Physics

SPM 2013

Chapter 5: Light and Vision

CHAPTER 5: LIGHT AND VISION

These notes have been compiled in a way to make it easier for revision. The topics are not in order as per the syllabus. 5.1 Mirrors and Lenses

5.1.1 Image Characteristics Image characteristics are described using the following three categories: Image is exactly the same size as the object Same Size Magnified Image appears bigger than the object Diminished Image appears smaller than the object Image appears to be in the same direction as the object Direction Upright Image appears upside down compared to object Inverted Real images are images you can capture on a screen. Real Type Virtual

Mirrors: Images are formed on the same side of the mirror as the object Lenses: Images are formed on the opposite side of the lens from the object Virtual images are images you can see but cannot capture on a screen. Mirrors: Images are formed on the opposite side of the mirror from the object Lenses: Images are formed on the same side of the lens as the object

5.1.2 Plane mirrors

Incident ray

normal

Reflected ray

Law of light reflection: The reflected angle is always the same as the incident angle. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal line are in the same plane. Characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror: Size Same Direction Upright, laterally inverted Type Virtual Distance Distance of an image from the plane mirror is the same as the distance of the object from the mirror

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Concave mirror

Chapter 5: Light and Vision

Convex mirror

5.1.3 Curved Mirrors vs Lenses

Also known as Focal lengths

Converging mirrors Positive E.g. f = +20cm.

Diverging mirror Negative E.g. f = -20cm.

Convex lens

Concave lens

Also known Converging lens as Focal Positive lengths E.g. f = +20cm.

Diverging lens Negative E.g. f = -20cm.

For both concave and convex mirrors, the focal length is half the radius; i.e. CF = FP.

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SPM 2013
Concave mirror

Chapter 5: Light and Vision

Determining the Position and Characteristics of an Image with a Ray Diagram

A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected to pass through F

A ray through F is reflected parallel to the principal axis Convex mirror

A ray through C is reflected back along its own path

A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected as if it came from F

A ray towards F is reflected parallel to the principal axis

A ray towards C is reflected back along its own path

Convex lens

A ray parallel to the principal axis is refracted to pass through F

A ray through F is refracted parallel to the principal axis Concave lens

A ray through C travels straight along its own path

A ray parallel to the principal axis is refracted as if it came from F

A ray towards F is refracted parallel to the principal axis

A ray towards C travels straight along its own path

To determine the position and characteristics of an image using a ray diagram: 1. Draw two rays emanating from the top of the object to the mirror or lens, and using the guide in the table above, draw their reflected/refracted paths. 2. The image is produced at the intersection of the two reflected/refracted rays.

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Chapter 5: Light and Vision

Characteristics of image Virtual Upright Magnified

Position of object Between F and the mirror / lens At F

Images formed by a Concave Mirror / Convex Lens Ray diagram of concave Ray diagram of convex mirrors lenses

Virtual Upright Magnified At infinity

Between F and C/ 2F

Real Inverted Magnified

At C / 2F

Real Inverted Same size Real Inverted Diminished

Greater than C / 2F

At infinity

Real Inverted Diminished

Images formed by a Convex Mirror / Concave lens Ray diagram of convex Ray diagram of concave mirror lens

Position of object Anywhere in front of the mirror or lens

Characteristics of image Virtual Upright Diminished

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Chapter 5: Light and Vision

SUMMARY OF COMPARISON OF IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS Characteristics of concave mirrors are the same as convex lenses:
Lens / Mirror

2f Real, Inverted Diminished Same size

f Virtual, Upright Magnified

Object distance Image characteristics u= Real Inverted Diminished u > 2f Real Inverted Diminished u = 2f Real Inverted Same Size f < u < 2f Real Inverted Magnified u=f Virtual Upright Magnified u<f Virtual Upright Magnified

Characteristics of convex mirrors are the same as concave lenses: Virtual, Upright, Diminished

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SPM 2013
1 1 1 u v f

Chapter 5: Light and Vision

Focal length, f Convex lens: positive Concave lens: negative Object distance, u Always positive Image distance, v If positive: real image If negative: virtual image

5.1.4 Lens Equation

where

u = object distance [cm] v = image distance [cm] f = focal length of lens [cm]

5.1.5 Lens Power

P
where

1 f

P
OR
where

100 f

P = lens power [D] f = focal length [m]

P = lens power [D] f = focal length [cm]

5.1.6 Linear Magnification Linear magnification is the ratio of the image size to the object size. h v m i ho u
where m = linear magnification hi = height of image ho = height of object m > 1: magnified m = 1: same size m < 1: diminished

5.1.7

Application of Lenses

Complex Microscope fo < fe

Astronomical Telescope
fo > f e Magnification =

fo fe

Normal setting: Length between lenses = fo + fe

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Chapter 5: Light and Vision

5.2

Refraction and Total Internal Reflection

Light refraction is a phenomenon where the direction of light is changed when it crosses the boundary between two materials of different optical densities. It occurs as a result of a change in the speed of light as it passes from one medium to another. When a light ray travels from medium A When a light ray travels from medium C to medium B which is optically denser to medium D which is optically denser than A than C

The ray of light will refract towards The ray of light will refract away from normal; r < i normal; r > i When a light ray crosses the boundary between two different mediums at a right angle

i = 0, r = 0 5.2.1 Snells Law Snells Law states that the ratio of sin i to sin r is a constant. sin i = constant sin r

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Chapter 5: Light and Vision

5.2.2 Refractive Index The refractive index or index of refraction of a medium is equivalent to the optical density of a medium. Note: A material with greater density may not necessarily have greater optical density. The refractive index / index of refraction of a medium, n can be calculated as: n =

sin i sin r speed of light in air, c = speed of light in the medium, v actual depth, D = apparent depth, d 1 = sin c
(where c is the critical angle)

5.2.3 Total Internal Reflection

Critical angle, c is the value of the incident angle when the refracted angle is 90.

When i is increased to be greater than c, the light will be complete reflected back into the material. No light will be refracted. This phenomenon is known as total internal reflection.

Conditions for total internal reflection: 1. Light must be traveling from an optically denser medium to a less dense medium. 2. The incident angle must be greater than the critical angle. END OF CHAPTER

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