L2a GD T

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING
IE 312 PRODUCT DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
GOALS
To introduce the ASME Y14.5 M standard on geometric dimensioning and tolerancing To illustrate its importance to design specification, fabrication, and verification
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
MOTIVATION OVERVIEW OF THE ASME Y14.5M STANDARD DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES
MOTIVATION
REAL LIFE PART MANUFACTURE AND THE PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION DILEMMA
.994 .002 Surface Shape: cylinder Surface Shape: cylinder with axial straightness error and non-uniform cross sections
1.000 .002
Part Manufacture & Qualification?
Design Specification
How are dimensional specifications to be interpreted and qualified when manufactured parts have geometric errors?
MOTIVATION
REAL LIFE PART MANUFACTURE AND THE PRODUCT SPECIFICATION AND QUALIFICATION DILEMMA
.994 .002 Surface Shape: cylinder
1.000 .002
Design Specification
Product Assembly
How do dimensional specifications guarantee part assembly with complete interchangability?
ASME Y14.5M OVERVIEW
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) solved this problem through the development of the ANSI Y14.5M standard This standard provides a suite of specifications to identify types of geometric variation and to specify their acceptable levels Designers can use this standard to translate product functional requirements into specifications that can be unambiguously interpreted ASME is now responsible for the modification and publication of the standard

A A Datum Feature
.992 .002
Dimensional Tolerance
.001 A
Geometric Tolerance
1.002 .002
.001 A
The fundamental elements of the standard are:

dimensional tolerances geometric tolerances datum features datums

A guarantees .992 .002 A datum A plane .001 A .995 datum A plane virtual condition due to combined dimensional & perpendicularity tolerance
guarantees 1.002 .002 .001 A .999
Design Specifications
virtual condition due to combined dimensional & perpendicularity tolerance
Virtual Condition Envelopes
The dimensional tolerances and geometric tolerances combine to define virtual condition envelopes that bound the mating geometric features

planar surfaces to be flush mounted planar datum features to be flush mounted at datum A plane datum A plane
.004 C .014 Desired Mode of Assembly
.004 C .014 Envelope Assembly
The bounding envelopes are used for assembly verification If the bounding envelopes and datums can be conceptually assembled as designed, then actual product features satisfying the individual tolerances are guaranteed to assemble as designed
DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES
Topics to be covered:
Specification of Dimensions and Dimensional Tolerances Definition of a Feature of Size Interpretation of a Dimensional Tolerance Applied to a FOS Assembly Analysis Interpretation of a Dimensional Tolerance Applied to a non FOS
Specification
.994 .994 .002 .996 .992
Illustration of a dimension expressed as a basic dimension
Illustration of a dimension expressed as a nominal dimension and a dimensional tolerance
Illustration of a dimension and dimensional tolerance expressed as maximum and minimum limits
Within an engineering part print, a dimension may be expressed as a:

basic dimension (ordinarily used in combination with a geometric tol.) nominal dimension and a dimensional tolerance dimensional limits (nominal and tolerance are implied)
Specification
Prefix .994 Dimension Prefixes diameter S spherical diameter R radius SR spherical radius arc length
A dimension may appear with a special prefix to help identify its meaning Some important prefixes are shown above
Feature of Size Definition

INTERPRETATION OF A DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE
The specifications associated with a dimensional tolerance are determined by whether it is or is not a Feature of Size (FOS) A FOS is anyone of the following:

A complete cylindrical surface A complete spherical surface Two parallel planar surfaces with opposing surface normals
FOS typically serve as mating surfaces within a product assembly

EXAMPLES OF FEATURES OF SIZE
shaft bushing cylindrical shaft surface 5.000 .005 cylindrical hole surface opposing parallel planar surfaces
.994 .002
3.500 .005
opposing parallel planar surfaces
1.000 .002

Size Limit Definitions
.994 .002 1.000 .002
MMC size = .996 LMC size = .992
MMC size = .998 LMC size = 1.002
MMC Limit: The dimension size of a FOS that will lead to the part having the maximum amount of material LMC Limit: The dimension size of a FOS that will lead to the part having the least amount of material

EXAMPLES OF FEATURES THAT ARE NOT FOS
R .50 .01 1.000 .005
The features illustrated above are subject to dimensional tolerances but are not features of size
Dimensional Tolerance Interpretation

SPECICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH A DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE APPLIED TO A FOS
circumscribing circular envelope inscribing circular envelope
SMMC SLMC
SLMC
D SMMC HLMC HMMC
HMMC
D HLMC
This on a drawing
Means this
This on a drawing
Means this
Spec. #1: Variation of Size: Every cross section of the FOS must have a cross sectional envelope whose size lies within the specified size limits

VC envelope: true cylinder with diameter (SVC ) = SMMC SMMC SLMC VC envelope: true cylinder with diameter (HVC ) = HMMC HLMC HMMC
This on a drawing Means this
This on a drawing Means this
Spec. #2: Variation of Form: The complete surface(s) of the FOS must not extend beyond a virtual condition envelope of perfect form whose size is the maximum material condition (MMC) limit

T SMMC SLMC
circumscribing circular envelope inscribing circular envelope
SLMC
D SMMC
T HLMC HMMC
HMMC
D HLMC
This on a drawing
Means the dim. tol only requires the satisfaction of Spec. #1
This on a drawing
Means the dim. tol only requires the satisfaction of Spec. #1
Exclusion of Spec. #2: Variation of Form: If the axis or center plane of a FOS is subject to a straightness tolerance, Spec #2 is null and void.
Assembly Analysis
shaft bushing SMMC SLMC HLMC HMMC
Desired Mode of Assembly Dimensional Tolerances Applied to Mating FOS
Given:

Desired mode of assembly Dimensional tolerances applied to the mating FOS
Determine the minimum guaranteed clearance that can be realized Determine the maximum clearance that may be realized
Assembly Analysis
SMMC SLMC SVC = SMMC HVC = HLMC HMMC HMMC
This on a drawing
Guarantees this
This on a drawing
Guarantees this
The condition of minimum clearance occurs when both the shaft and hole are subject to the maximum degree of combined size error and form error The geometry of each is touching the virtual condition envelope associated with its dimensional tolerance
Assembly Analysis
The minimum clearance is derived by assembling the virtual condition envelopes The minimum diametric clearance Cmin is computed as:
Cmin = HVC - SVC = HMMC - SMMC
Assembly Analysis
SLMC HLMC shaft bushing Shaft Subject to No Form Error Hole Subject to No Form Error
The condition of maximum clearance occurs when both the shaft and hole are:

free of form error have a uniform cross section diameter at the LMC limit
The maximum diametric clearance Cmax is computed as:
Cmax = HLMC - SLMC
Assembly Analysis
shaft bushing .994 .002 1.000 .003
Desired Mating Condition Dimensional Tolerances Applied to Mating FOS
For the example above:

SMMC = .996; SLMC = .992 HMMC = .997; HLMC = 1.003 CMIN = HMMC SMMC = .001 CMAX = HLMC SLMC = .011

SPECICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH A DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE APPLIED TO A FEATURE THAT IS NOT A FOS A dimensional tolerance applied to a feature that is not a FOS typically specifies a tolerance zone that the toleranced feature must lie within If the feature consists of two distinct surfaces, one surface serves as a datum feature (typically identified by a datum origin symbol) and the other as the toleranced surface Refer to your GD&T pocket guide for examples In modern practice, geometric tolerances rather than dimensional tolerances are preferred to control the variation of features that are not features of size

EXAMPLE: SPECICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH A DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE APPLIED TO NON-OPPOSING PARALLEL PLANAR SURFACES
1.000 .005
Datum Origin Symbol
This on a drawing

Datum Feature Extreme Points
Datum Plane
Means This
A datum plane is established relative to the extreme points of the planar datum feature

Bounding Planes of the Tolerance Zone
.995
1.005
Datum Plane
Means This
A tolerance zone is positioned relative to the toleranced surface The tolerance zone consists of two planes parallel to the datum plane at distances indicated by the size tolerances
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
Do Homework Set #1
GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES
Topics to be covered:
Geometric Tolerance Overview Form Tolerance: Straightness Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (RFS) Form Tolerance: Straightness Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (MMC) Orientation Tolerance: Perpendicularity Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder Position Tolerance Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder Datums and Datum Establishment Tolerance Specification Example
Geometric Tolerance Overview

.500 Geometric tolerance that controls the orientation and position of the hole axis relative to datums C, B, and A cylindrical tolerance zone that bounds the .500 .001 M C B A B hole axis relative to datums C, B, and A 1.000 .002 Datum B plane 4.000 4.000 B
Datum A plane
This on a drawing
Means this
Datum C plane
A geometric tolerance defines a 2D/3D tolerance zone within which the toleranced feature must lie

Feature Control Frame .500 .001 M C B A 1.000 .002 B 4.000 4.000 .500 Tolerance Type .001 M C B A 1.000 .002 B
A geometric tolerance is specified within a Feature Control Frame (FCF) drawn near the toleranced feature or with a connecting leader The first element specified within a FCF is the geometric tolerance type

Form Tolerances Control Form Error
Straightness of an axis or linear surface element Flatness of a planar surface or center plane Circularity of a circular surface element Cylindricity of a cylindrical surface
Orientation Tolerances Control Form Error and Orientation Error Relative to a Prescribed Datum
Parallelism of an axis, center plane, linear surface element, or planar surface Perpendicularity of an axis, center plane, linear surface element, or planar surface Angularity of an axis, center plane, linear surface element, or planar surface
Position Tolerance Controls Form Error, Orientation Error, and Position Error Relative to a Prescribed Datum System
Position of an axis for center plane

Some of the more important tolerance types are shown above These are used to control the geometric variation of:

a surface a linear element or circular element on a surface an axis or center plane of a FOS

Tolerance Zone Size .500 .001 M C B A 1.000 .002 B 4.000
The second element specified is the size of the tolerance zone The form of the tolerance zone is implied by the feature that is toleranced A prefix helps identify the size type e.g. diameter, width, etc.

Mode of Application .500 .001 M C B A 1.000 .002 B 4.000
Mode of Application for Toleranced FOS M Maximum Material Condition basis L Least Material Condition basis Regardless of Feature Size: (default)
If the tolerance is applied to the axis or center plane of a FOS, the mode of application must be specified Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) is the default mode Maximum Material Condition (MMC) or Least Material Condition (LMC) modes must be explicitly identified with a symbol

Datums .500 Datum Feature B .001 M C B A 1.000 .002
4.000
A Datum Feature
If the tolerance requires prescribed datums, these are identified within the last elements of the FCF The datums are associated with part features that are identified with datum feature symbols

D .500 B .001 M C B A 1.000 .002
Mode of Application for Datum Associated with a FOS M Maximum Material Condition basis L Least Material Condition basis Regardless of Feature Size: (default)
2.500
4.000
.001 M C B D 1.000 .002
Mode of Application
If the datum is associated with a FOS, the mode of application must be identified Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) is the default mode Maximum Material Condition (MMC) or Least Material Condition (LMC) modes must be explicitly identified with a symbol
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
Do Homework Set #2
Form Tolerance: Straightness Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (RFS)

FCF drawn next to a dimension used to describe the size of the FOS FCF attached to a dimension line used to describe the size of the FOS
T SMMC SLMC
SMMC SLMC
SMMC SLMC T
leader drawn from the FCF to the cylindrical surface
Straightness Tol. applied to the axis of the cylindrical surface
Straightness Tol. applied to the axis of the cylindrical surface
Straightness Tol. applied to a linear elements on a cylindrical surface
Consider the application of a straightness tolerance to the axis of a cylindrical shaft on an RFS basis This should not be confused with the application of a straightness tolerance to a linear element on a surface

shaft axis cylindrical straightness tol. zone T
actual shaft
Straightness Tolerance Requirement The axis of the cylindrical feature (e.g. shaft) must lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone whose diameter is T. 1.000 .005
Each circular cross section must have a diameter that lies within the
limits [SLMC, SMMC] as prescribed by the dimensional tolerance

T < SMMC - SLMC (e.g. the dimensional tolerance)
datum axis Cylindrical Straightness Tol. Zone of diameter T
actual shaft
Closer Review of the Interpretation Define a datum axis at optimal orientation and position relative to the 1.000 .005 actual cylindrical surface (e.g. the datum axis that will result in the smallest measureable straightness error)
Define a cylindrical tolerance zone of diameter T about the datum axis

cross section cross section circular envelope envelope center point
datum axis Straightness Tol. Zone of diameter T
Closer Review of the Interpretation Randomly define a cross section of the cylinder via a cutting plane that is 1.000 .005 orthogonal to the datum axis
Define a circular envelope that circumscribes the cross section

d
Straightness Tol. Zone of Diameter T
Closer Review of the Interpretation Determine the distance d between the envelope center point and the datum axis
The cross section straightness error = 2 x d To be in compliance with the straightness tolerance: straightness error T

(Closer Review of the Virtual Condition Envelope for a Shaft)
Virtual Condition Envelope of Diameter SVC Straightness Tol. Zone of Diameter T Locus of Cross Sections at MMC Diameter and at Extreme Permissible Straightness Error
The virtual condition envelope that results from the combined dimensional tolerance and axial straightness tolerance circumscribes the locus of cross sections, each at MMC diameter, and each at the maximum 1.000 .005 permissible straightness error The diameter of the envelope (SVC) is defined as: SVC = SMMC + T

T HLMC HMMC
Consider the application of a straightness tolerance to the axis of a cylindrical hole on an RFS basis Its interpretation is nearly identical to the case of the shaft with two notable exceptions
(Cross Section Envelope for a Hole)

cross section cross section circular envelope
envelope center point
datum axis Straightness Tol. Zone of diameter T
The circular envelope inscribes the cross section
1.000 .005
(Virtual Condition Envelope for a Hole)

Virtual Condition Envelope of Diameter HVC Straightness Tol. Zone of Diameter T Locus of Cross Sections at MMC Diameter and at Extreme Permissible Straightness Error
The virtual condition envelope inscribes the locus of cross sections, each at MMC diameter, and each at the maximum permissible straightness error
1.000 .005
The diameter of the envelope (HVC) is defined as: HVC = HMMC - T
Form Tolerance: Straightness Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (MMC)

T SMMC SLMC
T HLMC HMMC
Consider the application of a straightness tolerance to the axis of a cylindrical shaft or a cylindrical hole on an MMC basis The interpretation is identical to the RFS cases with one notable exception
Form Tolerance: Straightness Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (MMC)

cross section envelope of diameter a envelope center point datum axis FCF Straightness Tol. Zone of diameter T Cross Section Straightness Tol. Zone of diameter Ta
Tolerance Zone Size Assessment For each cross section assessed, an actual tolerance zone diameter (Ta) must be determined as follows: An increase in allowable straightness error if the cross section Ta = T + |MMC - a| where:
size departs from MMC Bonus can not exceed dimensional tolerance Bonus does not affect the virtual condition envelope The possibility of a bonus implies that a straightness tolerance applied on an MMC basis is less restrictive than RFS
a: cross section envelope diameter MMC: MMC size limit of the cylinder T: straightness tolerance diameter indicated in the FCF
Orientation Tolerance: Perpendicularity Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (RFS)
A A
SMMC SLMC
T A
HLMC HMMC
T A
Consider the perpendicularity tolerance applied to the axis of a shaft or hole on an RFS basis
datum A plane
shaft axis cylindrical tol. zone
datum A plane
hole axis cylindrical tol. zone
Perpendicularity Tolerance Requirement The axis of the cylindrical feature must lie within a cylindrical tolerance zone whose diameter is T and whose axis is perpendicular to datum A
The tolerance zone can be positioned to obtain the optimal measurement The tolerance controls the straightness of the axis as well as its orientation All the tolerance rules and characterization concepts used for straightness apply here with the exception that the tolerance can be larger than the dimensional tolerance
datum A plane virtual condition envelope due to combined dimensional & perpendicularity tolerance SVC HVC
datum A plane
Virtual Condition Envelope The virtual condition envelope is a cylinder whose axis is perpendicular to datum A
virtual condition envelope due to combined dimensional & perpendicularity tolerance
Similar to the case of the straightness tolerance, the envelope diameter is computed as:

SVC = SMMC + T HVC = HMMC T
{Shaft} {Hole}
Position Tolerance Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (RFS)

.500 T C B A
HLMC HMMC
4.000
This on a drawing
Consider the position tolerance applied to the axis of a cylinder on an RFS basis
Position Tolerance Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (RFS)

Virtual condition envelope of diameter: HVC = HMMC - T B .500
cylindrical tolerance zone of diameter T
Datum B plane 4.000
Datum A plane
Means this
Datum C plane
The tolerance controls the straightness, orientation, and position of the cylinder axis The axis of the tolerance zone and the virtual condition envelope must be at true orientation and position with respect to the datums
Datums and Datum Establishment Topics to be Covered:

Datum Features Datums Datum Establishment Rules
Datums and Datum Establishment

DATUM FEATURES
1.000 .002 1.000 .002 1.000 .002
A This on a drawing
A Or this on a drawing
Datum feature A is a planar surface
Means this
A datum feature is a feature on an actual part on to which a datum is to be established A datum feature is identified in a drawing by a datum feature symbol. The feature is identified by either: placing the symbol directly on the datum feature placing the symbol on an extension line extending from the datum feature drawing a leader from the symbol to the datum feature, or

DATUM FEATURES
1.000 .002 1.000 .002 1.000 .002
A This on a drawing
Means this
A datum feature is identified in a drawing by a datum feature symbol
The feature is identified by either: placing the symbol directly on the datum feature placing the symbol on an extension line extending from the datum feature drawing a leader from the symbol to the datum feature

DATUM FEATURES
1.000 .002 .001 1.000 .002
A This on a drawing
This on a drawing
Means this
Datum feature A Is the pair of parallel planar surfaces
Means this
1.000 .002 1.000 .002 .001
A This on a drawing
Datum feature A is a cylindrical surface
Or this on a drawing
Means this
attaching the symbol to a feature control frame that is used to control the datum feature attaching the symbol to a dimension line if the datum feature is a feature of size attaching the symbol to a feature control frame next to dimensional limits if the datum feature is a feature of size

DATUMS
1.000 .002 Datum A is a plane Datum feature A is a planar surface
A This on a drawing
1.000 .002
A datum is a theoretrically exact geometric entity associated with a datum feature
Means this
A This on a drawing
Datum feature A is a cylindrical surface
Datum A is an axis
The most important datum feature /datum tandems are: Planar Surface/Plane Cylindrical Surface/Axis Opposing Parallel Planar Surfaces /Center Plane
Means this
1.000 .002
A This on a drawing
Datum feature A is a pair of opposing parallel planar surfaces
Datum A is a center plane
Means this

DATUM SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS
Datum plane B 1.000 .002
B A
Datum A is an axis
Datum features A and B illustrated orthogonal in a drawing
Means that datum A and datum B must be orthogonal
The spatial relationships between datums must be equivalent to the basic spatial relationships between corresponding datum features in the engineering drawing

IMPACT OF DATUM PRECEDENCE
.500 .001 A B 1.000 .002 B 4.000 4.000 B .500 Hole Position Tolerance Zone
Establish Datum A First Establish Datum B Second
This on a drawing
Means this
Datums must be established in the sequential order called out by the feature control frame using prescribed datum establishment rules
st
1 to be established: primary datum 2nd to be established: secondary datum 3rd to be established: tertiary datum

IMPACT OF DATUM PRECEDENCE
.500 .001 A B 1.000 .002 B .500 Hole Position Tolerance Zone
B 4.000 4.000
Establish Datum A First Establish Datum B Second
A .500
This on a drawing
.001 B A 1.000 .002
A B .500
Means this
Hole Position Tolerance Zone
B 4.000 4.000
Establish Datum B First Establish Datum A Second
This on a drawing
Means this
Due to datum feature variability, a unique datum system can only be achieved by establishing the datums in the sequential order called out by the feature control frame

Datum Establishment Rules for Planar Datum Features
.500 .001 C B A 1.000 .002 B Datum B contains at least two extreme points .500 Hole Position Tolerance Zone
B 4.000
4.000
Datum A contains at least one extreme point
This on a drawing
Means this
Datum C contains at least three extreme points
The datum plane is defined by the extreme points of the datum feature
Primary datum plane: Minimum of three extreme points Secondary datum plane: Minimum of two extreme points Tertiary datum plane: Minimum of one extreme point

Datum Establishment Rules for Feature of Size (RFS)
A .001 A perp. tol. zone datum A cylindrical counterpart at minimum possible size
A .992 .002 This on a drawing
Means this .
The datum is an axis/center plane of a theoretical counterpart that bounds the datum feature extreme points at maximum/minimum size
.001 A
A perp. tol. zone
A .001 1.002 .002 This on a drawing
datum A cylindrical counterpart at maximum Means this possible size

Datum Establishment Rules for Feature of Size (MMC)
A .001 A M perp. tol. zone datum A cylindrical counterpart at its virtual condition size .994 Means this A perp. tol. zone
A .992 .002 This on a drawing
The datum is an axis/center plane of a theoretical counterpart that is the virtual condition of the datum feature If the datum feature departs from its extreme permissible variation, it may be adjusted within the counterpart to obtain a favorable pose MMC datum establishment is much less restrictive than RFS
.001 A M
A .001 1.002 .002 This on a drawing
datum A cylindrical counterpart at its virtual condition size
.999 Means this
Tolerance Specification Example

planar surfaces to be flush mounted Speed Lock Bushing .001 A Bushing A
.003 C .012 Desired Mating Condition
.992 .002
Speed Lock Specifications
Given:

Desired mode of assembly between a Speed Lock and a bushing Tolerances applied to the mating features of the Speed Lock
Derive the tolerance scheme for the mating features of the bushing Assume that the allowable size variation of the hole is to be equivalent to the allowable size variation of the Speed Lock shaft diameter

planar surfaces to be flush mounted Speed Lock Bushing Planar Surface Hole
.003 C .012 Desired Mating Condition
The mating features of the bushing are the:

Hole Planar surface
The primary mating feature is the planar surface
planar surfaces to be flush mounted
Assembly of Speed Lock and Bushing
In order to achieve the desired mode of assembly, the following must be controlled:
Hole size error Hole perpendicularity error with respect to the mating planar surface

T M A HLMC HMMC A
Required Part Tolerance Scheme
These errors can controlled by:

Identifying the planar surface as a datum feature Applying dimensional tolerance limits to the diameter of the hole Applying a perpendicularity tolerance to the hole axis with respect to the planar surface
Since guaranteed assembly is the only concern, the perpendicularity tolerance should be applied on a MMC basis in order to provide the loosest acceptable specification

planar surfaces to be flush mounted Speed Lock Bushing .992 .002 .001 A Bushing Specifications A T M A HLMC HMMC A
Mating of Perfect Geometry Parts at LMC Size: CMAX = .012
Maximum Clearance Requirement The maximum allowable clearance (CMAX) occurs when the Speed Lock and bushing have no form error, no orientation error, and have their cylindrical features at their LMC size
In this case:

CMAX = HLMC SLMC -> HLMC = CMAX + SLMC -> HLMC = (.012) + (.990) =1.002
(1) (2)

T M A HLMC HMMC A
.992 .002
.001 A Bushing Specifications
Size Tolerance Equivalence Requirement The size tolerance on the Speed Lock shaft diameter is .004
This implies that:

HLMC HMMC = .004 -> HMMC = HLMC .004 -> HMMC = (1.002) - .004 = .998
(3) (4)
datum A plane virtual condition envelope due to combined dimensional tolerance and perpendicularity tolerance SVC
datum A plane
virtual condition envelope due to combined dimensional tolerance and perpendicularity tolerance
HVC
Minimum Clearance Requirement
The minimum clearance occurs when the cylindrical feature of each part has the maximum allowable size error and perpendicularity error prescribed by the dimensional tolerance and perpendicularity tolerance In this case each is touching its virtual condition envelope

planar datum features to be flush mounted at datum A plane
datum A plane
SVC HVC
Mating of Parts that have Maximum Allowable Perpendicularity Error and at MMC Size: CMIN = .003
Minimum Clearance Requirement
By assembling the virtual condition envelopes and their encapsulated parts, it can be seen that the minimum clearance (CMIN) can be computed as:

CMIN = HVC SVC -> HVC SVC = CMIN = .003
(5) (6)

datum A plane
Tshaft
.992 .001 .001 A
virtual condition envelope due to combined dimensional tolerance and perpendicularity tolerance SVC Virtual Condition
Virtual Condition Size Requirement In combination, the size tolerance and perpendicularity tolerance (Tshaft) assigned to the Speed Lock shaft leads to virtual condition envelope whose size (SVC) is:
SVC = SMMC + Tshaft
(7)

T M A HLMC HMMC A virtual condition envelope due to combined HVC dimensional tolerance and perpendicularity tolerance Virtual Condition
datum A plane
Bushing Specifications
Virtual Condition Size Requirement In combination, the size tolerance and perpendicularity tolerance (T) assigned to the bushing hole leads to a virtual condition envelope whose size is: HVC = HMMC T (8)
Virtual Condition Size Requirement
Substitution of equations (7 & 8) into equation (6) yields:

(HMMC T) (SMMC + T(shaft)) = .003 ->T = HMMC SMMC - T(shaft) - .003 ->T = (.998) (.994) (.001) - .003 = 0

0 M A 1.002 .998 A
Bushing Specifications
Required Hole Specifications The required hole specifications are shown above
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
Do Homework Set #3

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GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING

IE 312 PRODUCT DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Part Manufacture & Qualification?

How do dimensional specifications guarantee part assembly with complete interchangability?

ASME Y14.5M OVERVIEW

ASME Y14.5M OVERVIEW

The fundamental elements of the standard are:

dimensional tolerances geometric tolerances datum features datums

ASME Y14.5M OVERVIEW

guarantees 1.002 .002 .001 A .999

virtual condition due to combined dimensional & perpendicularity tolerance

Virtual Condition Envelopes

ASME Y14.5M OVERVIEW

.004 C .014 Desired Mode of Assembly

.004 C .014 Envelope Assembly

Illustration of a dimension expressed as a basic dimension

Illustration of a dimension expressed as a nominal dimension and a dimensional tolerance

Within an engineering part print, a dimension may be expressed as a:

Feature of Size Definition

FOS typically serve as mating surfaces within a product assembly

Feature of Size Definition

opposing parallel planar surfaces

Feature of Size Definition

MMC size = .996 LMC size = .992

MMC size = .998 LMC size = 1.002

Feature of Size Definition

R .50 .01 1.000 .005

Dimensional Tolerance Interpretation

D SMMC HLMC HMMC

Dimensional Tolerance Interpretation

This on a drawing Means this

This on a drawing Means this

Dimensional Tolerance Interpretation

Means the dim. tol only requires the satisfaction of Spec. #1

Means the dim. tol only requires the satisfaction of Spec. #1

Desired Mode of Assembly Dimensional Tolerances Applied to Mating FOS

Desired mode of assembly Dimensional tolerances applied to the mating FOS

The maximum diametric clearance Cmax is computed as:

Cmax = HLMC - SLMC

Desired Mating Condition Dimensional Tolerances Applied to Mating FOS

For the example above:

Dimensional Tolerance Interpretation

Dimensional Tolerance Interpretation

Datum Origin Symbol

Dimensional Tolerance Interpretation

Datum Feature Extreme Points

Dimensional Tolerance Interpretation

Bounding Planes of the Tolerance Zone

Geometric Tolerance Overview

Geometric Tolerance Overview

Geometric Tolerance Overview

Geometric Tolerance Overview

Geometric Tolerance Overview

Geometric Tolerance Overview

Geometric Tolerance Overview

.001 M C B D 1.000 .002

Form Tolerance: Straightness Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (RFS)

Straightness Tol. applied to the axis of the cylindrical surface

Straightness Tol. applied to the axis of the cylindrical surface

Straightness Tol. applied to a linear elements on a cylindrical surface

Form Tolerance: Straightness Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (RFS)

limits [SLMC, SMMC] as prescribed by the dimensional tolerance

Form Tolerance: Straightness Specification Applied to the Axis of a Cylinder (RFS)