Lecturette Topic: India and Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Introduction:-After independence India had a very idealistic foreign policy. In 1954, India supported a total ban on nuclear weapons. But wars of 1965(indo-pak war) and 1962(India-china war) with two of its neighbors forced India to strengthening its defense and India refused to sigh NPT i.e. Non Proliferation treaty. India found it discriminatory as it was binding only on non nuclear countries while the nuclear weapon states were not bound to adhere to disarmament.

Some aspects of NPT are:

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Objectives: The NPT is commonly described as having three main "pillars": non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use. Of nuclear energy. There were two types of states. Nuclear and non nuclear. All permanent members of Security Council are signatories to NPT, France and China also signed it in 1992. Cuba, India, Pakistan, and Israel are not signatories and North Korea too moved out of it. According to it ns will not transfer nuclear weapons and technology to non nuclear nations. IAEA international Atomic Energy Agency was given responsibility to ensure that peaceful technology does not shift to military purpose. 1995 extension of treaty allows NWS to retain their nuclear arsenal indefinitely. Discriminatory nature of NPT:-no serious disarmament, violation by China helping French , Britain and Israel, Two sets of rules verification for NWS and NNWS. Reasons for Indias opposition to NPT:

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Discriminatory treaty Failed to address nuclear proliferation Indias nuclear security concerns not addressed Nuclear weapons were not completely eliminated.

Conclusion In 1998 India successfully conducted nuclear tests at Pokhran keeping in mind our national security. This led to criticism by many countries, led by USA imposed sanctions against India. These sanctions seriously affected our nuclear programme even for peaceful uses such as nuclear energy. To overcome this India signed indo-us nuclear deal. But India still continues to resist the call by some countries to sign NPT as it considers it as unfair and discriminatory.

INDUS WATER TREATY:

Introduction:-The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between Pakistan and India, brokered by the World Bank . The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and President of Pakistan Mohammad Ayub Khan. The treaty was a result of Pakistans fear that since the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India, it could potentially create droughts and famines in Pakistan, especially at times of war. However, India did not revoke the treaty during any of three later IndoPakistani Wars.

Major points about the treaty are:1. It is also called IWT 1960. It was signed between India and Pakistan for sharing of river water in 1960. Since Pakistan was created as separate state for Muslims, so water resources of India were to be shared .our leaders thought that it will create a goodwill environment among the neighbor countries. 2. There are 6 rivers Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Satluj. Out of 6 three rivers enter Pakistan after traversing some distance in India. According to treaty Indus, Jhelum, Chennab were given to Pakistan. And Ravi, Beas and Satluj were given to India. 3. Pakistan wanted to create network of canals and to have control on rivers although all of these rivers originates in India. To develop this network money was given by World Bank, USA, Canada, and India also supported it. Thus World Bank became guarantor for the treaty. 4. Bone of contention: Baglihar power project and tul-bul project

Baglihar power project:-India is constructing a power project on Chennab in Doda district of Jammu to produce 450 MW of hydroelectricity. Pakistan objected to our construction because of the height, design and gate system of the project Pakistan said it have right over the river according to IWT1960. It approached World Bank. World Bank appointed scientists to study the project and to suggest modification. India was to reduce height by 1.5 m and work was not stopped.

Tul-bul project:- we do not agree even with its name India call it Tul Bul project and Pakistan call it Wooler Barrage. It is a project on Jhelum River; we wanted to raise the level of water in Jhelum River during lean season by diverting its water into woolar lake in earlier months. The talks are on to resolve issue which is pending since 1987.

Conclusion: - Since the ratification of the treaty in 1960, India and Pakistan have not engaged in any water wars. Disagreements and disputes have been settled via legal procedures, provided for within the framework of the treaty. The treaty is considered to be one of the most successful water sharing Endeavours in the world today. Our government has promised that we will abide by the IWT of 1960 in spite of the hurdles.