Digital Communications

Digital Bandpass Transmission

References for Transparencies:
Bruce Carlson - Mc Graw Hill,
Comlab.hut.fin,
Lectured by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thuong Le-Tien
November, 2011
Digital Bandpass Transmission
CW detection techniques
Coherent
Non-coherent
Differentially coherent
Examples of coherent and non-coherent detection error rate
analysis (OOK)
A method for analyzing PSK error rates
Effect of synchronization and envelope distortion (PSK)
Comparison: Error rate describing
reception sensitivity
bandwidth efficiency
2
( / )
e b T
P f r B =
1 0
( / )
e b
P f E N =
Bandpass TransmissionLink
(without Encryption)
Information:
- analog:BW &
dynamic range
- digital:bit rate
Information:
- analog:BW &
dynamic range
- digital:bit rate
Maximization of
information
transferred
Maximization of
information
transferred
Transmitted power;
bandpass/baseband
signal BW
Transmitted power;
bandpass/baseband
signal BW
Message protection &
channel adaptation;
convolution, block
coding
Message protection &
channel adaptation;
convolution, block
coding
M-PSK/FSK/ASK...,
depends on channel
BW & characteristics
M-PSK/FSK/ASK...,
depends on channel
BW & characteristics wireline/wireless
constant/variable
linear/nonlinear
wireline/wireless
constant/variable
linear/nonlinear
Noise
Noise
Interference
Interference
Channel
Channel
Modulator
Modulator
Channel
Encoder
Channel
Encoder
Source
encoder
Source
encoder
Channel
decoder
Channel
decoder
Source
decoder
Source
decoder
Demodulator
Demodulator
Information
sink
Information
sink
Information
source
Information
source
Message
Message
estimate
Received signal
(may contain errors)
Transmitted
signal
Interleaving
Interleaving
Fights against burst
errors
Fights against burst
errors
Deinterleaving
Deinterleaving
CW Binary Waveforms
(Digital Modulation, type-2)
ASK
FSK
PSK
DSB
ASK power spectrum
Binary QAM
(a) transmitter (b) signal constellation
PSK signal constellations (a) M=4 (b) M=8
Offset-keyed QPSK transmitter
Digital frequency modulation (a) FSK (b)
continuous-phase FSK
Power spectrum
of binary FSK
with f
d
=r
b
/2
This freq. equals the freq
shift away from f
c
when a
k
=+/-1
MSK Minimum Shift Keying power spectrum
Illustration of
MSK.
(a)phase path
(b) i and q
waveforms
Carrier Wave Communications
Carrier wave modulation is used to transmit messages over a
distance by radio waves (air, copper or coaxial cable), by optical
signals (fiber), or by sound waves (air, water, ground)
CW transmission allocates bandwidth around the applied
carrier that depends on
message bandwidth and bit rate
number of encoded levels (word length)
source and channel encoding methods
Examples of transmission bandwidths for certain CW
techniques:
MPSK, M-ASK
Binary FSK (f
d
=r
b
/2)
MSK (CPFSK f
d
=r
b
/4), QAM:
2
/ / log ( 2 )
T b b
n
B r r n r M M ~ = = =
T b
B r ~
/ 2
T b
B r ~
FSK: Frequency shift keying
CPFSK: Continuous phase FSK
CW Detection Types
Number of allocated signaling levels determines constellation
diagram (=lowpass equivalent of the applied digital modulation
format)
At the receiver, detection can be
coherent (carrier phase information used for detection)
non- coherent (no carrier phase used for detection)
differentially coherent (local oscillator synthesized from
received bits)
CW systems characterized by bit or symbol error rate (number
of decoded errors(symbols)/total number of bits(symbols))
Coherent Detection by Correlator and Matched Filter Receiver
Coherent detection utilizes carrier phase information and requires in-
phase replica of the carrier at the receiver (explicitly or implicitly)
It is easy to show that these two techniques have the same
performance:
( ) s t t
( ) ( ) h t s t t =
0
( ) ( ) ( ) v t s t y d
t
t t t
}
=
0
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
v t s t y t
s t y d
t
t
t t t
}
=
=
( ) s t t
( ) y t
( ) y t ( ) v T
( ) v T
Optimum binary detection (a) parallel matched filters
(b) correlation detector
Correlation receiver for OOK or BPSK
Non-coherent Detection
2-ASK
2-FSK
Base on filtering signal energy on allocated spectra and using
envelope detectors
Has performance degradation of about 1-3 dB when compared
to coherent detection (depending on E
b
/N
0
)
Examples:
Differentially coherent PSK (DPSK)
This methods circumvents usage of coherent local oscillator and
can achieve almost the same performance as PSK:
After the multiplier the signal is
and the decision variable after the LPF is
| |
{
| |}
2
1
2
1
1
( ) 2 ( ) 2 cos( )
cos ( )
cos( )
cos 2 2 ( )
C C b C c k
C b k
C k k
C k k
x t x t T A t a
t T a
A a a
t a a
e u t
e u t
t
e u t

= + +
+ +
=
+ + + +
2
1
2
1
,
( )
,
C k k
k
C k k
A a a
z t
A a a

=

=

Differential Encoding and Decoding

Differential encoding and decoding:
Decoding is obtained by the simple rule:
that is realized by the circuit shown
right.
Note that no local oscillator is required
How would you construct the encoder?
1
1
start, say with 1
if 1,set
if 0,set
k
k k k
k k k
a
m a a
m a a

=
= =

= =

1 k k k
d a a

=
m
k
a
k
A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
XOR
Timing and Synchronization
Performance of coherent detection is greatly dependent on how
successful local carrier recovery is
Consider the bandpass signal s(t) with a rectangular pulses
p
Tb
(t), that is applied to the matched filter h(t):
Therefore, due to phase mismatch
at the receiver, the error rate is
degraded to
( ) ( ) cos( )
( ) ( ) ( ) cos( )
C Tb C
b C Tb C
s t A p t t
h t Ks T t A p t t
c
e
e u
=
= = +
( ) s t
( ) h t
( ) z t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos
b
C
b
t T
z t s t h t KE t
T
c
e u
| |
= ~ A +
|
\ .
2
0
2
( )
/ 2
b
T
C b
E s t dt
A T
}
~
=
2
10
cos
b
e
E E
p Q
c
u
q
| |

=
|
\ .
( ) cos
k
z t KE
c
u ~
k
t
| |
2
2
1 0 0 0 1
2
1
0 10
0 0 0 0
1
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( )
b b b b
T T T T
E E E
s s d d s d s s d s = +
} } } }

Example
Assume data rate is 2 kbaud/s and carrier is 100 kHz for an
BPSK system. Hence the symbol duration and carrier period are
therefore the symbol duration is in radians
Assume carrier phase error is 0.3 % of the symbol duration.
Then the resulting carrier phase error is
and the error rate for instance for is
that should be compared to the error rate without any phase
errors or
Hence, phase synchronization is a very important point to
remember in coherent detection
1/ 2kbaud/s = 0.5ms
S
T = 1/ 10
C C
T f s = =
10 2
314.2rad
0.5ms x
s
x
t
=
o
0.003 0.94 rad 54 x
c
u = = =
8 9dB = ~
2 2
( 16cos 54) 10
e
p Q

= ~
5
( 16) 3 10
e
p Q

= ~
(or carrier cycles)
Received signal consist of bandpass filtered signal and noise,
that is sampled at the decision time instants t
k
yielding decision
variable:
Quadrature presentation of the signaling waveform is
Assuming that the BPF has the impulse response h(t), signal
component at the sampling instants is then expressed by
( )
k m
Y y t z n = = +
( 1)
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
b
b
b
m m b m k
m b
b
k
k T
kT
T
t t
z s t kT h t s h t d
s h d
kT
T


+
=
=
=
=
}
}
( ( ) x( ) ( ) )
A
x y t y t d =
}
0,1 m =
{ }
( ) ( ) cos( ) ( )sin( )
m C k i C k q C
s t A I p t t Q p t t e e =
Coherent Detection: Example: Optimum Binary Detection
Optimum Binary Detection - Error Rate
Assuming 0 and 1 reception is equally likely, error happens
when H
0
(0 transmitted) signal hits the dashed region or for H
1
error hits the left-hand side of the decision threshold that is at
1 0
( ) / 2
opt
V z z = +
( ) ( )
2
2
0 1 0
1
exp / 2 / 2
2
opt
e
V
p z d Q z z o o
o t

(
= + =

}
Therefore, for equally likely 0 or/and 1 error rate is*
For optimum performance
we have the maximized
SNR that is obtained
by matched filtering/
integrate and dump receiver
( )
2
1 0
/ 2 z z o
Express energy / bit embedded in signaling waveforms by
Therefore, for coherent CW we have the SNR and error rate
| |
2
1 0
2
0 0 1
2
1
0 10
0 0
1
0 0
( ) ( )
( ) 2 ( ) ( )
( )
b b
b b
T T
T T
E
E E
s s d d
s d s s d
s

=
+
} }
} }

Note that the signaling waveform
correlation greatly influences the SNR!
( )
1 0
/ 2
e
p Q z z o =
2
max
/ 2
/ 2
b b
o
o
E E
SNR N
N
o q
q
= = = =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
=
=
=
q q q o
q o
10 10 0 1 10 0 1
2 /
2
0 1
2
2
2
2
4
2
E E
Q
E E E
Q P
E E E
z z
b
e
Example: Coherent Binary On-off Keying (OOK)
For on-off keying (OOK) the signaling waveforms are
and the optimum coherent receiver can be sketched by
1 0
( ) ( ) cos , ( ) 0
C Tb C
s t A p t t s t e = =
2 2
1 1 0 10 1 0
0 0
( ) / 2, 0, ( ) ( ) 0
b b
C b
T T
E s d A T E E s s d = = = = =
} }
2
0 1
( ) / 2 / 4
b C b
E E E A T = + =
( )
10 b b
e b
E E E
p Q Q Q
q q
| | | |

= = =
| |
\ . \ .
1/ ( )
R R R b b
b
b
W T
S S S T E

q q q q
= = = =
Coherent M-ary PSK receiver
Decision thresholds
for M-ary PSK
M-ary PSK receiver with decision-feedback
system for carrier synchronization
Error rate for M-PSK
In general,PSK error rate can be expressed by
where d is the distance between constellation points (or a=d/2 is
the distance from constellation point to the decision region
border) and is the average number of constellation points in
the closed neighborhood. Therefore
Note that for matched filter reception
2
e n n
d a
p n Q n Q
o o
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
n
n
q
n
decision region
000
001
011
111
101
100
110
010
d
u
2 sin( / 2)
2 2 2 sin( / )
2 2
e
d A A
p Q Q Q M
u
t
o o o
| | | | | |
= = =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
2
2
, log ( )
b b
A E
E nE M E
o q
= = =
2
M
t
u =
2
n
M =
M-ary QAM system (M-aray APK, Amplitude-Phase Keying)
(a) Quadrature-Carrier transmitter (b) Quadrature-Carrier receiver
(c) square signal constellation and thresholds with M=16
Quadrature-carrier receiver with correlation detector
Signal energy
The source information be grouped into dibits represented by I
k
Q
k
Each dibit corresponds to one symbol of 2 successive bits of source
PLL system for carrier synchronization for quad-carrier
receiver
The probabiblity of obtaining of a correct symbol is:
The transmission bandwidth for QPSK/QAM is B
T
=r
b
/2
Whereas BPSK require B
T
=r
b
.
Error rate for M-QAM, example 16-QAM
2
e n n
d a
p n Q n Q
o o
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
2 2 2
2 2
4 4 8 3 4 2
3
4 8 4
4 2 8 10 4 18
10
16
n
n
a a a
A a
+ +
= =
+ +
+ +
= =
2
2
0
2
3 3 3
10 10
e
a A E
p Q Q
N o o
| |
| |
| |
|
= = =
| |
|
\ .
\ .
\ .
symbol error rate
Constellation follows from 4-bit words and therefore
0 0
4
3 2 3 4
4 10 4 5
b
b
b
E E
E E
p Q Q
N N
=
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
2
( ) / ,
log ,
e
b
p p E n
n M E nE
=

= =

( )
2
2
2 3
18
a
a =
( )
2
2
2
3
10
a a
a
+
=
2
2a
2
a
PSK signal constellations (a) M=4 (b) M=8
Envelope distortion and QPSK
QPSK is appealing format, however requires constant envelope
Passing constellation figure via (0,0) gives rise to envelope -> 0
Prevention:
Gray coding
Offset - QPSK
Pi/4 QPSK
Apply two t/4 offset
QPSK constellations by turns
Non-coherent Detection
Example: Non-coherent On-off Keying (OOK)
Bandpass filter is matched to the signaling waveform (not to
carrier phase), in addition f
c
>>f
m,
and therefore the energy for 1
is simply
Envelopes follow Rice and Rayleigh distributions for 1 and 0
respectively:
2
1
( / 2)
b C
E T A =
distribution for "1"
distribution for 0"
Non-coherent Binary Systems: Noisy Envelopes
AWGN plus carrier signal have the envelope whose probability
distribution function is
For nonzero, constant carrier component A
c
, Rician
distributed:
For zero carrier component Rayleigh distributed:
For large SNR (A
C
>> o) the Rician envelope simplifies to
Therefore in this case the received envelope is then essentially
Gaussian with the variance o
2
and mean equals
2 2
0
2 2 2
( ) exp , 0
2
C C
A
x x A xA
p x I x
o o o
+
| | | |
= >
| |
\ . \ .
2
2 2
( ) exp , 0
2
A
x x
p x x
o o
| |
= >
|
\ .
( )
2
2 2
( ) exp , 0
2 2
C
A
C
x A x
p x x
A t o o
| |
~ >
|
\ .
( )
A C
p x A ~
Envelope Distributions with different
Carrier Component Strengths
Rayleigh distribution
Rice distribution
C
A A ~
Noncoherent OOK Error Rate
The optimum threshold is at the intersection of Rice and
Rayleigh distributions (areas are the same on both sides)
Usually high SNR is assumed and hence threshold is
approximately at the half way and the error rate is the average
of '0' and '1' reception probabilities
Therefore, error rate for non-coherent OOK equals
( )
0 1
1
2
e e e
P P P = +
where
( ) ( )
2 2
0
1
0
/ 2
/2
( ) exp / 8 exp / 2
( ) ( / 2 ) ( )
C
C
e An C b
e A C b
A
A
P p y dy A
P p y dy Q A Q
o
o

= = =

= ~ =

}
}
probability to detect "0" in error
probability to detect "1" in error
1 1
exp( / 2) ( ) exp( / 2), 1
2 2
e b b b b
P Q
(
~ + ~ >>

Comparison Error Rate Comparison
a: Coherent BPSK
b: DPSK
c:Coherent OOK
d: Noncoherent FSK
e: noncoherent OOK
a: Coherent BPSK
b: DPSK
c:Coherent OOK
d: Noncoherent FSK
e: noncoherent OOK
Comparison of Quadrature Modulation Methods
Note that still the performance is good, envelope is not
constant. APK (or M-QASK) is used in cable modems
APK=MQASK
(p
e
=10
-4
)
M-APK: Amplitude Phase Shift Keying
Summary of binary modulation systems