Current Situation in BIA

Content
1) Introduction02 2) Passenger processing and Baggage Handling03 3) Airport Capacity and Utilization12 4) Airport Infrastructure.18 5) Air Traffic Services and Navigation...18 6) Ground Handling and Cargo Processing22 7) References...31 8) Group Members..32

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Introduction

Bandaranaike International Airport BIA (IATA:CMB, ICAO: VCBI) is the major international airport serving Colombo city. It is located in Katunayake, 35 km north of Colombo. It is administered by Airport and Aviation Services (Sri Lanka) Ltd. It is the hub for SriLankan Airlines, the national carrier of Sri Lanka, and Mihin Lanka, the budget airline of the country. The airport began as a Royal Air Force base during the World War (ii). In 1957, the base was handed over to the Royal Ceylon Air Force and renamed as Katunayake. Part of it still remains an Air Force base. The airport was completed in 1967 and Air Ceylon started international operations. At present, BIA consists of 4 aprons, 2 terminals and one cargo terminal. Future projects of BIA include a second runway to support the Airbus A380, 8 passenger gates, a domestic terminal, a five storey car-park, and a five star hotel neighboring the airport. 24 airlines currently serve the airport and the airport serves over 4 million passengers annually. Passenger processing and baggage handling, airport capacity and utilization, airport infrastructure, air traffic services and navigation, ground handling and cargo processing are the major areas which have been covered in this report.

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Passenger Processing and Baggage Handling

Departing Passenger Flow Diagram

Drop Off

The Main Entrance

Lobby Area

Security Checking

Customs Counter

Emigration Counters

Waiting Area

Airline Counter

Departure Gates

Access to Plane

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Prior considering departing passenger process within the terminal building, since access to the airport is the initial step, concerning it is important. Passengers can be accessed using private vehicles, cabs, shuttle buses or public transport which is provided by Airport and Aviation private limited. With the aim of facilitating private vehicle users there are two main open airshort term parking areas at the premises and terminal park which is closer to the terminal buildingcan accommodate about 400 vehicles. Then through sidewalks they can reach to the terminal building and have to go through security checking in which make sure passengers are not carrying dangerous, explosive and not permitted goods. Besides, in here it measures the weight of luggage to ensure the weight is in allowed limit. There after they can wait in lobby until the rest of the process continue. While waiting in lobby passengers can be used available facilities such as Cafeteria, kiddies area, feeding area, rest rooms, prayer rooms, restaurants, banks, money transferring centers, shopping malls and most importantly there is an information counter which is intended to provide all the relevant information to passengers . The function of customs is to verify passengers are not carrying restricted items such as antiques, plants, birds, firearms, pharmaceuticals. At the emigration, passport, visaand ticket of passengers are checked and boarding pass is issued by the Airline counter. Finally passengers have to wait until their flight arrives.

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Arriving Passenger Flow Chart

Arrival Gate Aa

Immigration

Customs

Baggage Claim Hall

Baggage Claim Exit

Ground Transportation Pick Up

Although equally as important as the departing passenger areas, the arriving passenger areas require less space compared to the departing passenger area. Firstly, passengers enter to the immigration counter through arrival gate and after clearing immigration process they should go through baggage claim hall where the whole baggage clearing process takes place. While the baggage claim proceeds passengers should move to customs for relevant inspections and finally, can exit from the baggage claim hall to the pickup.

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Baggage Handling For Departing Passengers

The Main Entrance

Security Screening

Check In Counters

Customs

Baggage Convey Belts

Transfer to the Aircraft

Departing passengers normally check their baggage at the ticket counters and then bags are sent to a central sorting area where they are sorted according to flights. Then they are sent to the appropriate gate to be loaded.

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Baggage Handling for Arriving Passengers

The Aircraft

Baggage Carriers

Customs

Baggage Convey Belt

Exit

Arriving baggage is unloaded from the aircraft and sent to the central sorting are. Then sorted bags are sent to either baggage claiming area or to storage for later pick up.

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I.

Required Documentations Passport- certifies the identity and nationality of the holder and is issued by the government of his motherland. Visa- is issued by the authorized agency in a particular country in order to allow international travel. Airline Ticket - is issued by an airline or a travel agency in order to confirm that an individual has purchased a seat on a flight on an aircraft. Boarding Pass is given during check in and this allows passenger to board the aircraft.

II.

Equipment Used in the Process Scanners Large XRay machines Security Screening Equipment As passenger walk through the detector the presence of non-permitted item is detected.

III.

Authorities and Organizations Involved AASL (Airport and Aviation Services Limited)-Is actively involved in the national infrastructure development, especially in the field of the aviation and the construction. Department of Emigration and Immigration Department of Customs Banks(Bank of Ceylon, Peoples Bank ,Sampath Bank and Hatton National Bank) / Currency Exchange Centers Medical Center Comprised with accident and emergency units, qualified staff Post Office

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b) As identified in part (a), Steps which have critical bearing on the Airport passenger handling capacity As all the processes are linked together, efficiency, speed and accuracy of each processs performance directly affects and determines the total time that passenger has to spend from the moment he has entered to the terminal and until clearing all the check in processes. A well-organized, synchronized system could reduce unnecessary movements, improve the efficiency and ultimately it would result effective utilization of available space.

i.

Inadequacy of active ticketing counters Available number of ticketing counters are not adequate to cater when demand is high, therefore by adding counters or by improving efficiency of existing counters, dedicating them for exclusive use of a particular airline could minimize delays in total process.

ii.

Inadequacy of departing gates compared to arriving gates Generally compared to number of arriving passengers, departing passengers are significantly high at any airport, therefore in order to avoid congestion at departing gates, number of gates should be increased appropriately.

iii.

Inadequate space in baggage claiming area Existing baggage claim area is consisted with six conveyor belts. Due to space unavailability expansion is not allowed. But if existing number of conveyor belts increase that available space can be utilized because conveyor belts allow passenger access to their luggage without increasing the size of the claim area.

iv.

Lack of high tech equipment Unavailability of high tech equipment for security screening, baggage handling, boarding pass verification, ticketing has resulted long queues and more waiting time at each counter. If there are automated systems for ticketing, check in and security screening, time that consume for these processes would be minimized.

v.

Inadequate seating capacity in waiting area Adding more comfortable seats would be ease the seating of passengers.

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c) Suggestions to increase the efficiency of check in passengers

Equip ticketing counters with high tech equipment to facilitate more air carriers and passengers. Because of self-operated ticketing counters time take will be less compared to manually operated process. Besides, physical space needed for counter can be reduced and that space can be utilized for another process. On the other hand, at the beginning use of high tech equipment would be difficult because of unfamiliarity.

Encourage e ticket purchasing That will reduce vast number of processes manually done in check in counters such as assignment of seats, issuance of boarding pass.

d) Security Aspects in ensuring completely sterile aircraft 1) Passenger Screening Screen for non-permitted items such as weapons using magnetometer, which detects items as a passenger walk through it. If the magnetometer is detected an item, that passenger is subject to manual search. Hand bags are inspected using x ray machines to make sure they are free from sharp objects, weapons, firearms and so on. Detected bags are further inspected through the use of Explosive Trace Detection equipment.

2) Baggage Screening Prior loading luggage in to aircraft, screening using Explosive Detection System should be done. Checked baggage is screened by the use of Electronic Detection System

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e) Affiliated State or Private agencies at the Airport The Ceypetco Supply of fuel The Fire Brigade- Fire and Rescue services Tourism Bureau- Handling all promotional and marketing activities related to travel and tourism. Department of Meteorology- Function as official weather forecast information provider. The Civil Aviation Authority- To facilitate the operations of aviation industry through strategic planning and effective regulations.

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Airport capacity and utilization

Runway capacity of BIA in terms of aircraft movements that can be handled per hour
The runway of BIA can handle around 30 arrival and departure aircraft per hour. It means the runway capacity of BIA in terms of aircraft movements can be handled per hour is nearly 30 (arrival and departure aircraft). Aircraft movements showed a growth in 2011 and it is growing.

Current capacity utilization

Although BIA can handle 30 arrival and departure aircraft per hour, at present it handles 6-7 aircraft on average per hour. Therefore, significant under utilization of capacity can be seen in BIA. BIA has 4 aprons. 9 aircrafts can be accommodated in Apron Alpha, 8 in Apron Bravo, 8 in Apron Charlie and 4 in Apron Delta. Apron Echo which is currently under construction will have 17 parking bays.

Factors inhibit BIA to operate at its highest capacity

The both global and regional air travel demand for 2013 is showing a continuation of the increase in passenger travel. Although the demand for international and domestic flights increases, due to limitations in infrastructure, BIA is unable to operate in its highest capacity. But BIA has potential for expansions. The main reason for underutilization of runway is

limitations in airport infrastructure including the runway itself and less capacity of aprons to park aircrafts. That is why BIAs future projects includes a second runway to support the Airbus A380, a further eight passenger gates and a domestic terminal. Although existing runway handles approximately 30 aircrafts per hours, passenger and cargo handling and other ground handling operations are not very efficient in BIA, while airports in developed countries use more efficient information systems and advanced equipments for those processes to avoid delays. Absence of such efficient techniques make delays aircraft at the airfield.

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6000000 4000000

Passenger Movements
DEP

2000000 0

ARR Transfer Total

2003

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2005

2007

BIA growth Trend

When compared to other transport related industries, aviation industry is more sensitive (as the above graph) to changes in world or region such as civil war and terrorism, economic crisis, natural disasters etc. Also those situations will reduce the demand for BIA from international airlines. In addition, the aircraft traffic should have to be controlled somehow due to environmental considerations, since BIA is still in primary stages in implementing emission and noise control systems which allow the airport to have maximum traffic of aircraft. Also airport should consist of shopping complexes, attractive restaurants etc to attract more transit passengers.

About slot allocation to airlines for the problem of congestion in BIA

Bunching occurs when packets of aircraft arrive at the same, unexpected time, in a congested area. Due to lack of infrastructure, drawbacks in infrastructure designs, inefficient operational planning, BIA as a major entry point for international traffic is facing the problem of congestion of aircrafts. Below graphs shows the variations of aircraft fleet in a day (on average) at BIA. When considering the distribution of aircraft fleet on a particular day (Instead of getting an average for a day as below) it shows a significant difference from another days distribution. In other words, consistent or unique distribution cannot be observed between days of operation. Also when considering the below graphs, highest number of aircraft changes with time without a common pattern. There are time periods where there are high numbers of arrivals/departures and in contrast, the successive time period has very less number of arrivals/departures.

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Scheduled Arrivals
10pm-12am 8pm-10pm 6pm-8pm 4pm-6pm 2pm-4pm 12pm-2pm 10am-12pm 8am-10am 6am-8am 4am-6am 2am-4am 12 am-2am 0 10 20 30

No of aircraft

Scheduled departures
10pm-12am 8pm-10pm 6pm-8pm 4pm-6pm 2pm-4pm 12pm-2pm 10am-12pm 8am-10am 6am-8am 4am-6am 2am-4am 12 am-2am 0 5 10 15 20 25

No of aircraft

So allocating slots to airlines can be problematic due to the variations of aircraft of different airlines based on time period and based on the day. This arrangement requires thorough consideration not only on schedules of BIA but also on all other international and

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regional aircraft movements. This arrangement will be problematic since each aircraft takes different time to load or unload the passengers or cargo or both. (Eg: aircraft of cargo over passenger aircraft, big passenger aircraft over smaller passenger aircraft). Therefore due to delays in the airport, customer dissatisfactions and damages to cargo (Perishables), disruption of normal schedules of airlines and associated costs will be possible. A slot management system is indicative of a failure of governments or airports to invest in adequate infrastructure to keep pace with airline demand says Peter Stanton, Head of Scheduling and Baggage Services at IATA. BIA is not a very congested airport, when compared to other busiest airports in the world. In the United States, most international airports (apart from New York JFK, Newark, Chicago OHare, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Orlando) are free from slot allocations even though those airports are having more congestion than in BIA. Therefore, due to costs, delays and complexities of slots allocation, it is advisable of not implementing it at BIA at current level of demand. But slot management system will ensure the efficiency of airport operations and allow aircraft to enter to the congested airport in a controlled way.

Auto Docking System at BIA

This is a fully automated visual docking guidance system which gives information to a pilot attempting to park an aircraft at an airport stand, usually via visual methods and this system has been installed at the aircraft parking stands A6,A7,A8,A9,B10,B11,B12,B14 of BIA. The system uses laser scanning technology; it tracks aircraft signature and the lateral and longitudinal position of the aircraft. 3D technology makes sure the correct indication of stop is provided to pilot. The necessary information for correct docking is shown on a LED display pane.

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Signage of Safe gate (Source Wikipedia)

Far away, No guidance Right of centerline On centerline Left of centerline

Near stopline

Prepare to stop

Stop now

Overshop stop point

A rough sketch of the LED display and laser scanning unit (Source: Civil

Aviation Authority)

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Benefits of Auto docking

Ensure safety - Provides correct stop indication for the aircraft and tracks aircraft signature, its lateral and longitudinal position. Displays necessary information such as Azimuth guidance, continuous closing rate information, aircraft type on a LED display to facilitate correct docking of aircraft. High accuracy and efficiency due to fully automated system

Improvements to enhance the aircraft handling capacity in the maneuvering area

Maneuvering area consists of areas to take off, landing, taxiing.

Expanding the existing runway and improving its quality Building runways to handle increased aircraft traffic and as an alternative to the existing runway(in emergency situations) Upgrade taxiways/construct new taxiways in such a way that they maximum contribute to runway capacity handling and to make efficient connections between runway and apron (Eg; Rapid exit taxiways).

Use of technology and information system aid for passenger and cargo handling. Proper and efficient maintenance of runway, taxiways. Regular inspection and proper maintenance of stop way to facilitate an aircraft with a complete stop in an emergency situation ( Eg ; engine failure)

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Airport Infrastructure

A) & B) Layout of the land side and airside of BIA is attached at the end of the report C) ICAO classification of BIA: VCBI

Category of BIA; International airport Firefighting category Category 10 Category 10 requirements Aircraft overall length 76m to 90m Maximum fuselage width - 8m

Air Traffic Services and Navigation

Main three types of Air traffic services

A)
Area control service Objective of this service is to provide air traffic control service for en-route controlled flights except the aircraft associated with arrival or departure routes or ground movements. Approach control service Objective of this service is to provide air traffic control service for controlled flights associated with arrival or departure except the aircraft associated with ground movements.

Aerodrome control service Objective of this service is to provide of air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic located around the airfield

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B) BIA control tower provides both the local and en-route weather information to pilots. It has weather radar and facility of receiving satellite cloud pictures C) AIP stands for Aeronautical Information Publication, a publication issued by or with the authority of a state. The publication contains aeronautical information relating to air navigation. It acts as a manual to pilots to get the details of regulations, procedures and other information relating to the country the aircraft flies. Usually it is issued by the relevant civil aviation Organisation of the country. ICAO guides the structure and its contents by international agreements. Every publication therefore has mainly three parts, general, en route and aerodromes. It contains mainly charts and details of charts D) Following Aids are used at BIA Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI):Helps pilots fly the approach for landing VHF omnidirectional range (VOR):Help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a DME. BIA has an advanced VOR, which is DVOR, Doppler VOR. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME):Determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. Instrument landing system (ILS):Find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. Currently BIA uses ILS cat 1 system for runway 23 with middle marker. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually be the primary means for instrument landings. Radar:The aircraft's horizontal and vertical movement is tracked via radar, and the controller tells the pilot his position relative to the approach slope. Runway (Once the pilots can see the runway lights, they may continue with a visual landing.) lights

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E) Definition of Flight Information Region: An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information service and alerting service are provided. (Map source Google maps)

Coordinates
100000N 0800000E - 100000N 0820000E 060000N 0920000E - 020000S 0920000E 020000S 0780000E - 060000N 0780000E 100000N 0800000E

Total area of the Colombo flight information region is 97500 sq.km Adjoining FIRs o India (Chennai o Maldives (Male`) o Indonesia (Medan /Jakarta) o Australia (Melbourne)

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F) Following means are evidenced at BIA in respect of communication and surveillance facilities Long range HF radio equipment o VHF, UHF communication AMHS ; Aeronautical Message Handling System DVCSS ; Digital Voice Communication Switching System AWOS ;Automated Weather Observation Systems ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service): Pilots can listen to ATIS broadcast before they contact local control unit. It helps to reduce the workload of the controller and the frequency congestion. Radar -Mono Pulse Secondary Surveillance Radar (MSSR)

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Ground Handling and Cargo Processing

Ground Handling
Currently SriLankan Ground Handling is the only ground handler at Bandaranaike International Airport (BIA). It is a subsidiary of SriLankan Airlines Ltd, cater to ground handling requirements of more than 30 regular airlines and ADHOC carriers operated at Bandaranaike International Airport, including SriLankan Airlines. They employ

approximately 2000 well trained and experienced employees in their ground handling services such as following: Aircraft maintenance Aircraft servicing and cleaning Airport aviation security Cargo and mail handling (on/off-airport) Catering services Flight operations and crew administration Coordination of Fueling with relevant parties Load control and communications Passenger and baggage handling Ramp services Representation and accommodation Station supervision and administration Surface transport of passengers and crews Unit Load Device control and management Hotel accommodation and leisure activities

Furthermore there are some other organizations working withSriLankan Ground Handling to enhance the quality and efficiency of their services. In early 2013, SriLankan Airlines and John Keells Computer Services (JKCS) jointly launched Evinta Hand Held Check -In at the Bandaranaike International Airport (BIA) with the aim of reducing the traffic at the airport check-in counters. With this, SriLankan ground agents come to the passengers, carry out the check-in process and print out boarding passes from a portable printer within a matter of a few minutes.

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In any product or service providing industry, most of the times it is better to have more than one player providing services to enhance the quality of the customer service eliminating monopoly. In world context recently European Union has decided to have more competition by increasing the minimum number of ground handling service providers up to three in EU airports handling more than 15 million passengers and/or 200,000 tons of freight per year (London Heathrow, London Gatwick, Manchester, Dublin and London Stansted). They have decided so to enhance quality and efficiency of ground-handling services to maximize passenger satisfaction. But in BIA the number of passengers handled is around six million passengers a year. With that demand it is not difficult it to be done by a single service provider. Other than that operating more than one ground handler might be complex. There will be separate procedures and lack of integration might lead to inconvenience and confusion for passengers. Space required also will increase to have separate functions. So it is advisable to stick with only one ground handler at BIA. But at the same time the government and relevant authorities must keep an eye on every service activity in ground handling to eliminate any exploitation done to passengers due to monopoly power.

Ground Handling Equipment/Vehicles

In an airport apron, lots of specially designed vehicles and equipment are used to support aircraft maintenance and service, cargo and passenger handling. It is very important to have speedy, efficient, and accurate equipment in ground handling in order to minimize the aircraft turnaround time. Aircraft Maintenance & Service Equipment/Vehicles
Refueler Water Truck Lavatory service vehicle

Self-contained fuel truck or hydrant truck use to fuel the

Use to carry drinking water and fill up tanks in aircraft

aircraft

Empty lavatories onboard aircraft and refill with a mixture of water and a disinfectant

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Ground power Unit

Air starter

Pushback tugs and tractors

A vehicle with a built-in gas turbine engine, use to generate the necessary quantity of air to start the engine

Supply power to aircraft parked on the ground

A powerful engine with wheels use to push an aircraft away from the gate when it is ready to take off

Cargo & Passenger Handling Equipment/Vehicles

Baggage carts Tugs and Tractors Forklifts

Transports mail, cargo and other materials between the aircraft and the terminal

Move equipment that cannot move itself such as baggage carts, lavatory carts, air starters, etc

Use to lift and move pallets and other cargo within the airport

Container/ULD handlers

Conveyor belt loaders

Passenger boarding stairs

Use for loading and unloading of cargo placed in containers or ULD

Vehicle with movable belts for loading and unloading of baggage and cargo to and from aircraft

Use to move people between the aircraft door and ground

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Trolleys

Apron Buses

Transport containers and pallets

Transport people from the terminal to either an aircraft or another terminal

Cargo Handling Capacity & Current Utilization

Cargo Facilities

Cargo Terminal

Cargo Village Terminal I Cargo Village Terminal II Cargo Village Terminal III

Handling Capacity Ground First Floor Freezer & Cold Room Floor Area Floor Area Total Area

250,000 MT/Year 7785 m2 2,000 m2 133 m3 2,787 m2 1,858 m2 2,320 m2

Current cargo capacity at Bandaranaike International Airport is 250,000 metric tons per year. Moreover they possess 20 forklifts operated by well trained employees to support cargo handling. With the expansion project commenced in 2012 it is supposed to double the cargo handling capacity to accommodate potential future needs of the industry. SriLankan Cargo, the cargo subsidiary of SriLankan Airlines is the main cargo handling body operates at BIA. They have separate storage rooms for unitized and loose cargo in both cold and freeze conditions. In 2010 BIA has handled cargo volume of 156,142 metric tons. In 2012 it was approximately 180,000 metric tons showinga high increment in cargo handling within the airport.

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Cargo Handling Process

Srilankan cargo is the cargo handling agent at Bandaranaike International Airport. They receive cargo from both freight forwarders and individual consignors. After receiving the ready for carriage (RFC) shipment to the airport with master/house air waybills and other documents, following process is done in the airport.

Unload Truck

Incoming Check & Administration

Sort goods & documents

Outgoing checks & administration

Ramp transport Build ULD's & Security check

Load aircraft

Flight

Landside

Airside

After landing on the destination airport the opposite process happens and eventually cargo is loaded into the truck. But in transit cargo process this process will expand due to the involvement of more than one airport. In that case cargo in transferred into another aircraft at an air cargo hub. That procedure looks like below,

Airside

Flight 1

Unload aircraft

Ramp transport

Landside

Breakdown ULD's

Incoming checks & administration

Sort goods & documents

Outgoing checks & administration

Build ULD's

Airside

Ramp transport & security check

Load aircraft

Flight 2

In some cases where high priority or urgent cargo included in transit cargo, they are loaded into the next aircraft as in the same pack/ULD which it was in the previous aircraft without breaking down. That process looks as this,

Airside

Flight 1

Unload aircraft

Ramp transport

Load aircraft

Flight 2

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Documents Involved in Air Cargo Exporting/Importing

In every cargo import and export process,correct documents with complete and accurate information is very important to avoid any potential inconveniences for parties involved. There are different kinds of documents issued relevant with air transportation, custom and other regulatory bodies, financial and commercial purposes. Air Transport Documents Air Waybill House Air Waybill Shippers Declaration for Dangerous Goods Acceptance Declaration Form Freight Arrival Notice Delivery notice

Legal Documents Certificate of Origin Import / Export License Customs Invoice Custom Declaration form (Import / Export Declaration)

Commercial Documents Quotation Sales Contract Pro Forma Invoice Packing List Insurance Policy/ Certificate

Financial Documents Documentary Credit (D/C) Collection Instruction Bill of Exchange (B/E) Trust Receipt (T/R)

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Dangerous Goods Identification

At an airport some goods carried by the passengers and within cargo are regarded and classified as dangerous goods by main global air transportation regulatory bodies such as UN, ICAO and IATA. Those goods are either prohibited totally or allowed to carry with the permission of relevant airline and airport after packaging and labeling as a dangerous good under special safety conditions. At Bandaranaike International Airport those dangerous items are handled in accordance with IATA laws and regulations by 24 hours working IATA qualified staff. Sometimes passengers might carry dangerous goods intentionally or ignorantly. So passenger carry-on baggage and suitcases are checked manually or with a scanner. In cargo handling dangerous goods are recognized by globally recognized warning signs on the packaging. At the same time with any air cargo package, the shipper should either describe the contents or confirm that the cargo does not contain dangerous goods to inform relevant cargo handling parties at the airport. If the cargo contains dangerous goods, with declared dangerous goods shipper should complete the Shippers Declaration form. With that the shipper ensures that all the parties know what contains and it is handled properly on land and aircraft on board.

Classification of Dangerous Goods & Signage

There are 9 classes of dangerous goods which are globally accepted. Those every class is having a unique diamond-shaped sign to identify the danger accompanied with the good. So the manufacturer or person packaging the product is responsible to display the correct class label on every dangerous good transported via air.

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1. Explosives - substances used to produce explosions in work such as earthmoving or demolition 2. Gases 2.1.Flammable gases - gases which can burst into flames in air on contact with a source of ignition 2.2.Non-flammable, non-toxic gases - gases which are neither flammable or toxic but can cause an asphyxiation hazard 2.3.Toxic gases - gases which are toxic and disperse rapidly if there is a leak which can cause death or serious injury if inhaled 3. Flammable liquids - liquids which can burn on contact with a source of ignition 4. Flammable solids 4.1.Flammable solids - solids which are easily ignited either by external sources such as sparks and flames or can cause or contribute to fire subjected to friction 4.2.Spontaneously combustible - Substances likely to heat spontaneously and ignite 4.3.Dangerous when wet - produce flammable or toxic gases if contact with water 5. Oxidising substances and organic peroxides 5.1.Oxidising substances - substances which can contribute to or accelerate the combustion of other combustible or flammable materials 5.2.Organic peroxides - substances can ignite spontaneously and possibly explode 6. Toxic and infectious substances 6.1.Toxic substances - substances which can cause death or serious injury if they are swallowed, inhaled or make contact with skin 6.2.Infectious substances - substances containing pathogens, which can be life-threatening or fatal disease in humans or animals 7. Radioactive materials - materials or combinations which spontaneously emit harmful levels of radiation 8. Corrosive substances - corrosive substances which may destroy or permanently damage another substance it comes into contact with 9. Miscellaneous substances - substances which can cause danger not covered by other classes described above

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References

http://www.airport.lk/ http://www.srilankan.com/pdf/annualreport/SriLankan_Airlines_Annual_Report_2011_2012.PDF

http://www.srilankan.com/ground-handling/services/spectrum-of-services.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_support_equipment http://www.neurope.eu/article/eu-increases-competition-ground-handling-services http://www.airport.lk/about-aasl/air-cargo.php http://air-cargo-how-it-works.blogspot.com/2011/01/air-transport.html http://hong-kong-economy-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Small-BusinessResources/Common-Import-Export-Documents/sbr/en/1/1X000000/1X006MLL.htm

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Group Members - Extender 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) IshaniMaheshika Dilini Manage SameeraNalaka UdithaNarawita RandikaNirman 101427A 101428D 101430C 101431F 101433M

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