COMMUNICATIONS LAB.

Experiment 6 : Pulse Width Modulation / Demodulation

OBJECTIVES Introduction to pulse amplitude and pulse width modulation and demodulation. GENERAL INFORMATION on Pulse Width Modulation/Demodulation Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a digital modulation technique where the width of a pulse carrier is varied in accordance with the modulation voltage. Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. An example message signal, the PWM and the PAM signals for this message signal are given respectively in the following figure.

PWM is a method for changing how long a rectangular pulse stays on. The on-off behavior changes the average power of the signal. If any PWM signal toggles between on and off quicker than any load which is driven by the PWM signal, then the load is not affected by the toggling. Duty cycle is the ratio of the duration of the event to the total period of a signal in terms of periodic signals. It is determined by the following equation On Time Duty Cycle 100% Period and an example signal with different duty cycles is given on the following figure.

Pulse width modulators and demodulators are formed by different techniques. Square-wave generators and monostable multivibrator circuits may be used to generate the PWM signal. To recover the original audio signal from a PWM signal, a demodulator is needed in the receiver circuit. There are two common techniques used for pulsewidth demodulation. One method is that the PWM signal is first converted to a pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) signal and then passed through a low-pass filter. The other technique for demodulating a PWM signal consists of a product detector and a low-pass filter. EXPERIMENT 1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation Important Note: For this part of the experiment, PWM-1 modulator is used. Actually, it performs PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) instead of PWM (Pulse Width Modulation).

a) Connect supply voltages to related parts on the PWM-1 modulator part of the training kit using +12V, 12V and 0V.

b) Observe PWM output of the PWM-1 modulator using Channel 2 of the oscilloscope. Save the result c) d)
observed on the screen to your USB flash drive. Generate a 400Hz and 6Vpp sinusoidal message signal by using the FJ1function generator and observe it on the Channel 1 of the oscilloscope. Save the result observed on the screen to your USB flash drive. Connect the message signal generated by FJ1function generator to the Fb input on the PWM-1 modulator. Adjust P1 potentiometer slightly until you observe the signals given in Fig.1. Save the result observed on the screen to your USB flash drive and note down your comments.

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COMMUNICATIONS LAB. Experiment 6 : Pulse Width Modulation / Demodulation

Fig. 1. An Example of a Pulse Amplitude Modulated Signal and a Message Signal

e) Change the frequency of the message signal and observe the changes. Save the result observed on the screen f)
2. to your USB flash drive and note down your comments. Change the amplitude of the message signal and observe the changes. Save the result observed on the screen to your USB flash drive and note down your comments.

Pulse Width Modulation

g) Connect supply voltages to related parts on the PWM-2 modulator part of the training kit using +12V and
0V.

h) Observe TP1 output of the PWM-2 modulator using Channel 1 of the oscilloscope. Save the result
observed on the screen to your USB flash drive and note down your comments.

i) Observe PWM output of the PWM-2 modulator using Channel 2 of the oscilloscope. Save the result j) k)
observed on the screen to your USB flash drive. Generate a 1kHz and 4Vpp sinusoidal message signal by using the FJ1function generator and observe it on the Channel 1 of the oscilloscope. Save the result observed on the screen to your USB flash drive. Connect the message signal generated by FJ1function generator to the Fb input on the PWM-2 modulator. Adjust P1 potentiometer slightly until you observe the signals given in Fig.2. Save the result observed on the screen to your USB flash drive and note down your comments.

Fig. 2. An Example of a Pulse Width Modulated Signal and a Message Signal

l) Adjust the message signal to obtain a 800Hz and 4Vpp sinusoidal and observe the changes. Save the result
observed on the screen to your USB flash drive and note down your comments.

m) Adjust the message signal to obtain a 800Hz and 2Vpp sinusoidal and observe the changes. Save the result
observed on the screen to your USB flash drive and note down your comments.

n) Measure different duty cycles on the pulse width modulated signal. Do you observe something different? Note
down your comments. Hint: Push the Measure button and then use Display All function. 3. Pulse Width Demodulation

o) Do not disconnect and change anything on your PWM-2 modulator part, just connect the PWM output of p) q) r) s)

the modulator to the PWM input of the demodulator instead of Channel 2 of the oscilloscope. Also, connect the TP1 output of the PWM-2 modulator to the Fc input of the demodulator. Connect supply voltages to related parts on the FSK demodulator part of the training kit using + 12V, 12V and 0V. Connect the Channel 2 of the oscilloscope to the Fb output of the PWM demodulator. Adjust P1,P2 and P3 potentiometers on the demodulator part slightly to recover the message signal back after demodulation. Save the result observed on the screen to your USB flash drive and note down your comments. Change the frequency of the message signal generated by FJ1function generator and observe the changes. Save the result observed on the screen to your USB flash drive and note down your comments.

E-mail reports to : esogucomlab@gmail.com