UNIT 2: TECHNICAL DRAWING

The technological process requires a specific language that can be used to represent the objects that we design and build. Technical drawing is a method of communication that is specific to the field of technology. Like any other language, it has a series of specific rules that must be followed, such as the dimensions of the paper, the type of lines to be used, the position of the measurements on the objects represented, etc. In this chapter, we will study basic technical drawing rules, how to use drawing tools and create greater realism in our technical drawing. 1. DRAFTING TOOLS These are the drafting tools you will need in this subject: 1.1. PENCILS

Most technical drawings are done in pencil because using a pencil is faster and gives the drawing sufficient definition. Pencils are made of wood and a graphite core commonly called a lead. Pencil leads are classified by hardness as follows: TYPES OF LEADS SOFT MEDIUM HARD LETTERS B HB H

Hard leads make "light" or "thin" lines. Soft leads make "dark" or "thick" lines.

Different leads can be used in "Lead Holders. Lead Holder does not require sharpening.

1.2.

COMPASSES

Compasses are used to draw arcs and circles. It is basically made of two moving arms, one of which ends in a needle and the other one ends with a drawing instrument

1.3.

SET SQUARES

These are two right triangles templates that are used to draw parallel, perpendicular and straight lines that form 30, 45, 60 angles or any combination of those.

Used to draw vertical, horizontal, Used to draw vertical, horizontal and angular lines at 30 and 60. and angular lines at 45.

1.4.

RUBBER

Rubbers are used to correct errors made when we write with pencil. White rubbers are recommended.

1.5.

RULER

The ruler is an instrument used for making measurements and drawing straight lines. Rulers are made of transparent plastic. 1.6. PROTRACTOR

It is used to measure or draw angles.

1.7.

PAPERS

This is the basis for all technical drawings and is therefore of extreme importance. Two types of paper are used in technical drawing: Opaque paper: This is white paper and may have rough finish for pencil drawings or a smooth finish for ink drawings. Translucent papers: This is white paper that light can pass through and it is easy to clearly see any drawing placed under it. This paper is suitable for working with Indian ink. ACTIVITY 1 Complete the following sentences: Compasses are used to .. We used protractors to Pencils have leads of different Rubbers are used to We use set squares to draw .. Draw a pencil, a compass, a protractor, the set squares, a rubber and a ruler. How many types of paper are used in technical drawing?

2. SKETCHES AND PLANS Objects can be represented in two different ways: Drawing free hand: This is the first graphic approach to the shape of an object and it is created using only a pencil, paper and a rubber. This type of representation is called a sketch and usually includes measurements. Using drawing instruments: This type of representation uses other drawing instruments such as rulers or compasses or even computers. Representations done this way are called plans. In the past plans were drawn by hand using drawing instruments but today plans are drafted by computer with specific programs such as AutoCAD, AutoSketch or QCAD. ACTIVITY 2 1. Explain the difference between a sketch and a plan. 2. Draw sketches of a pencil case, a pencil sharpener and a car. 3. Without using drawing instruments draw ten horizontal parallel lines, ten vertical parallel lines, ten 45 angular lines and ten circles. 4. Without using drawing instruments draw ten cubes, ten prims, and ten prisms with triangular shape. Finally draw an object combining all these elements. 3. PERSPECTIVE Perspective shows us the whole object instead of its separate views. We use perspective to show an object in the way we really see it. On a two-dimensional surface like a sheet of paper, we show this perspective by using two axes at right angles to each other with a third axis at 45 to the others. Drawing an object on squared paper is easy because any lines parallel to the main axes follow the squares or the diagonals. We will draw a cube in perspective following these rules:

1. Draw the front or side view of the object.

2. All

measurements

drawn

backwards

are

half

the

original

measurement. 3. 45 degrees is the angle for all lines drawn backwards.

4. Draw the back two lines of the cube and go round the outline of the cube.

ACTIVITY 3 5. Draw a stairs with two steps. 6. Draw a stairs with three steps. 7. Draw letters: L, I, H, T, C, U. 8. Draw an item using perspective for example- a camera.

5. DIMENSIONS Dimensioning means making a note the real measurements of an object in a drawing. In order to properly define the dimensions of our drawings the following parameters must be defined: REFERENCE LINES: They are two short lines and they are perpendicular to the edge whose dimension we wish to indicate. DIMENSION LINE: This is a line drawn between two reference lines with arrowheads at each end. DIMENSION VALUE: The dimension indicated here refers to the real-world value. The dimension value is always placed above the dimension line. Dimensions are always stated in mm, there is no need to use the mm abbreviation after the value. In the drawing below you can see exactly where to place each one of the elements. The dimension value should be centred on the dimension line whenever possible.

ACTIVITY 5 Draw a pencil sharpener and write its dimensions.

UNIT 2: QUESTIONS 1. What are technical drawing used for? 2. What are compasses used for? 3. What are set squares used for? 4. What is millimeter ruler used for? 5. What are light and thin lines made with? 6. What are dark and thick lines made with? 7. What thing does not need sharpening and can be refilled? 8. What do you need to remove graphite? 9. What is a protractor used for? 10. What is the dimension of the sheets that you used in class? 11. The drawing of an idea is called? 12. What is the final drawing with details and measurements called? 13. What is a perspective? 14. What are the views of an object? 15. What are the three main views of an object? 16. Define front view, top view and side view. 17. How are the three main views of an object located? 18. How are non-visible lines drawn? 19. What is dimensioning? 20. To properly define a dimension on a drawing we must include.

REWIEV - Technical drawing 1. - The equipment seen below is used when attempting graphics work. Name each piece of equipment and explain what it is used for.

2. - Finish each letter in oblique projection.

3. - Draw the main views of the previous figures. 4. - Write the dimensions of three of them. 5. - Define the following concepts: sketch, plain, views of an object, front view, top view, side view, and dimensions.