Journal of International Relations - 1922 - 7 PDF

International Notes Author(s): Margaret C.
Alexander, Bernice Sanborn and Mary Walsh Source: The Journal of International Relations, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Apr., 1922), pp. 539-557 Published by: Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/29738517 . Accessed: 04/10/2013 01:29
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 209.6.206.232 on Fri, 4 Oct 2013 01:29:10 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
INTERNATIONALNOTES
The period from Editor's Note: in the following is covered pages. have been postponed Latin America LEAGUE to February November 15,1921 on the Far East The sections to the July issue. OF NATIONS 15, 1922 and on
Council a request from Mr. Lloyd George to the Secretary Following to consider of the Council, General of the League for a meeting as a direct violation of invasion of Albania, the continued Jugoslav under of blockade measures and the adoption the Covenant, 16 of the Covenant in case the invasion did not cease, the Article from in Paris, in extraordinary Council was convened session, 16 to 19. During that period it occupied itself almost November frontiers. Representa? exclusively with the question of Albania's were present at the sessions. and of Jugoslavia tives of Albania The delegate of the latter Power agreed to respect the frontiers of Ambassadors set by the Council (quod vide) and to withdraw all troops from Albanian territory at once, while both representa? that they would maintain tives declared for their governments of Enquiry The Commission relations in the future. neighborly to watch in Albania has returned to that country of the League of Jugoslav At the same session of the the retirement troops. for Great Britain that a treaty Council, Mr. Fisher announced with the King of had been concluded under the British mandate Irak, Emir Feisul. on January 10, under The sixteenth session opened at Geneva from the Saar Valley A delegation the presidency of M. Hymans. of the Governing to the Council the decision against appealed in defining as an "inhabitant" of the Valley any person Commission in the Saar one year, and in withdrawing citizenship residing from any person, born in the Saar but absent for one permanently Commission The appeal was denied and the Governing year. of guarantee? the responsibility The Council accepted re?lected. of the Aaland Islands, and dropped the settle? ing the neutrality ment of the Polish-Lithuanian dispute over Vilna on the refusal of decision. to abide by the League's both governments (See Poland.) Permanent Court of International Justice An informal preliminary session of the Court opened at The on January 30. At a private session on February 3, Dr. Hague of the Dutch B. T. C. Loder, a former member Supreme Court, was elected President of the Court. The first public meeting was 15. held on February 539
540
INTERNATIONAL
COUNCIL
NOTES
OF AMBASSADORS
on November The Council of Ambassadors, the -9, announced frontier as following the 1913 line with four slight reser? Albanian In reaching three favoring Jugoslavia and one Albania. vations, did this decision the Council determined that, in case Jugoslavia not respect the frontiers, Italy should be entrusted with the task decision On November of restoring them. 18, a supplementary was reached by which a zone of demarcation to be is established, the actual and Serbian troops pending kept free of Albanian of the border. marking
SUPREME COUNCIL
at the London of reparation and Cannes (For the discussion see Germany,) meetings, a conference Premiers between and Lloyd George Following 19 to 22, dealing with questions in London from December Briand of the of reparation and interallied the members indebtedness, at Cannes on January 4 for conversa? Supreme Council gathered two days later. On the 6th, the tions preliminary to the meeting economic and convened for the task of facing European Council, financial problems, adopted a resolution calling for an international in March, to which conference at Genoa economic and financial of Turkey, would be all the ex-enemy states, with the exception was granted to the Soviet Government on invited. Participation the form of Russia the following conditions: shall not dictate shall legally enforce the rights of of another nation; government private property and contract; shall meet old Russian debts; shall and shall reestablish abstain from propaganda; legal and juristic the invitation to be for crimes. Russia has accepted punishment the conditions. present without definitely accepting Orginally for March called by the Italian Government 8, the conference has on the request of France who to April 10, mainly been postponed of Versailles and the recognition of fears a revision of the Treaty on conditions to her interests. An attempt Russia unfavorable has been made by France, through exchanges of notes, to secure a of the agenda of the consideration and interpretation preliminary and the representatives of the conference by the allied governments The program as fixed at Cannes includes the "Little Entente." for putting into execu? into the means (1) Examination following: of January tion the principles contained in the resolution 6, of European peace (2) establishment regarding Russia; especially to the restoration of upon a solid basis; (3) conditions necessary or altering confidence without economic existing endangering such as currency, paper money, (4) financial treaties; questions, banks and banking systems; (5) economic and financial questions. The formation to re? finance of an international corporation of Europe was accepted by the establish the economic foundations to the extent of ?20,000,000 will be raised by Council. Capital individuals of, France, Great Britain and in, and the governments
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
541
the United if the latter desires; allied nations and neutrals States, A Central share. will be created, International may Corporation in London, with headquarters and will consist of representatives to be set up in the countries of the affiliated national corporations from the several coun? A council of representatives participating. and will be tries will govern the operations of the consortium, at first with the restoration of transport in concerned facilities and countries "which guarantee the rights of private property enforce justice." The treaty guaranteeing the security of France, under discus? was again in December, sion at the preliminary London meeting before the two premiers at Cannes. English opinion favored an to keep the and Germany France between England, agreement a military alliance with Eng? peace, while M. Briand demanded These negotiations, land. together with the agreement reached at to revise the schedule of reparation payments and to hear Cannes a to such the Germans, France aroused in point that feeling M. Briand returned to Paris on the 11th to explain his position On the 12th, realizing to the Cabinet and Chamber of Deputies. for a vote the sentiment against him, he resigned without waiting of confidence. conference closed the next day and The Cannes on the Anglo-French alliance have been resumed by negotiations The terms agreed upon at Cannes were: diplomatic methods. naval the aid of her military, (1) Great Britain promised France and air forces in case of aggression (2) France and by Germany; reaffirmed their common interest in Articles 42, 43 Great Britain and promised to act in concert and 44 of the Treaty of Versailles, and Great of these Articles; any violators (3) France against Britain should Germany take any to act in concert promised naval or aerial measures with the Treaty incompatible military, on the British of Versailles; (4) the treaty imposed no obligations Dominions unless approved (5) the interested; by the Dominion treaty would remain in force for ten years, and be renewable by common consent at the end of that period.
WASHINGTON CONFERENCE ON THE LIMITATION OF ARMAMENT
and the opening session, seeNotes for January, (For preliminaries 1922.) The Washington which 12, opened on November Conference, 6, 1922. During 1921, did not complete its labors until February sessions. there were seven plenary that period of thirteen weeks took in which most of the discussion The principal committees, on were of which the Limitation the Committee Armament, place, on Pacific and Far and the Committee held twenty-one meetings, times. Eastern Questions, which met thirty-one of the limitation of naval armament centered Discussion chiefly The original Hughes' in the question of the submarine. proposal for of the capital ship or submarine made no mention tonnage the United On December France and States, 15, Italy. ratio on condition Great Britain and Japan agreed to the 5-5-3
542
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
and naval bases that the status quo with regard to fortifications in the Pacific be maintained and that the ratios for France no objection to the 175,000 France made and Italy be fixed. capital ship tonnage, allotted her on the basis of the relation of her actual fleet to those of the original three Powers, but she in? sisted on a 90,000 submarine tonnage allotment, equal to the on allotments for the and Great United States Britain, provided the ground that her extensive coastline and colonial possessions made the submarine necessary Great to her as a defense weapon. on the other hand, considered a definite the submarine Britain, menace on which to her commerce and overseas communications, her food supply depends, and made a plea for the abolition of the submarine. Plain ensued on the part of the British speaking so dispro? for a demand delegation, casting suspicion on France to her capital ship tonnage. The French portionate delegation for 90,000 tons as an irreducible minimum, held out, nevertheless, in with the result that no mention of submarine tonnage is made were made the Five-Power Naval Treaty. Slight modifications to permit in the ratios of capital ship tonnage originally provided to the retention of certain ships, such as the Mutsu in preference of the Setsu for Japan and, for the United States, the completion two ships of the West Virginia class to take the place of the North Dakota and Delaware. for The maximum capital ship tonnage as finally agreed upon, is: the various Powers,
TOTALTONNAGE United Great France. Italy. Japan. States. Britain.
500,650 580,450 221,170 182,800 301,320 in each case. of the Con?
The The
treaty designates which ships may be retained total capital ship replacement tonnage of each is fixed as follows: tracting Powers
METRICTONS United States. Great Britain. France. Italy. Japan.
525,000 525,000 175,000 175,000 315,000 ship tonnage provided in the original
CAPITAL SHIPS
533,400 533,400 177,800 177,800 320,040 American pro?
The
capital posal was:
TOTALTONNAGB
United Great Japan.
States. Britain.
18 22 10
500,650 604,450 299,700
INTERNATIONAL with capital ship replacement of:
NOTES
543
United Great Japan.
States. Britain.
500,000 500,000 300,000
5-5-3 ratio was, The original therefore, accepted by the five to include a 1-6 ratio for France and Italy. Powers, and extended Naval the total tonnage The Five-Power for Treaty stipulates Powers. The discus? aircraft carriers of each of the Contracting sion of the limitation of aircraft resulted in a decision that "it is to impose any effective limitation upon not at present practicable or characteristics or of aircraft, the numbers either commercial The question to govern the use of of rules of warfare military." On January aircraft in war was referred to a special committee. to revise 27, the Root resolution calling for a future conference The Root code for submarine the rules of war was adopted. in three resolutions which were introduced on embodied warfare, December 28, was the subject of considerable discussion, resulting in in the Five-Power the use of submarines Treaty restricting them as commerce destroyers and embodying warfare, outlawing an additional clause with regard to asphyxiating and poisonous The question of land armament, the special concern of gases. France and Italy, was raised at the third plenary session, when an emphatic and at? M. Briand made defense plea for France or physical to prove the impossibility of moral disar? tempted for his country. mament The Far Eastern discussions 16, with the opened on November of the so-called "ten by the Chinese delegation presentation a statement of the principles which should containing points," re? in their determination of the questions guide the Conference on Pacific The Committee and Far Eastern lating to China. On Questions accepted China's claims "in principle" on the 19th. four in number, were adopted as a the 21st, the Root principles, in its investigations with regard to China, guide to the Committee in? it was agreed: by which (1) To respect China's sovereignty, and territorial and administrative (2) to dependence integrity; to China to develop and maintain provide the fullest opportunity a stable government; of the principle (3) to help in maintaining for the commerce and industry of all nations equal opportunity in China; and (4) to refrain from taking advantage of present con? in order to seek special rights or privileges. ditions The discus? sions on China covered, in addition to the extension of the prin? Demands, ciple of the Open Door and the question of the Twenty-One a wide range of concrete problems, such as a board of reference for Far Eastern questions, foreign postal agencies, extraterritoriality, foreign troops in China, leased areas, alien radio stations, discrimi? on Chinese nation commitments, railways, publicity regarding
THE JOURNALOF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, VOL. 12, NO. 4, 1922
544
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
forces, embargo on arms to China, reduction of Chinese military of the Chinese and tariff. Meetings and revision of the Chinese dealt with the Shantung which controversy, Japanese delegations as a whole, and on was not properly a subject for the Conference February 4, an agreement was reached as a result of these negotia? leased territory of Kiaochow tions, by which the former German was restored The Shantung to China. included as agreement for the transfer to China of the Tsingtao-Tsinanfu well provision to international of Kiaochow the opening trade, and Railway, of the coal and iron mines the financing along the Shantung was com? Province The restoration of the Shantung Railway. release of Wei-Hai-Wei. pleted by Great Britain's Another which was settled while the Conference controversy, a subject for consideration was in session although not definitely of the Island of Yap. Negotia? by that body, was the disposition and Japanese Governments led to an the American tions between to the island is the mandate for hold which by Japan agreement but the United States is to have free access to the island in so far ser? as the Yap-Guam cable, any other cable or radiot?l?graphie vice is concerned and confirms American rights in other mandated islands. In the course of the discussions Japan waived Group V of the and Demands and gave up her claims to preferential Twenty-one The Chinese dele? and Mongolia. exclusive rights in Manchuria treaties of 1915 should that the Sino-Japanese gation declared form the subject of impartial examination with a view to their assurance her of intention to with? also gave Japan abrogation. in Siberia and from Province draw her troops from the Maritime the Island of Saghalin. In the discussion of the resolution on the principle of the Open in the Nine-Power listed below, resulted which Treaty Door, Japan was opposed to the new definition of the policy having any bore Her retroactive effect as regards concessions. opposition IV of the Hughes' that Article such weight resolution, providing with another inconsistent that any concession which appeared set forth in the rest of the resolu? concession or with the principles to the Board of Reference when estab? tion, should be submitted includes the four The treaty as adopted, lished, was dropped. states its purpose as a desire "to Root principles. Its preamble in the Far East, to adopt a policy designed to stabilize conditions inter? safeguard the rights and interests of China, and to promote course between China and the other Powers upon the basis of of opportunity." equality The Chinese tariff treaty provides for a revision of the schedule of 1918 so that the customs duty shall be an effective 5 per cent to prepare the way for the ad valorem, and for a special conference abolition of the likin (internal tax) with a view to granting China and 5 per the right to levy surtaxes of 2\ per cent on necessaries cent on luxuries. of the tariff is provided at the end of Revision
four years and again every seven years.
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
545
are embodied in seven treaties The results of the Conference which were signed at the final plenary and twelve resolutions, 6. The session on February treaties include: (1) A five-power treaty limiting naval armament; (2) a five-power treaty in relation to the use of submarines and noxious gases in warfare; (3) a four and insular do? power treaty, relating to the insular possessions the British Empire, France minions of the United and States, the Anglo (this treaty terminates Japan in the Pacific Ocean the above (4) a declaration Japanese Alliance); accompanying to the effect that the making of the treaty treaty, four-power States shall not be considered an assent on the part of the United to the mandates in the Pacific Ocean; (5) a treaty supplementary to the four-power treaty, defining "insular possessions and insular so far as Japan is concerned; dominions" (6) a nine-power treaty con? and policies to be followed in matters relating to principles an extension of the principle cerning China (this treaty embodies of the Open Door) ;and (7) a nine-power treaty relating to Chinese are as follows: customs tariff. The resolutions (1) For a Com? of Jurists to consider amendment mission of laws of war; (2) of the Commission of Jurists provided in limiting the jurisdiction a Board of Reference the first resolution; for Far (3) regarding Eastern Questions; in China; (4) regarding extraterritoriality (5) in China; regarding foreign postal agencies (6) regarding armed forces in China; in China and accom? (7) regarding radio stations of rail? by China; panying declarations (8) regarding unification declaration ways in China, and accompanying (9) re? by China; of Chinese military garding the reduction forces; (10) regarding of China or with respect to China; existing commitments (11) re? the Chinese Eastern garding Railway, approved by all the Powers including China; and (12) regarding the Chinese Eastern Railway approved by all the Powers other than China. The closing address was delivered by President Harding.
UNITED STATES
(For Russian Relief Bill see Russia.) On November 19 President Harding de? issued a proclamation the United States and Austria-Hungary had claring war between on July 2, 1921. Diplomatic terminated relations with Germany were officially resumed on December 31. The War Loan Refunding Bill was approved by the Senate on December Finance Committee 10, passed by the Senate on on February 9. January 31, and signed by President Harding The Bill authorizes the refunding of the foreign debt due the United States into securities maturing not later than June 15, as provided 1947. The Refunding Commission for in the Bill is to consist of five members: one three members of the Cabinet, from the Senate and one from the House of Representatives. The appointment as chairman of Secretary Mellon of the Com? is stipulated are to be mission in the Bill; the four other members named by the President.
546
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
With the opening of the regular session of Congress on December 5, the first budget to be compiled under the newly enacted Budget Act was transmitted to both branches of Congress by President The budget calls for estimated in the Harding. expenditures fiscal year ending June 30, 1923, of $3,505,754727. For the pur? a portion of the funds necessary to balance the pose of providing exceed the budget for 1923, in which the estimated expenditures estimated receipts by the sum of approximately $150,000,000, President Harding recommended legislation in connection with the Bill for 1923, which would result in the even? Navy Appropriation now held in the naval supply tual automatic release of $100,000,000 account of the Navy Department. on investigation The Report of the Special Mission to the the New Leonard Philippine Islands, signed by Governor-General, and by W. Cameron Forbes, was made on October 8, 1921. Wood, The report recommends that the present status of the Philippines continue until the people "have had time to absorb and thoroughly master A committee the powers already in their hands." ap? has come to the United pointed by the Philippine Legislature in the Report. States to oppose the recommendations contained On December 15 the convention in of the Nacionalista Party a Manila in for absolute its platform adopted plank independence. on December The two resident Philippine 26, Commissioners, a statement sent to President Harding asking for independence. A delegation of native Porto Rican officials and citizens, under of the Porto Rican the leadership of Antonio R. Barcelo, President the dominant Senate, and leader of the Unionist Party, political came to Washington late in November to party in Porto Rico, the removal E. Montgomery demand from office of Governor of office ever Reily, whom they charged with maladministration In spite of this protest since his arrival in Porto Rico last July. on December President Harding, 16, instructed Governor Reily to return to Porto Rico at once. On February 14, a general of the Unionist the independ? assembly Party voted to eliminate ence plank from its platform the status of a and to substitute "free ?tate associated with the United The party en? States." now in which dorsed the Campbell provides Congress, resolution, for almost absolute autonomy, with power to elect the Governor A resi? and Legislature, to make the laws and to enforce them. the United dent commission, with veto power, would represent law. to establish martial States and have power in emergencies Occu? The Senatorial the American Commission investigating after a and Santo Domingo, of Haiti pation and Administration its preliminary made short visit to Haiti and Santo Domingo, The report recom? in December. report to President Harding or the re? of American marines mended the withdrawal against of the forces policing Haiti. the duction Instead, appointment was recommended, to whom of a high commissioner both the civil and military authorities should report, as well as the main? of the tenance of the American civil staff and the continuance
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
547
so that she may pay her debt treaty of 1915. A loan to Haiti In the course of the hearings countries was urged. to European on the Commission's documents from the important report, secret dispatch book on Haiti, relative to the United States Navy's United States' policy towards Haiti since 1914, have been revealed. have rejected the con? leaders in Santo Domingo The political of the military of the United ditions of withdrawal government in the proclamation issued by the military gover? States, proposed nor in June, and the population has declined to take any steps to elections to carry them out. Senator McCor hold the necessary of the Senatorial Commission chairman the investigating mick, and Administration of Haiti and Santo American Occupation has declared that it is impossible at the present time Domingo, of the terms of the proclama? to advise a substantial modification to assure civil order and tion, which are regarded as necessary of credit and the discharge of the obliga? peace, the maintenance The Dominicans have been consistent tions of Santo Domingo. in their demand for a return of their independence, and emphatic subject only to the terms of the treaty of 1907, and in their charge of illegality against the American occupation. The treaty between the United States and Colombia, providing in settlement to Colombia of the of $25,000,000 for payment difficulties growing out of the acquisition by the United States of Chamber the Panama Canal route, was ratified by the Colombian on December of Deputies 24, 1921. The treaty, which was first States Senate in 1914, was ratified by that sent to the United 1921. The Colombian Senate ratified in April, it on body 1921. October 13, invited Chile and Peru to send In January, President Harding to Washington for conference, with a view to plenipotentiaries of the unfulfilled regarding the execution reaching an agreement clauses of the Treaty of Ancon, involving the Tacna-Arica dispute. Both Chile and Peru have accepted the invitation.
THE BRITISH EMPIRE
Ireland were continued Peace negotiations during the latter part of and on December 6, a treaty was signed under the November, status terms of which Ireland is to have the same constitutional as the other British Dominions and is to be known as the Irish The Free State; allegiance to the British Crown is to be retained. treaty was opposed by Mr. de Valera, and by Sir James Craig on was called in special The British Parliament the part of Ulster. 14 to discuss the treaty, and a resolution of session on December in the Address from the Throne. An ratification was embodied in effect rejecting the treaty, was defeated by a vote amendment, of Lords, and by a vote of 401 to 58 in of 156 to 47 in the House The Dail Eireann ratified the treaty on of Commons. the House January 9, by a vote of 60 to 48, Mr. de Valera having resigned,
548 Mr.
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
Arthur Griffith was elected to succeed him as president of the until the treaty is executed Dail, which is to remain in existence and a general election held. The treaty was ratified by the Parlia? ment of Southern Ireland on January 14. A Provisional Govern? set up to supervise of the treaty and to the execution ment, was formally installed in Dublin draw up a new Irish Constitution, Castle on January 16. On February 9, the Irish Free State Act of to put into effect the terms of the Anglo-Irish 1922, designed treaty, received its first reading in the British House of Commons. India
27 to 29, an All-India Nationalist Congress met at The extremists proposed a resolution to obtain com? instead of and proper means" plete independence by "possible the "legitimate The and peaceful means" of Gandhi's policy. was rejected resolution At a by an overwhelming majority. on of the leaders of all Indian parties, held in Bombay meeting similar January 15, a resolution was passed favoring a conference, to the Irish peace parleys, between British and a representatives as suggested by the Governor of Indian Nationalists, delegation has not yet of Bengal. A satisfactory basis for the conference been found. was held on A meeting of the Bombay Provincial Congress move? for the civil disobedience January 29 to enlist volunteers ment which had been postponed until the end of in November in February Gandhi issued a manifesto explain? January. Early led to his campaign of civil disobedience, ing the reasons which further to to postpone the campaign and stating his willingness the Viceroy of the situation allow a reconsideration provided would, within seven days, declare amnesty to all political prisoners The Indian and restore freedom of association and of the press. on February 7 challenging certain Office issued a communication statements made in Gandhi's manifesto and declaring his demands To this them. to be such that no government could discuss in his manifesto, the allegations made Gandhi replied, repeating with lawless repression, and stating his charging the Government tribunal not to prove the charges before any impartial readiness and connected with the Government. January February During rioting increased and the situation became more serious in many On February districts. 13, a resolution was passed by the Work? a in Bardoli, of the National deploring Congress ing Committee recent outbreak at Chauri-Chaura, and suspending civil disobedi? ence until the wave of violent feeling shall have passed. December Ahmedabad.
Egypt
issued a White Paper On December 3, the British Government the British with the whereby Egypt, concerning negotiations as a sovereign state under a constitu? offered to recognize Egypt be that all political tional monarch, but demanded agreements
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
549
be allowed to maintain and that England approved by England, an army not only in the Suez Canal zone but anywhere in Egypt. The proposals were rejected by the Egyptians, and the Egyptians, and the Egyptian Cabinet, under Adly Pasha, resigned on Decem? hold office under a r?gime of ber 8. As no Egyptian would no new has been martial cabinet formed. law, the Nationalist Zaghlul Pasha, by the leader, was deported movement British to Ceylon. As a result, a non-co?peration made similar to that of Mr. Gandhi in Egypt, its appearance except that was issued A manifesto it made no provision against violence. of the Nationalist January 23 by eight members calling for Party, a complete boycott of British goods and people. General Allenby ordered the arrest of the eight signers and the suspension of the four Cairo papers publishing the manifesto. on January 29, that the The Foreign Office issued a statement, British Government to terminate the protecto? would be willing as a sovereign rate, recognize Egypt state, and agree to the es? of an Egyptian tablishment that Great Parliament, provided Britain retain the right and the power to afford the protection to in Egypt the foreign communities of expected by the governments those peoples, under existing conditions, and that Egypt be safe? or aggression, direct or guarded against all foreign interference indirect.
FRANCE
a The political situation has been unusually tense, involving succession of votes of confidence, and resulting in the finally of M. Briand and the formation of a new Government resignation under (See report of the Cannes Conference, by M. Poincar?. of the new Cabinet were mem? Six members Supreme Council,) bers of the Briand Cabinet. On January 19 the new Government received a vote of confidence, 472 to 107, from the Chamber of on his foreign and declaration Deputies, following M. Poincar?'s domestic policy. On December of Deputies voted approval of 14, the Chamber for an expenditure the new budget, providing of 25,140,000,000 francs and receipts of 24,327,000,000 francs. The senate ap? 31. The war budget for proved the budget for 1922 on December ofWar, shows a decrease 1922, according to M. Barthou, Minister francs as compared with that of 1921. The French in 850,000,000 in 1914 amounted to 27 milliard debt, which francs, is now re? at 328 francs. milliard ported In December, M. Berthelot, of the Ministry for Secretary of allegations that he had Foreign Affairs, resigned in consequence abused his official position in the matter of La Banque Industrielle de la Chine, which suspended in June. The Govern? payments ment's intentions with regard to the refloating of the Banque have been under discussion in the Chamber, in the adoption resulting of a resolution, the Government to negotiate with the authorizing Chinese Government for the assignment of the instalments of the
550
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
to the purpose of "safeguarding the material Boxer indemnity interests of France in the Far East." and moral The new French army bill provides for an army of 695,000 men, North the remainder of whom will be French-born, 478,000 The Socialist and foreigners. Africans, Colonials scheme, oppos? for an army of 150,000 provides ing the Government proposal, on the ground that reduction of Germany's army to 100,000 men The Government scheme pro? makes that number sufficient. of the Rhine forces from 90,000 to 69,500 vides for a reduction men. On January 9, of the bill has been urged. Early discussion that Algerian and Senegalese it was announced troops are to in France. disbanded French replace regiments The commercial modus vivendi with Spain expired on December was a reply to the new Spanish customs Its denunciation 10. tariff, which is especially aimed at France. on February The Council of the French Labor Federation 14, leader of in M. Jouhaux, by a vote of 92 to 3, voted confidence of the Council since the moderates. This was the first meeting on January 1. the split in the ranks of the Federation
GERMANY
in May, The scheme of reparation 1921, payments adopted fixed the reparation figure at 132 milliard gold marks, and provided for the payment annually of: A (a) fixed sum of two milliard gold to be paid quarterly before January 15, April 15, July 15 marks, to a per? 15 of each year; and (6) a sum equivalent and October instalments exports, to be paid in quarterly centage of Germany's and August of of November, before the fifteenth February, May The first milliard under (a) and the first instalment each year. On January under 15, another quarterly (b) have been paid. fell due, and on February of the two milliards instalment 15, the of Decem? for 1922 under (b). During the months first instalment the of notes took place between ber and January an exchange Government and the German Commission regarding Reparation in a provisional these payments, upon delay, conditional resulting of 31,000,000 the payment every ten days during the gold marks a fort? within by Germany period of delay; and the submission a a with for financial of program guarantee reform, plan night in cash and in of payments and a schedule for its fulfillment, kind for 1922. The reparation problem was under consideration of M. to the meetings at the Cannes Conference, subsequent and Dr. Rathenau with Mr. Lloyd George Briand, M. Loucheur was reached to set the and a tentative in London, agreement in cash and marks at for this year 720,000,000 gold payments broke up, in kind. The conference for delivery 1,450,000,000 In the meantime before a real decision was reached. however, the ten-day instalments were deposited on January 19 and 27, and on February 8. On January 28, Germany's reply to the Repara? tion Commission's request for a program of financial reform and was delivered. that Germany be The note requested payments
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
551
in 1922 and asked for a general re? relieved of all cash payments in cash payments and an increase in payments in kind. duction an increase in revenue through drastic increases It announced in in indirect taxes (bills are before the Reichstag taxation, especially in property further increases tax, as well as taxes on providing tax from 1\ per cent in turnover increase and corporations, capital to 2 per cent and in the coal tax from 20 to 40 per cent) ; the re? of Government duction of expenditure by the gradual abolition for 1922 will be reduced for foodstuffs subsidies (food subsidies to 1,000,000,000 from 2,250,000,000 paper marks), a new system of increase in railway, postal relief, and an enormous unemployment of an increase of note and telephone rates; and the prevention circulation by the issue of a forced loan of one milliard gold marks, to the yield of the loan to be used only for extraordinary payments liabilities (the compulsory especially reparation foreign countries, on January 26). loan was accepted by the Reichstag Energetic were promised measures the removal of capital abroad against it was suggested and the evasion of taxation. that the Finally, to restore Germany's internal and external Allies take measures credit and so facilitate the floating of a big international reparation that the program outlined in loan. The demand for guarantees Neither the Reparation the note would be fulfilled was ignored. nor the Allied Governments have reached a decision Commission The period of provisional with regard to the program. delay will the balance due on the January last until there is a decision, 15 a fortnight 15 payments and February after becoming payable the decision. in the Reichstag for 1922 was introduced The German Budget on January 30. The ordinary budget shows, with a revenue of marks and expenditures of 86,700,000,000 103,200,000,000 marks, a surplus of 16,500,000,000 marks for reparation available pay? deficit of 183 milliard paper marks; There is an estimated ments. the largest deficit item is 171 milliard paper marks for reparations. A strike begun by subordinate railway officials and engine a demand for wage drivers on February increases 2, involving ranging from 50 to 75 per cent, led, through the extension of the in the repair shops, to a complete cessation of strike to the men North and Western The Trade traffic throughout Germany. Committees issued a manifesto, Union Head the condemning in spite of the strikers and calling off the strike, but it continued the strike as a "revolt," The Government condemned rebuke. as Government claimed that the railwaymen, had no employees, as measures and such con? to the strike, adopted repressive right fiscation of all strike funds and the issuance of an edict forbidding or railway officials to stop work under penalty of imprisonment On February fine up to 50,000 marks. 7, the strike was called off. The wage increases demanded by the railwaymen would have increase of from 50 to 60 milliard entailed a total annual budget 5 to 8, the municipal From February workers in the marks. gas, water and power plants of Berlin were on strike in protest
552
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
against the decrease in their standard of living because of increased for reparation taxation purposes. former German Minister In January, Dr. Walter Rathenau, of was appointed German Foreign Minister. His Reconstruction, in the withdrawal resulted of the Industrial Volks? appointment had hoped might become a fourth party of partei, which Wirth The four opposition movements in the Reich? the new coalition. the German People's Party, the Independent stag, the Nationalist, cen? and the Communists, four resolutions, Socialists prepared the Wirth Cabinet for its railroad strike. the policy during suring Chancellor Wirth disarmed his opponents by asking for a vote of were before the resolutions On confidence just put to vote. of 45 for 15, the vote was taken, and showed a majority February The coalition parties are the Democrats, the Wirth Government. the Centrum and the Social Democrats. the party of Dr. Rathenau, a "Memo? The German Treasury has presented to the Reichstag randum on the Cost of Occupation of the Rhineland up to the The document falls into two parts. The end of March, 1921." 1921 as: the cost of occupation first estimates up to March, incurred by the occupying 3,936,954,542 gold marks "expenditure Powers upon their armies of occupation, for which they expect from the German Realm" and 7,313,911,829 paper repayment marks Realm incurred directly "expenditure by the German Rhineland through direct or indirect services to the Inter-Allied and the armies of occupation." The second part of Commission the Memorandum has for its main to prove that the object has greatly exceeded Commission the powers given it Rhineland under the treaty and the Rhineland and has thereby Agreement, and unnecessarily increased the cost of occupation. enormously and German Silesia between Negotiations regarding Upper Polish On took place in Geneva in November. representatives December line in the industrial district of 19, the demarcation Upper Silesia was fixed.
ITALY
was On December convention commercial 26, a preliminary It is condi? signed at Rome between Italy and Soviet Russia. tional upon the cessation of propaganda by each party and upon to return to their of the two governments the right of nationals countries. Trade relations are to be resumed at once respective of to facilitate the working through accredited agents appointed shall the agreement. It is agreed that Italian goods in Russia in Italy not be requisitioned, and that Russian gold remaining shall not be seized; Soviet funds sent to guarantee imports shall of the two be respected by the Italian Government. Property of the con? countries, imported or acquired after the conclusion in either country. shall not be subject to sequestration vention, A commercial shall be arranged between the two coun? agreement tries within six months.
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
553
A similar convention was signed the same day between Italy and was accompanied and the Ukraine, by declarations recogni? of each country for the payment of com? zing the responsibility to still remain who for may persons unpaid private pensation The details for carrying out this obligation goods or services. will be settled in a subsequent treaty. Late in December, following a quarrel between Italian sailors on a torpedo boat in the port of Sebenico and the Dalmatian popula? tion of the town, the Jugoslav Government protested against the waters contrary to the in Dalmatian presence of Italian warships M. Pasitch, of Rapallo. the Jugoslav pre? terms of the Treaty to the attention of the Treaty of mier, has called this violation Powers. the Entente Pope Benedict XV died January 22; Cardinal Ratti, Archbishop 6 and assumed the of Milan, was elected his successor on February name of Pius XL 2. Owing to the The Bonomi Cabinet resigned on February difficulty of forming a new cabinet, the King refused to accept the to appear and invited Signor Bonomi and his Cabinet resignation on February before Parliament 16, when a vote will be taken to learn the exact position of the Chamber with regard to the Govern? ment's policy.
RUSSIA
The ninth All-Russian Soviet Congress in Moscow opened 23. A New Central Executive was elected December Committee of all the autonomous which embraces representatives republics not been represented. have hitherto which This Committee of the Coun? unanimously re-appointed Nikolai Lenin as President cil of the People's In his opening address to the Commissars. Lenin announced the new economic policy for Russia; Congress, he suggested that it would be necessary to pass more laws to stimulate as whether foreign trade and encourage foreigners, in industrial enterprises abroad or engaged merchants in Russia. He also announced the curtailment of the powers of the Cheka, the All-Russian whose in activities Extraordinary Commission, as a special depart? future are to be confined to political matters, ment under the Ministry of Interior. The right of habeas corpus is restored and accused persons must be brought to trial within
two months.
The budget for January 1 to September 30, 1922, under the new economic and financial an expenditure estimates of policy, 1,403,000,000 gold roubles, of which 83 per cent will be met by revenue. The deficit will be covered by an issue of paper money. The Central Association of the Russian Cooperative Societies has concluded an agreement with the Commissariat for Foreign Trade that body will hand over to the Central Association for whereby further sale all goods purchased by it in foreign countries. The Supreme Council, meeting at Cannes (see Supreme Council), invited the Soviet Government to the projected Genoa Conference.
554
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
an invitation A delegation was quickly accepted by the Soviet. on Council of the Soviet Government chosen by the Executive com? of Russian January 27, and a detailed statement industry, Russia merce, agriculture, railways and finance will be prepared. asks the status of a sovereign state at the Conference. As a conclusion to negotiations by the American Relief Adminis? the United States Congress voted, December tration in Russia 17, an appropriation for grain to be sent to the famine of $20,000,000 on This expenditure in the Volga basin. is conditional district an additional worth in the United Russia's $10,000,000 buying in the Soviet States, using for the purpose gold that remained was accepted The arrangement treasury from Imperial Russia. so provided will be on December 30. The supplies by Russia under the supervision of the distributed by the Soviet Government to Dr. Nansen Relief Administration. 19,000,000 According by the famine. people are menaced the Norwegian Government for regis? In December, presented a commercial treaty concluded tration with the League of Nations On February Soviet Government. with the Russian 9, negotia? tions were completed for a commercial treaty between the Swedish and Soviet Russia. Government (For the trade agreement with Italy, see Italy.)
BALTIC STATES
in Eastern Karelia, An uprising broke out early in November a region inhabited mainly by Finns but left to Russian administra? by the terms of the Russo-Finnish treaty. tion, with full autonomy, was maintained and A separate by the Karelians government and formed the subject of an exchange of notes between Russia the expulsion of Russian counter Russia demanding Finland, of Finnish and the cessation revolutionists support to the insur? The success of the Soviet forces was reported in February. gents. the affair to the League of Finland submitted In the meantime, and with the approval of in spite of Russia's Nations objections offered her services as mediator Poland and the Baltic States. in its January session, gave to her the task of solving the Council, the dispute and securing the promised autonomy. between Russia, and Latvia A conference Finland, Esthonia, and con? took place in Riga in October and November Lithuania the economic of the five relations sidered questions affecting it was decided At the conference that the Russian countries. Government should, before the end of the year, negotiate separate on the most-favored-nation commercial treaties, principle, with A financial commission is to be each of the four Baltic States. created in order to consider financial relations and the possibility "a single measure of value." The words "a single of establishing measure of value" are taken from a Russian summary of the reso? lutions; they seem to imply that some people already contem? of something like a monetary union between plate the possibility The conference dealt with a variety the Baltic States and Russia.
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
555
of urgent questions affecting communications, railways, navigation An agreement was reached, assuring equal trawling, and ports. rights in the use of various facilities at ports to the several States, and it was decided to hold further conferences with a view to working out detailed arrangements regarding railways, joint traw? it was agreed to establish at Riga a permanent ling, etc. Finally Economic Bureau to which each State will send a representative. The Bureau will be entrusted with the work of carrying out the of the conference resolutions and of developing further plans for joint action.
POLAND
in The basis of discussion suggested by the League of Nations for a settlement of the status of Vilna provided for the September of the city as an autonomous canton within constitution the Lithuanian State, and for certain obligations whereby Lithuania The plan was refused by both would be closely bound to Poland. any plan conditional upon the retire? parties, Lithuania making ment of General Zeligowski. In November the Polish Diet passed a bill, supported by President for a Constit? Pilsudski, providing as well uent Assembly for the area, including Lida and Bratslav as Vilna, and for the establishment of a Central Lithuanian State in the disputed area, following the Hymans plan in some features. On December the adminis? retired, handing 2, General Zeligowski a native of Vilna who is tration over to Alexander Meysztowics, views and with local influence. reported to be a person of moderate on January 8, only Poles voted, In the elections for the Assembly the "annexationists" and "federationists" being the two parties As a result a Diet of 105 members will determine the contesting. of this move has been refused by fate of the city. Recognition on the ground that it was the Council of the League of Nations carried out without its sanction. The Council in its January meeting suggested that the settlement be referred to some friendly are unable to adjust the dispute Power if the two governments have begun between the two govern? themselves. Negotiations ments to settle the boundary line themselves, but the possession of Vilna is again the stumbling-block.
CZECHO-SLOVAKIA
The conference held at Porto Roso in November between Italy and the six Succession States, Austria, Jugoslavia, Hungary, Rumania to settle trans? and Poland, endeavored Czecho-slovakia, A United port and tariff difficulties between the several countries. was accepted, were made Traffic Convention and arrangements confined to the territory whereby 115,000 railway trucks, previously A commission of a single state, are released for interstate traffic. to study the distribution is to be appointed of fuel, lubricants and All other railway the Succession States. among requirements on imports are to be abolished and restrictions by prohibitions
556
INTERNATIONAL
NOTES
on imports will be lifted later. restrictions July 1, 1922, while are to be on most-favored-nation the principle Arrangements these states. concluded between On December 16, the Czecho-Austrian Treaty was signed at 1 the two States engage to execute integrally By Article Prague. and Trianon. 2 they of St. Germain the Treaties By Article their territory as defined in those treaties. reciprocally guarantee in case one of the two parties is 3 provides for neutrality Article or forced to defend itself, and Article 7 for arbitration in attacked The treaty has been accepted by the all future cases of dispute. Austrian Parliament (see Austria).
AUSTRIA
success? After carrying the Czech Treaty (see Czecho-Slovakia) the Schober Ministry fell Assembly, fully through the National on January 26, the Pan-Germans breaking the working agreement The Pan-Ger? maintained its majority. the Ministry whereby mans opposed the treaty on the ground that it would signify the frontiers between the two countries. of the present ratification was reformed on the 27th, Dr. Leopold Hennet The Ministry The Govern? taking the portfolio for Foreign Affairs temporarily. increased pay for ment at that time yielded to demands involving crowns a to the amount of 3,500,000.000 employees government advance of 100,000,000 Czech crowns on An immediate month. crowns was reported February 8. the Czech loan of 500,000,000 of the Burgenland troops and officials by Austrian Occupation 13, in accordance with the Protocol of Venice, began on November on October 13. A plebiscite was held concluded with Hungary 14 and 15, and resulted in a district December in the Oedenburg 1. the district being handed over January for Hungary, majority have been begun by the two coun? Since that time negotiations and to arrange of the plebiscite, tries to settle the consequences an economic treaty on the basis of most-favored-nation treatment.
BELGIUM
was formed with M. Theunis a new Ministry as In December Prime Minister. confirmed the signature of a On January 16, Premier Theunis for an Anglo-Belgian convention, military protocol providing defensive to Belgium forces in support by British guaranteeing case of aggression The pact, which was by any foreign Power. of Deputies in the Chamber in February, practi? being discussed of Belgian of 1839, broken territory cally renews the guarantee that Belgium her has abandoned in the War, with the difference for the position of a sovereign state. technical neutrality
GREECE, TURKEY AND THE NEAR EAST
The conclusion of the Franco-Angora Treaty, signed at Angora October between 21, has raised additional points of difficulty It follows the lines of the treaty France and Great Britain. last March in clauses 8 and 10. at London except negotiated
INTERNATIONAL Lord
NOTES
557
censured these clauses on the ground Curzon that they of mandated concessions that France had no territory embody On January 6, it is reported, the French Govern? right to make. ment issued an official paper stating that the Angora agreement is not regarded as a treaty of peace and implies no recognition of the It adds that the rights of Great Britain Angora Government. are not affected, in the tripartite agreement, and Italy, recognized in and that France admits the principle of adjusting all problems a final treaty. critical of the English opinion has been very and is loath to recognize the Angora Government since agreement oil? it has never approved or recognized British claims to Turkish a meeting For several months and fields. of French, British, in an effort to reach agree? Italian premiers has been anticipated ment on a Near Eastern The necessity for a revision of policy. is made British policy regarding Turkey evident by increasingly the demands of the Indian Moslems. It is reported that a British an agreement with Kemal Pasha favorable mission is negotiating interests in Turkey. to British of The conclusion of the Angora Treaty led to the withdrawal French forces from Ciiicia, November 28. Turkish beginning in the regions evacuated in the atrocities followed and resulted from Ciiicia into Syria and appeals flight of thousands of Christians for food and assistance from the Armenians in Ciiicia remaining to the French and British Governments and to the League of Nations. The treaty has had the further effect of first isolating Greece and then bringing her closer to England. After obtaining a vote of the Greek premier, went to Paris but confidence, M. Gounaris, was unsuccessful in preventing In the signing of the treaty. to protest London he persuaded to France. Lord Curzon By its opposition had withdrawn 1, the British Government January credit to the Greek Government to granting and a loan for was announced, credit to be supplied by private ?15,000,000 interests. A large proportion of this loan is to be spent in the have been con? goods. purchase of British operations Military in a desultory tinued by Greeks and Kemalists fashion and stories of arrests, deportations and killing of Greeks by the Kemalists
are frequent.
A treaty was signed at Kabul, November 22, in which Great Britain recognizes the full independence of Afghanistan and which, not to receive Russian by the promise of the Afghan Government the Soviet-Afghan treaty signed diplomats, repudiates practically last winter. The exchange of diplomatic between representatives London and Kabul removes an old Afghan grievance. in November, evacuated Bolshevist troops Enzeli, Persia, left to agreement. The British troops had previously according the country, so that Persia is free of foreign troops. A reorganiza? tion of the government has taken place. Margaret C. Alexander, Bernice Sanborn, Mary Walsh.

Journal of International Relations - 1922 - 7 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Journal of International Relations - 1922 - 7 PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

International Notes Author(s): Margaret C.

500,650 580,450 221,170 182,800 301,320 in each case. of the Con?

METRICTONS United States. Great Britain. France. Italy. Japan.

533,400 533,400 177,800 177,800 320,040 American pro?

capital posal was:

United Great Japan.

500,650 604,450 299,700

INTERNATIONAL with capital ship replacement of:

United Great Japan.

500,000 500,000 300,000

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen