STATES AND FORMS OF ENERGY

Nature of Energy
Energy is all around you!
You can hear energy as sound. You can see energy as light. And you can feel it as wind.

But what is it?

Nature of Energy
Energy is involved when:
a bird flies. a balloon pops. electricity flows in a wire.

Nature of Energy
Energy can be defined as the ability to do work.
If an object or organism does work, then the object or organism uses energy. So since its the ability to do work, energys units are also measured in JOULES or J!!!!

States of Energy
All forms of energy can be in either of two states of energy:
Potential energy Kinetic energy

So the most common energy conversion is the conversion between potential and kinetic energy.

Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion or movement.

The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has. The greater the mass of a moving object, the more kinetic energy it has. Kinetic energy depends on both mass and velocity.

Potential Energy
Potential Energy is stored energy or energy of position.
Or stored because of the work done on it is ready to be used:
Stretching a rubber band. Winding a watch. Pulling back on a bows arrow. Lifting a brick high in the air.

Gravitational Potential Energy

Potential energy that is dependent on height is called gravitational potential energy. The bigger they are the harder they fall is not just a saying. Its true. Objects with more mass also have greater G.P.E. We measure G.P.E. as:
G.P.E. = mass x gravity x height or = Weight x height Also measured in Joules or J.

Elastic Potential Energy

Energy that is stored due to being stretched or compressed is called elastic potential energy. In order to calculate elastic potential energy, you have to know the objects individual ability to stretch.

Kinetic-Potential Energy Conversion

Roller coasters work because of the energy that is built into the system. Initially, the cars are pulled mechanically up the tallest hill, giving them a great deal of potential energy. From that point, the conversion between potential and kinetic energy powers the cars throughout the entire ride.

Kinetic-Potential Energy Conversion

At the point of maximum potential energy, the car has minimum kinetic energy. This same system works for when a basketball is thrown in the air or a pendulum swings from side to side.

A C

D
B

A
All potential energy (stops for an instant) P.E. = 10 J K.E. = 0 J

B
All kinetic energy (greatest speed) K.E. = 10 J P.E. = 0 J

C
All potential energy (stops for an instant) P.E. = 9 J K.E. = 1 J Potential energy & Kinetic energy P.E. = 4 J; K.E. = 6 J

Potential energy & Kinetic energy P.E. = 5 J; K.E. = 5 J

Ball slows down

Ball speeds up

The Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed by ordinary means.
It can only be transformed from one form to another. If energy seems to disappear, then scientists look for it leading to many important discoveries.

In 1905, Albert Einstein discovered the only significant exception to this rule. Einstein theorized that mass and energy can be converted into each other. He showed that if matter is destroyed, energy is created, and if energy is destroyed mass is created. The formula: E = mc2
Where c represents speed of light

Forms of Energy
Their are six main forms of energy are: Mechanical Chemical Thermal/Heat Electromagnetic Electrical Nuclear
Its important to know the difference between transfer and transforming energy.

1. Transfer means that the energy is moving from one place to another. Ex: Pendulum transfer the energy of one ball to another. 2. Transform means that the energy changes from one form to another. Ex: How solar energy is transformed into food, oil products, moving machinery, etc.

What is Mechanical Energy?

motion (kinetic) or position (potential). oThe bowling ball has mechanical energy. oWhen the ball strikes the pins, mechanical energy is transferred to the pins! And some of the energy is transformed into sound energy.

o Energy due to a objects

Examples of Mechanical Energy

What is Chemical Energy?

o Energy that is available for
release from chemical reactions or bonds. oThe chemical bonds in a matchstick store energy that is transformed into thermal energy and electromagnetic energy when the match is struck.

Examples of Chemical Energy

What is Thermal/Heat Energy?

o Heat energy or produces heat

o The amount of heat energy of an

object determines how active its atoms are.
oA hot object is one whose atoms and molecules are excited and show rapid movement. This means a lot of heat energy. oA cooler object's molecules and atoms will show less movement and are not excited. In other words, not a lot of heat energy.

What is Electromagnetic Energy?

oEnergy that come in the forms of waves.

o Includes energy from

gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared rays, microwave, and sound/radio bands.

What is Electrical Energy?

o Energy caused by the
movement of electrons.

o Easily transferred through

power lines and then transformed into other forms of energy.

What is Nuclear Energy?

When the nucleus splits (fission), nuclear energy is released in the form of heat energy and light energy. Nuclear energy is also released when nuclei collide at high speeds and join (fusion). These two processes are known as nuclear fission and fusion.

Nuclear Energy
The suns energy is produced from a nuclear fusion reaction in which hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium nuclei.

The same notion happens with atomic bomb. Nuclei collide with other nuclei particles and cause a chain reaction which releases large quantities of energy.

Nuclear Energy
Its important to note that nuclear energy is the most concentrated form of energy.

Most of us live within 1-10 miles of the Potrero Hills Power Plant which converts nuclear energy into electromagnetic energy.

Guess What Types of Energy Game!!

What type of energy cooks food in a microwave oven?

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
What type of energy is the spinning plate inside of a microwave oven?

MECHANICAL ENERGY

QUIZ TIME!
Electrical energy is transported to your house through power lines. When you plug an electric fan to a power outlet, electrical energy is transform into what type of energy?

MECHANICAL ENERGY

QUIZ TIME!
What energy transformation occurs when an electric lamp is turned on?

ELECTRICAL ENERGY ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY AND THERMAL

What types of energy are shown below?

Mechanical and Thermal Energy (Dont forget friction)

What type of energy is shown below?

Electromagnetic and Chemical Energy

What types of energy are shown below?

Electrical, Mechanical and Electromagnetic Energy

What type of energy is shown below?

Chemical Energy (yummy)

What type of energy is shown below?

Thermal Energy and Electrical

TICKET OUT THE DOOR/HW FOR TONIGHT

Draw a flow map showing the flow of energy transformations in a car from starting the vehicle to driving. You should have 5 different types of energy.

Energy Transfer
Sound (mechanical) Thermal

Electrical

Mechanical

Chemical

Light (Electromagnetic)