dynamics
dM dV dT = 2 2 M V T
V M = RT
ds 0
4 F V 2 V 2 dV 2 dP + dX + =0 2 DH 2 2 V
2
3
4
5
6
7
Momentum equation
Perfect gas law
Continuity Eq.
Energy Eq.
Mach number
2nd law of
thermodynamics
6 equation
dP d dT = + P T
dV + =0 V
2 2
dh + VdV = 0
dM dV dT = 2 2 M V T
4 FdX M , V , P, , T , S & ( DH
Gas Dynamics
ds 0
Variable )
From eq. 2
Dividing by
2 2
dP 4 F V V dV + dX + =0 2 P DH 2 P 2P V
therefore
4 F V 2 V 2 dV 2 dP + dX + =0 2 DH 2 2 V
2
PV 2 V = = PM 2 RT
dP 4 F M 2 M 2 dV 2 + dX + =0 2 P DH 2 2 V
8
5
from _ Eq.5
dV C P dT = 2
2
Gas Dynamics
dh + VdV = 0
2
(6)
dV dM 1 2 dV = M 2 2 2 V M 2 V
2 2
dV 1 dM 10
= * 2 2 1 V M 2 1+ M 2 d dV dP dV dT + = 0 (4) From eq. 3 & 4
= + (3), V P V T
From eq. 9
Gas Dynamics
dP dV 1 2 dV = M 2 P V 2 V
dV dV = 2 V 2V
dP dV 1 1 2 11
= 2 ( M ) P V 2 2 2 dV dP The
term and the
term in eq. 8 can 2 V P
be replaced to give
dP 4 F M 2 M 2 dV 2 + dX + = 0 (8) 2 P DH 2 2 V
dV 2 1 1 2 M 2 dV 2 4 F M 2 ( M )+ + dX = 0 2 2 V 2 2 2 V DH 2
From Eq. 10
dV 2 1 dM 2 = * 2 (10) 2 1 V 1+ M2 M 2
2 1 1 dM 2 4 F M 2 2 [ ](1 ( 1) M + M ) + dX = 0 2 2 1 + 1 M 2 M DH 2 2
Gas Dynamics
1 1 dM 2 4 F M 2 2 2 [ ](1 ( 1) M + M ) + dX = 0 2 1 2 1+ DH 2 M2 M 2
4 FdX (1 M ) dM = * 2 1 2 DH M 2 M (1 + M ) 2
dM = 2 M
M (1 +
2 2 (1 M )
M )
4 FdX . DH
M>1
12
M<1
Gas Dynamics
dM +ve
dM -ve
dV 2 = 2 V
dM 2 = 2 M
M (1 +
2 (1 M 2 )
2
M )
4 FdX . DH
12
13
dV d M 4 FdX dM = = . = 2 1 2 V 2(1 M ) DH M (1 + M ) 2 M<1
Gas Dynamics
M>1
dV -ve
+ve
dV +ve
-ve
Gas Dynamics
Then
ds =
RM
2
ds 0
Gas Dynamics
4 FdX R(1 M ) dM . = 1 2 M DH M (1 + M ) 2
16
F
2
Is positive
ds ( 1) M 4 FdX = . CP 2 DH
R(1 M 2 ) dM ds = 1 2 M M (1 + M ) 2
(16)
M <1
(1 M ) + ve
2
ds = +ve
M >1
Gas Dynamics
dM = +ve
2
ds = +ve
(1 M ) ve
dM = ve
dPO dP M / 2 dM = + 2 1 P0 P 1+ 2 M M 2
From eqs. 12 & 14 then
dM = 2 M
2
1 P0 = P(1 + M ) 2 2
2 1
M 2 (1 +
2 (1 M 2 )
M 2) .
4 FdX (12), DH
dP0 M 4 FdX (1 M ) dM = . = 1 2 M P0 2 DH M (1 + M ) 2
17
- For subsonic ow
M <1
(1 M ) + ve
dM = +ve
dPO = ve
ds = +ve
(1 M ) ve
2
- For supersonic ow
dM = ve
Gas Dynamics
M >1
dPO = ve
ds = +ve
1 2
M 2 (1 + M ) dM 4 FdX 2
= . 2 M 2(1 M ) DH
2
dV d M 4 FdX
= = . 2
V 2(1 M ) DH
dP M 2 (1 + ( 1) M 2 ) 4 FdX . 2
P = 2(1 M ) DH
4 dT ( 1)M 4 FdX
= . 2
T 2(1 M ) DH
RM 2 4 FdX R(1 M 2 ) dM ds
= 2 . D = 1 2 M H M ( 1 + M )
2
2 2 dP M 4 FdX ( 1 M ) dM O
P = 2 . D = 1 2 M 0 H M (1 + M )
Gas Dynamics
M<1
dM
dV
d
dP
dT
dS
dPo
ho
+ve
+ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
+ve
-ve
M>1
-ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
-ve
Constant
M 2 (1 +
=
2 2(1 M 2 )
M 2) .
4 FdX DH
dV d M 2 4 FdX = = . V 2(1 M 2 ) DH
dT ( 1) M 4 4 FdX = . T 2(1 M 2 ) DH
dPO M 2 4 FdX (1 M 2 ) dM = . = 1 2 M P 2 DH 0 M (1 + M ) 2
dP M 2 (1 + ( 1) M 2 ) 4 FdX = . P 2(1 M 2 ) DH
ds =
RM 2 4 FdX
2
R (1 M 2 ) dM = 1 M (1 + M 2) M 2
Gas Dynamics
Continuity eq.
Energy eq.
Eq. of state
V = 2CP (T0 T )
dV = V
dV d (TO T ) = V 2(TO T )
d (TO T ) dT ds = Cv R T 2(TO T )
Gas Dynamics
dT d ds = Cv R T R = 1 Cv
19
ds dT 1 d (TO T ) = Cv T 2 2(TO T )
ds dT 1 d (TO T ) = Cv T 2 2(TO T )
h, T
(19)
hO = const.
hO , TO
hO , TO
h, T
hO = const.
M <1 M >1
V2 /2 M =1
h
Fanno Line
Gas Dynamics
S S = Max
dh 1 = 1 R dP ds T P dh
d
2
ds =
dh dP R T P
20
dh dT
Continuity
dh = V
dV = 0, V
Energy
dh + VdV = 0
2
dh = VdV
dP dT ) P T
dP C P dT dh = V ( ) P C PT
2
Eq. of state
dP dT P T
dh = V 2 (
dP P P = 2+ dh V C PT
Gas Dynamics
V 2 dP (1 + )dh = V CPT P
21
From 20 & 21
dh 1 = 1 R R dS 2 T V C PT
R CP = 1
dh 1 = 1 R R dS 2 T V C PT
R CP = 1
V 2 = M 2RT
22
dS 0
dh -ve dT ve dV +ve
At M>1 dh/dS +ve dS 0
dh +ve dT +ve dV -ve
At M=1 dh/dS h which corresponding
to the state of maximum entropy
This means that, A Fanno line moving only
in the direction from left to right
M1 >1, or M1 <1 then Po -ve.
Gas Dynamics
hO , TO
h, T
hO = const.
M <1 M >1
V2 /2 M =1
h
S S = Max
It was noted that L*,the maximum length of duct which doesnt cause choking.
1
Flow
M1
L1-2
(L*) M1
2
M2
(L*) M2
*
M=1
L1-2
Gas Dynamics
(L*) M1
(L*) M2
(4FL1-2)/DH
=
((4F L*)/ DH) M1-
((4F L*)/ DH) M2
Ld)
Back pressure
Pb
e
M2 <1
The ow in
nozzle& duct
are affected
by Ld & Pb
X
Gas Dynamics
M2<1
the gas will accelerate in the duct owing to friction and pressure decrease
Me <1 or 1 depend on Pb & Ld
If Me =1 (m./A)max choked condition
G*=(m. /A)
max =
Po To
[2/(+1)] (+1)/(2(-1))
Gas Dynamics
In this case (Me=1) , m. max is determined by the throat area of the nozzle and also by the area of the duct
Gas Dynamics
L2d)
Fanno ow
L1d
1
2
h
ho
P4*
M=1
3
* P2*isen
P3
P/Po1
Gas Dynamics
S
(m./A)2> (m./A)3 >(m./A)4
Gas Dynamics
a
Pback/Po1
1
ho=constant
P/Po
h
a
Pa
Pb
Pc
X
a
b
M=1
Gas Dynamics
M1 >1
M=1
Pe=Pb
Gas Dynamics
Pb>Pe
Pb<Pe
P /Po= Pb/Po