Patriotism and Peace Author(s): Frank Hamilton Hankins Source: The Journal of International Relations, Vol. 12, No.

4 (Apr., 1922), pp. 505-523 Published by: Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29738515 . Accessed: 04/10/2013 01:29
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PATRIOTISM AND PEACE

By Frank Hamilton Hankins, Ph.D., Professor of Sociology,

Clark University
I. This The into be successful the as an Age of of Nationalism the Washington conference

conclusion of armaments

for a reduction reduction

makes

causes deeper psychic of naval preparedness, step does

an inquiry opportune It is obvious of war. that however valuable the affect it may fundamental

a primary

not

causes of international hostilities. Two individuals bent on doing personal injury one to the other would not be
restrained resort nations because they had stones no six-shooters. bare have fists. been reduced They might to clubs, whose have knives, armaments their both rather or even Similarly, in certain unaltered altered. and as a

may

directions, not

but whose

ratios psychic

are merely of strength states

fundamentally achievements the

This is not said to decry the immense value of theWashing?

ton Conference precedent, are ments those which quately erent state have weak they but in its actual to bring the result, out that arma? point than of the cause, ambitions and conflicts No nation is ever ade?

primarily nationalistic lead in the armed

rather

hopes, fears, to warlike attitudes. for Great actual War war.

of greatly a year condition been waged to provide were

reduced later.

was, as compared with its equipment, numerous wars Since the armistice

European bellig? Every in a the war began when

on the European continent too by nations modern high-grade equipment; military in a state of reduced but the wars armament,

went merrily
paragraphs war is the takes the

on.
is that

The
the

thesis developed
immemorial and egoism, patriotism.

in the following
cause of enduring in our day which

sentiment form

of group of nationalistic 505

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506 It Israel is obvious

FRANK HAMILTON HANKINS that says: ours is the era of nationalism. As

deep as life and narrow "Nationality, Zangwill as the grave, Not is upon us." only are Poles, Bohemians, a rising tide of and Serbs, stirring with Slovenes, Bulgars not under is Ireland, national only smarting ambitions; exploitation, dividuality centuries many new Jerusalem and America spreading the ends voices her of also and moved strength; of humble and the of in? consciousness by a new after but the wandering Jew, now of a dreams self-abnegation, restoration and of the imperialistic to and capitalism of democracy as never is thus filled The world at the very moment institution But war that of Zion; glories of and dreams

grows patriotic institutions the earth.

before since the break up of the Roman Empire with

of contentious nationalities

the of a

it has begun seriously to consider the practicability

is an ancient War of Nations. League and barbarism. roots antedate savagery between groups contending except possible

whose is im? of new the

for the rights to numerous of sovereignty,

sovereignty;
aims groups right in the of

and yet we placed

recent war

in the forefront of our

that most

the guaranteeing test fundamental

of self-determination.

The
We have

conflict of nationalism
which is essential to free

with

that degree of inter?

is thus from the evident.

nationalism rule

for peace

unsavory subject peoples fought the op? and thus to enlarge of hereditary potentates national of its for the of each expression peculiar portunities some restriction of the full rights And yet unless genius. our commendable is effected, of self-determination purpose

seems destined
coming years.

to fill the world with a new bedlam in the

II. What

is the

Basic 1. It

Element is not race

in Nationalism?

one comes to inquire into the basis of this national? When the world he meets thus disrupts which istic particularism of the Poles, think a puzzling We commonly problem. and the and the the Slovaks, the Bohemians, Slovenes,

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PATRIOTISM the the

AND PEACE and quarrels the Italians

507 as

Belgians, races and

French,

satisfactorily races,

Germans, their explain that one

as due

to race be a

rivalry.
three

But the anthropologists

tell us that there are only

or both of these may

European

derivative

from the third, and that they have all been in

lo! these of years. thousands all this Europe, During time and been fighting and conquering inter? they have until all have become heterogeneous marrying they hy? or more brids divisible into a half-dozen Pro? today types. a few minutes' but may vary, ingredients of racial distribution must convince any one study of maps not only that all of the most are advanced western nations in but that the very heterogeneous rivals, blood, great portions of France, England, the same elements; must leave portions within tion prised and Germany and that any are division of nearly composed that can be made

as a minority of one nationality group area subject to the self-determina? the geographical of another not We need then be sur? nationality. to find Leon Dominian "Northern Germany, Slavic one of the saying, than Southern places, "The France while than very greatest more is perhaps eastern Germany Zangwill

authorities, Teutonic is, in many

more

Russia."

finds that Russia has nearly a dozen distinct nationalistic

groups. fiercest and here the donia, was possible for the Bulgarian to find only seven professors hundred the where Serbian statisticians found Serbians, over two million no and the Greek at enumerators Serbians all." people When include Professor a Muir finds of nearly that every "the Rumanian that has sediment race zone of nationality isMace? fighting races so shade into one another that it

passed from Asia into Europe," he does not disprove their but rather demonstrates it. For the Italian Latinity,
people glory; traits were then already heterogeneous for several centuries races through the ends before the the days of Roman the of incorporated they untold thousands

of many

slaves from of the world; and for the brought hundred the valley of the Po has been a past fifteen years men. favorite rendezvous for migrating and fighting For such reasons Madison from the Grant, speaking viewpoint

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508

FRANK HAMILTON " says

HANKINS there a race exists 'Slavic/ no such thing or even an do not

of physical anthropology, a as a 'Latin,' a 'Celtic/ or Caucasian race." Aryan This is not to say that

'German/ striking

differences

exist; but it is to say that the assumption of racial purity and solidarity is one of the illusions that have affected very
have While the course of history. sociologists profoundly as an important and to racial been pointing complexity the chauvinists of continued essential condition progress, a special racial purity of every have been claiming country and This myth culminates for their own people. superiority of a chosen people and a in those other mystical doctrines sooner or later to some degree become racial mission which of the national tradition clear that of every unless have than until their inferior aspiring those real races and elements are more differences, are either suc? of people. it seems Moreover which and wars diverse fundamental continue

a part cessful

humanity numerous then must exterminated despotisms. mon ideals

races

in common

or brought of benevolent the dominion under to com? in molding But American experience a most is a har? array of humankind motley

for it is no exaggeration of future peace among men; binger now races to say that the diversity of being amalgamated as the entire of racial in this country is as great gamut

differences
here, with

in all Europe,
freedom and

if not in the entire world.

the sentiment

But

security,

of national?

ity dissipates

like exhaust steam under the blue sky.

2. It is not religion or language

affili? in our day to show that it is not religious an abun? is at the basis of nationality. Though in many is still active dance of religious countries, bigotry are indifferent rather the major lines of religious cleavage obvious certain With to nationalistic excep? groupings. a cause are of differences tions where partial religious ation It is easy which national gious schism, modern sects living together a variety of reli? include nations toleration in a state of mutual

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PATRIOTISM AND such as to make a war

PEACE unthinkable. Nor

509

religious

by

this is it intended to deny that similarity of religious beliefs is an aid in the development of a strong sentiment of
nationality.

Nor is it language which is the unifying force in national? ity. Welsh and Scotch are still spoken by good Britishers;
the Armoricans, Basques, their own languages but of tion Swiss America the Belgians mainder speak of all to their have we three have and Flemings are loyal speak half nearly Frenchmen; and most of the re? French, or low-German, but the devo? king yet babel has able proven to raise but truly an heroic. of of France

speak only only Flemish common and a perfect are

Though

the Belgians

thus have two official languages, the

army

hundreds of thousands to defend their native

of tongues

land; and in
an astonish?

ing solidarity. 3. It is a sentiment of solidarity And while

thus group not race, customs,

the chief source of international

nor religion, nor national nor even heroes,

anarchy
neither totems,

is

language, nor tribal

is it

flags or shibboleths, though all of these may be its symbols. In fact, Professor Ramsay Muir, while calling nationality
"the not of modern culmination a single test infallible is says also, "There history," a nation." of what constitutes

And Arnold
"precisely ity here, nationality fined," made, but never and

Toynbee
there he

corroborates
of factors no effect." which

him by
may

saying

that
calls de? once

the same "an

group have defines

produce Holland Rose be

national?

instinct"

"cannot union

yet unmade?a

it as "a

exactly of hearts

indestructible." able, ous social force which

spiritual unconquer? conception, And thus we come to that mysteri? holds a people in one solid together

mass
ties force, union much pacifists

in which all the superficial multiplicities

are overwhelmed at and once of war, by we

and diversi?

This by a fundamental homogeneity. so unifying and so divisive, of the source is none other than and the much elusive sentiment by chauvinists call patriotism. condemned

extolled which

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510 III.

FRANK HAMILTON Operations and Effects

HANKINS of Patriotism

This is, like nationality,

to one's loyalty it. and defend feel, and which instant loyalty. action is no other social nation It in time Of force is thus

not readily definable.

and implies the

It signifies

a passion of our country's all the emotions

to serve obligation all normal men which peril that commands move men our to there

it is the most

capacious. comparable of men. It

When

it is aroused

to it in the completeness lifts the up average man into the noblest

with which
sorts out and of the

it dominates
conditions concerns

all other springs of action in all

world

of a work-a-day

spirit of devotion;
reforms arouses to the

it quickens

the pulse of the sluggard,

forces the wayward, to dreams the plodder

and makes cowardly, an ostensible love of of swell with wolves society crafty are the bitter In its face local feuds forgotten; country. are of differences and classes of submerged; parties struggles of social these The sacrifice those and status, circumstances citizen on must the altar even only offer of the himself race are obliterated. leaders silence honest may as a criti? group in

from the stingy, generosity of heroic deeds, gives courage and of the shrewd the hearts

creed, Under speak. willing manner cism

of his dictate.

in authority may the conscientious is anathema; is praised the world

country Even

in whatever

of peace against as a

sneaking individual rights so zealously to democratic essential guarded government, so to an admiring; and displayed peace, boastfully during not only cease to exist but on the national world holidays, as inimical to the public are even denounced and proscribed safety. nounced, vigorously dividual is brought constant The as noble is also defended sentiments individual of toleration variation from

who in times objector, man who dares to stand as a courageous is denounced he believes for what right, The into herded and coward prison. so and assembly free speech, of press,

are fiercely de? is which type

under the ideals of in? peace during institution social initiative. and Every liberty forth a send into line ;all organs of public opinion is made the stream of uniform ; appeal suggestions

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PATRIOTISM

and

peace

511

associa? church and customary through lodge and every into a coalesce until members of the social the group tion,

solid sociality that surpasses the fondest imaginings of the

Socialist. Utopian It is not unnatural stir a man's during war, emotional for war that hallows such a titanic social At force should

nature

to its depths cause. every

and

especially such times

like a resistless and mysterious fills the patriotism, genius, entire fabric of society its magical in? Few with power. no one its dividuals dares and almost escape enchantment,

brook its hostility. While it ennobles the soul with the sublime spirit of self-sacrifice, it compels men to dilute the honesty of their thoughts; makes cowards of all but the most stalwart souls by forcing them to substitute the
worse for the better while reason and the lower and ideal for one they

feel to be higher.
patriot, George

A bad citizen may

Washington

thus be a good
Samuel Adams,

James Otis and Patrick Henry show us that good citizens may be very indifferent patriots. Under its guise every
sort of sinister To human purpose a thrives, of for anything which

can be made

to appear patriotic
encounter

is instantly

and deeply

approved. creates a greater defilement in As the days of witchcraft taboo.

lack of patriotism suspicion than the violation of an ancient suspects are whipped,

tarred, and feathered or hanged, or like the distinguished list in "Who's Who in Pacifism and Radicalism," are immolated on the altar of militarism amid the shouts of the mob and the secret glee of the patriots who find the established social system the best of all possible systems.
In other words, the lusts and sort printed ignorant solutions emotion of delusion guide and for the patriotism brutalities and the gives full sway to fear, unbridles our of savage intensifies man,

innate suggestibility,

and subordinates
deceit. proper have

the mind

to every
is no affairs, in their therefore of human

Unfortunately conduct of human confidence of stress recesses

there

and so deep is the mystery

simple of social which problems. from

of social processes that only the

complete In times

the social mind finds refuge in those torrents of instinctive

arise the deepest
THE JOURNALOF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS,VOL. 12, NO. 4, 1922

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512 nature vessel

FRANK HAMILTON HANKINS the and which propel before an ocean storm. "not an a cerebration epidemic." social but like a rudderless group makes of national Patriotism a contagion, not an activ?

thought ity but zealous

It is a truism
of are

that patriotism
each

effectually
to those

blinds
faults

the

patriots so plain to the patriots common one of the most the the spirit of patriotism patriot

country of an enemy country. Indeed, bits of sorcery by accomplished and is the subversion of conscience swears in the or wrong." ob?

which

the setting up of a special and higher moral code to which

demonized allegiance right sustained truly scurantist aphorism, elements "My and country, be

All patriotisms
mythical The Germans of man

are supported
cannot their national

largely by mystical
without the egotism to restore

and
them.

nursed

on doctrines ancient

the mission

of the Hohenzollerns to spread their culture

glories of the Holy Empire;

people

the divine destiny of the Ger?

throughout the world;

the political incapacity of the French in contrast with their own innate political sagacity; the physical deterioration
of the English in contrast to the racial efflorescence of

themselves; and the governmental

clumsiness of the American and own

inefficiency and military

to their in contrast democracy a Teutonic to due peculiar efficiency precision that Germany let us not suppose But gift for organization. intoxica? of patriotic and excesses in the delusions is alone

tion.

The

one great social utility

those

of the sentiment
activities which

of
re?

is to stimulate group patriotism to arouse the martial other with late to rivalry groups, of the to the sustain and group will. edge fighting spirit,

It specializes therefore in everything

national courage, ego. Like the Indians who the procured means ing mana, by and caricatures belittles According self-praise. were for many months by the millions, while

that will inflate the

aroused the necessary of wonder-work? so every nation in prodigious

suffusion necessary of the war-dance, its rivals before and to the American the end

indulges

press the Germans in of the war lacking greatly exceeded the

valor and fighting spirit and were being captured and killed
the Americans

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PATRIOTISM in valor and enemy often a few of them Germans. heroes country cruelty was too every them were and was The love would

AND PEACE were seldom

513 and killed, of number and in of were

of battle, capture also were The

an amazing mostly national boys ardor tales

enemy killers.

starving besides, and yet the brave boys in khaki were all
by most excruciating and wanton destruction by the to be its believed. cause appeals sustain to to the giant fed every fiendish

preposterous nation conceived the

and no tale enemy, In the recent war be just. national In all of

precisely made

same and

tradition, edge when scorn of the used and

love of country, and the ideals of truth, justice, and liberty

to arouse sharp

fighting
orators by the

spirit. Words
aroused enemy, as Gott

which
mit

in the mouths
of soul, would, arouse uns, only

of our own

in us an afflatus

derision. Neither opponent could understand why the other was willing to fight for such low and sinister motives as were imputed to it, while each felt certain that it was fighting not merely for its own honor and glory but for the
security and welfare of civilization. We Americans cannot

ignore the fact that we have been moved by the doctrine of Manifest Destiny; that though a hybrid mixture of
unsurpassed complexity, nor that Saxon mission; conscious this live life. IV. Origin and Fundamental Impulse Whence comes this superhuman force? It is as deep and Nature of the Patriotic of a desire consciousness and we each cherish and the myth every one of us of the Anglo is deeply right for of

to spread is the

American

institutions of the world, conflicts

round the earth.

very and

This is all natural and inevitable; but in

problem

every aspiring nationality

grow prove

throbs with the same impulse to

its supremacy in the

mysterious as life itself and can be explained only in the light of that evolutionary process from which all creation
springs. of his Indeed, capacities of all make the him enigmas an object of nature, man him? and of

self is the most perplexing.

The complexity and versatility

of wonder

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514 even

FRANK HAMILTON HANKINS to himself. as seeking other That with view of him which con?

mystery reason indeed. purposes the three hunger will acts He

ceived his conduct as guided by the beacon light of pure

and hence On the a mathematical the efforts certainty

the maximum

of utility with the least of effort was simple

hand, the basic of elements for sociological of his nature under

to subsum

major have not

instincts proved

self-preservation, love, and for it is repeatedly satisfactory;

observed that, at least in times of social crisis, the individual

to perform instincts all his self-regarding in the interests of his group. self-sacrifice of supreme and yet when aroused tenacity, clings to life with utmost to his social in? and one subtle the thousand appeals subordinate he every appearance freely and with lays down his life for his country. that coldly and with calculating the classical a vast rational of consummate Man, creature is thus, of the

by stinct

pleasure far from

early utilitarians all a social animal during deposited Man is in fact has never special the lived organs

the age-long fundamentally but in isolation man on of

he is above economists; of group sentiments reservoir for survival. struggle He gregarious by nature. in groups. Lacking always as did the found strength,

of defense for a existence struggle turned there calls

herd and the pack,

struggle fundamentally his survival

in group solidarity.
the human with the group on largely has been

Consequently
plane has been

then,

gregarious

instinct, as Trotter

group. Since, of his perfection a in man achieved

keen

sensitiveness
society nature. of stress to

to the call of the group.

This

herd

instinct, human social times

of it, is, therefore, of man's the most and aspect profound of self the instinct It is for the group what the very

basis

preservation
essential grips ternal

is for the individual.

and danger; group when

It is aroused only in
fear in some form is only sug?

every

it not awakened its development; of electrified in an atmosphere tribesman

gestibility,

but stirs within his bodily mechanism

the in?

are essential whose products secretory apparatus an as? and vigor of valor. It is in its strength to deeds as deep to live, and is therefore of the group will sertion

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patriotism and mysterious with life and and indeed

and as

peace as the

515 eternal

permanent

nisus of nature, the insistent push of everything that throbs

Patriotism is at once energy. is best conceived and as rooted the most in that elemental age-long

struggle which Grumplowicz

the most of the festation

called Der Rassenkampf.

mani?

It

profound instinct. Thus its viewed gregarious tremendous its contradictory it lack of power, effects, cold rationality, are its heroisms, and its insane brutalities all readily explainable. stratum for the war-like medieval and city We thus find a common horde the sub? and of primitive proclivities and principality, and

tribe, nation

modern

primitive

see why We it is that empire. or civilized, or modern, ancient

in every group, large or small,

Scottish
and we

clan or British Empire, there is an instinctive loyalty to all that is related to or symbolic of the group life;
see why all such objects are fought pass through a process of

idealization, so that in the end even the most sordid material

advantages become group. of the group for in the name and of liberty

and humanity.
Among

Even
primitive

divine

justice and the will of God

of the aspirations the most conspicuous

synonymous

with

the needs peoples

objects of loyalty were kings, who because of their supposed divinity became the embodiment of all that was precious in the group life; and the preservation of dynastic prestige thus became through countless centuries the first object of
every patriot's right devotion. of the state Modern democracy rejects the

divine right of kings but holds with

the divine

instinctive

tenacity

to

to sovereign

self-determination,

while

among democratic

peoples

living in a capitalistic

are of group solicitude age almost precious objects equally trade rights and opportunities. as an Viewing patriotism instinctive manifestation to live, we see of the group will honor holds such a vital place in international why national relations. Any Canal Panama severe wrench every affront compromise to national surrender tolls to as in the acquired privilege, a is after case, accomplished only the national instinct of self-assertion; of conference in the view constituted an of the thorough

the peace and prestige

at

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516 patriot Indeed another tarnished the name

FRANK HAMILTON HANKINS the of shield honor of his is at nation's bottom of the honor. simply social long? of the

sense

shining national

toward group ing for prestige. This view of patriotism statement that "without ceivable

for the deep emotional which affects anything makes clear

reaction

its egotism,

its

It today." out of clearly harmony dom, based as this is on a science Professor an and Yet esthetic Veblen says, industrial

incon? patriotism is "a spirit it is of particularism;" with the civilization of all Christen? and scholarship that are, as

war

the meaning be would

"homogeneously cosmopolitan," and political that is international, technique and oceans. cultures that transcend mountains

animus the patriotic still lives on; it seems as intense manifesta? past; being an emotional today as in the centuries

tion of the herd instinct, it does not have to be learned, while the objects to which it is attached and the symbols and
shibboleths tradition; which it may could arouse be reveal as it are ferocious of group solely matters or as generous in the

mind of the child as in that of the most

Nothing the instinctive more clearly the

learned scientist.
elemental

nature, of patriotism. At the very basis character, the question of the problem of permanent peace is, therefore, or control old to manipulate of how this million-year

propensity.
his have It credit held seems

Man
that his own

is a fighting animal; and it is much

to

he has

never he would for otherwise been, for existence. in the merciless struggle

of man shrinking tory races and those nation has

established that the common progenitor clearly a fragile, was not and the higher anthropoids a with creature but a large, brutish tree-shrew,

well-developed
shown

fighting instinct.
himself brave

Man
and

throughout his his?

The and and historical aggressive on death bold

heroic.

their prime, been during have, not have shrunk from inflicting with has whom they came in glorified and endowed of Valhalla. of human

leaders, the gates picture

great Every its great military war, apotheosized its soldiery with immortal bliss within You may think this an unfortunate and, of course it is not the whole

pain contact.

nature

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patriotism

and

peace

517

story, but I think we must accept it as true so far as it goes. For, I do not believe that a timid, sympathetic,
highly himself and altruistic over the creature entire in spreading would have succeeded in the face of ferocious beasts globe and tide, desert But and mountain. animal has carried its own against

in spite of wind of course, it must be added that no other on so consistently a war of extermination

It is no idle whim which ledMadison Grant to find kind. in the European War a symbol of "The Passing of The Great Race," the Nordic blondes of the Baltic basin, who
as Angles to France, gave their name gave their to England and as Germans to their name gave The to which these nations led Germany. conquering spirit name as Franks

spread their culture throughout the world found a tragic nemesis in pitting them against each other in a long death
struggle. V. The Objects and Scope Change of Patriotic Attachment

But
of our

if the patriotic animus be detrimental

civilization, is there no escape from

to the future
the enchanting

clutch of itsmagical power? If our thesis has been correct, there is an escape, but it can be accomplished only by the
of our supreme from nationalism to civiliza? loyalty to humanity. We each and all retain tion, from country a hierarchy of loyalties. to see our voting We wish pre? cinct or our ward shine by comparison with but we others, these local attachments when there is a contest be? forget tween our city and another. Each has a warm in his spot transfer heart when ing for his one commonwealth, is contrasted with love local only of or for his section another, but when are of the country these are as noth? faces the foe. and weak

to compared of all these Now, feeble, amounting and a moderate far group from that

country sentiments

she

to a certain

struggle

to willingness sentiment flaming for existence, elicits

relatively in local prestige pleasure serve local ends. All are which, from us rooted devotion in the unto

death for the group and the ideals to which supreme loyalty
is attached.

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518 This cration,

FRANK HAMILTON HANKINS this of conse? Conse? noted It in is and for a

complete reveals in spite

self-abnegation, true nature the of all it the is the noblest the to make

triumphant patriotism. we have

quently, its manifestations, the needs negation

absurdities essence

of

sentiments.

only of humanity. religion all We agree that for one city or commonwealth over trade privileges arms against would another its Virginia of transfer and Kentucky nation loyalty was at

of selfishness, a proper setting

of altruism, it the secure basis

to take up today be its the to

a gross absurdity; but American

Convention, development gradual more inclusive martial interests coalesce this

history had its Hartford

Resolutions, is a history of from local groups one time

South Carolina

rebellion, and its Civil War.

every modern of supreme ones. What

In fact the

a hundred

fighting principalities

each burning with racial egotism and

power and economic by military zeal, are reformed in the course of time and these dozen into a dozen, a What has been the secret of into great nation. has been a chief factor, as is shown conquest states and America. of modern European

transformation?

In the past, by the history of the

But conquest itself does not create new loyalty in the hearts
ance. an ancient even sanctify and may allegi? conquered the defeat and Our own South wTas not made loyal by

iron heel of the conqueror. And yet by the close of century her sons marched side by side with those of North in the war with Spain. This new patriotism of South was the silent work of years of security within
common So long and country as contiguous of an

the the the the

economic solidarity. increasing and seek to dominate nationalities

exploit each other, so long will local patriotisms flourish and bring forth their inevitable travail. For patriotism is
itself into a higher transmute and of a sense of security the development with unit. social within the larger solidarity race fear and will only loyalty of economic

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PATRIOTISM VI. Permanent Peace Must

AND PEACE be Based on a Genuine

519

Internationalism 1. Its material to advance In order, therefore, seems to achieve it necessary peace In the first must has ently basis been place, the material conditions the two cause of international things. nations

fundamental of the great

interests

more and more into harmony. So recent be brought so of national and the development unity persist? as economically of themselves have all nations thought

and politically

independent

that we have developed

no

of internationalism. for the psychology are we at a point Nevertheless apparently

in the develop?

ment

of the Western World

is developing

in which
rapidly. this

the material
The of

basis of
of most

internationalism

writings affairs

Norman
cogently. more

Angel
The

in the "Great
war presented itself was

Illusion" and "The Fruits

aspect a prodigious demonstration

of Victory"

have

that every great

industrial

nation must

inevitably

lose

war than it can ever hope to gain thereby. by modern as has been In other words, out, frequently pointed an become While has economic the nations Europe unity.

are still politically

independent

they have become

war the demonstrated level

eco?
that

The interdependent. nomically none of them is able to maintain perity apart has therefore that from the prosperity the way prepared welfare

of pre-war pros? of its neighbors. The war of the fact presents a unified

for a recognition

the material

of all Europe

problem:

that whether

they like it or not, friend and foe

a condition which is rapidly

grow rich or poor together. the war produced Moreover,

precipitating
national

the Western World

in the direction of inter?

the 19th century the national During capitalism. state with its and capitalistic accompanying imperialism was its system of protective actor on tariffs the dominating the international Several countries had stage. European

invested heavily
invested investments

in the Americas
outside

and many

of them had

largely in Russia,

of Europe, but, aside from French none of them had a large stake in

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520 the economic owes us not other still

FRANK HAMILTON HANKINS of any billion continental In other. now Europe she owes England But owe France we are un? that

development less than fifteen other of dollars.

and billions, other billions

dollars, countries the era

in of one great nation the investment entering one in nation and the of the another, purchases another, in another and of surplus products by one nation marketing of many of capital by the citizens investment the common doubtedly countries in the same industrial ventures are becoming

fundamentally important in the determination of national policy. Not only is the financial stake of the advanced
countries national such ance we unit in one finances another condition them now of numerous a prodigious sum, nationalities European only their international but are the in

a precarious will enable and

that

assist?

are faced with

financial

In fact, balance. of more than one national the bankruptcy of others, upon whose in the finances such disorder industrial of the great the prosperity soundness depends, that we may of count the on future international

to recover

purpose setting as it was It is much in running order. the Revolution, after colonies the American during among as the Critical There was a state Period. is known what and tariff warfare, of trade restriction, of financial chaos, financial mechanism

so intimately powers for the conferences

local jealousy which led all the far-seeing minds of the era to
realize of a more perfect union of the formation the necessity of the common welfare. for the promotion worth there are two other tendencies In addition noting.

One of these is the tendency of the capitalistic

different war countries but engaged in the same

interests of
industry to

enter into world

combines.

This had begun before

the

and may be expected oil and shipping, in steel, tobacco, soon as as international to take on a new development just is the there And then are again established. relations fact already recognized that the advanced industrial nations

must
areas

jointly participate
and

in the development

of backward

industries. ternational

of the machine of the raw materials the production of in? In other words, the rapid development now we the of which beginnings capitalism,

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PATRIOTISM will the

AND furnish

PEACE an

521 firm

very

clearly

observe, upon which

increasingly of a real

foundation for the development

nationalism nation depends.

of the psychology

of inter?
inter

establishment

2. Its psychological basis

But if we are to have in popular be grounded are leon said that men a genuine sentiment ruled internationalism and imagination. their imaginations are On it must Napo? and ruled by

all that one need certainly and their emotions imaginations. do not reason interest men group but seem start emotionally and from

by to add is that men

certain

of great problems and calmly objectively, which great ultimates This may be tribal while in that

have become so deeply implanted in their psychic life as to

sacred totem, royal it is true that international the bias material separatism beyond question. or nation's emblem, flag. nations aim to follow Consequently, their self-interests demonstrated the

history relations, of patriotic sentiment welfare, and purblind antagonism.

has amply greatly

warps

conception

of what the self-interest

truly is. From this standpoint of

nationalism dictates Economically, of policies is a Ireland

province of Great Britain market for its livelihood,

necessary concession

and dependent on the British but the Irish Free State is a

of Irish nationalism.

to the sentiment

But I do not mean to belittle the importance of the essen? tial material basis of internationalism; I put it first.
America was South while, capital relations herself constitutes by war and a great conquest, illustration. but Our Union become preserved it did not

deeply implanted
for a full

in the imagination and sentiment of the

after the Civil War. Mean? generation railroads had been built north and south, northern had pressed for investment in the South, and trade between New the two sections issues had political the magic personality and to extensive grown a new generation of Roosevelt to break

proportions. then enabled The

the Solid South in the first decade of the Twentieth Century.

of economic an is therefore growth interdependence essential of a psychic basis for the establishment foundation

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522 for unity of rival

FRANK HAMILTON and

HANKINS that unity can

groups,

progress much illustrated by and England. nationalism

limits beyond the present estrangement But will the establishment

likely set by material

it is not

as is factors, France between

which

of a genuine inter? put an end to war will not be assured

until the ideal of a great inter-state

popular Now from consciousness nothing the goal could reveal more

is implanted
values.

in the

as one of life's ultimate

supreme to peace such the of mutual

of permanent peace, in the popular mind. immense service No doubt, is rendered successful international conferences, by on disarmament.

how far we are clearly is still for nationalism

as that

and understanding national under which of provincialism patriotism spirit of those International conferences thrives most intensely. among whom well But friction serve and conflict of interests were

create an atmosphere They to is inimical confidence which

nations

might developing were successful.

by the uncompromising This self-assertion. prevents from surrendering anything maintenance of the cussion revision world is not and such toward It of national national

to prevent war, so long as they is always their success endangered and self-esteem spirit of national the national deemed important or the further representatives for the

expansion prestige a dis? will not even permit France ego. and treaty of reparations at Genoa of questions are clearly of to the restoration fundamental which

peace and prosperity

prepared in any country at the same time as does to enable not seem a new is not

in Europe.

It is obvious

that the
and there the vision,

for anything revolutionary one single statesman with

a grip on the popular imagination, to lead European him peoples rapidly organization. that one therefore, to been have peace should estab? probable, permanent

international

expect confidently lished until modern transmuted attachment peace been will a into

have waned and have been patriotisms emotional and equally intense similar Permanent to the symbols of internationalism. a on secure foundation there has only when of the sovereignty its ultimate through

rest

to which inter-state genuine is nationalities subordinated separatist

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PATRIOTISM to compel immensely obedience. more

AND PEACE nations their have ones time those must mutual

523 have in?

power grown of

Meanwhile, interdependent,

terests must have devised a multiplicity

international signified interests they must cooperation, to accommodate their willingness to their larger and permanent must at the

of new institutions
repeatedly self their minor by mutual have de? symbols of

and they compromise, a much greater veloped

same to

attachment

internationalism
nationalism.

which
look

must
forward

displace

the

symbols

of

to the develop? seriously set seriously ment then we must of the international mind, of national to transmute sentiment to work the powerful of regulator a new set of symbols and imaginations emotions by popular in? and a new and stirring ritual to arouse the deep-seated to to unquestioned of man devotion stincts and emotions patriotism into automatic and ultimate the cause of humanity rather than the cause of tribe or nation. an

If we

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