Three Phase Theory - Professor J R Lucas

To transmit power with single phase alternating current, we need two wires. However you would have seen that distribution lines usually have only 4 wires. This is because distribution is done using three phase and the 4th wire is the neutral. How does this help ? Since the three phases are usually 120o out of phase, their phasor addition will be zero if the supply is balanced VR Three Phase Power For a balanced star connected load with line voltage Vline and line current Iline: Vstar = Vline / 3 Istar = Iline VB Zstar = Vstar / Istar = Vline / 3Iline Sstar = 3VstarIstar = 3VlineIline = Vline2 / Zstar = 3Iline2Zstar For a balanced delta connected load with line voltage Vline and line current Iline: Vdelta = Vline Idelta = Iline / 3 Zdelta = Vdelta / Idelta = 3Vline / Iline Sdelta = 3VdeltaIdelta = 3VlineIline = 3Vline2 / Zdelta = Iline2Zdelta The apparent power S, active power P and reactive power Q are related by: S2 = P2 + Q2 P = Scos Q = Ssin where cos is the power factor and sin is the reactive factor Note that for equivalence between balanced star and delta connected loads: Zdelta = 3Zstar Symmetrical Components

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Positive Negative Zero Sequence SequenceSequence

Three Phase Theory Professor J R Lucas

Level 2 September 2001

In any three phase system, the line currents Ia, Ib and Ic may be expressed as the phasor sum of: - a set of balanced positive phase sequence currents Ia1, Ib1 and Ic1 (phase sequence a-b-c), - a set of balanced negative phase sequence currents Ia2, Ib2 and Ic2 (phase sequence a-c-b), - a set of identical zero phase sequence currents Ia0, Ib0 and Ic0 (cophasal, no phase sequence). The positive, negative and zero sequence currents are calculated from the line currents using: Ia1 = (Ia + Ib + 2Ic) / 3 Ia2 = (Ia + a2Ib + Ic) / 3 Ia0 = (Ia + Ib + Ic) / 3 The positive, negative and zero sequence currents are combined to give the line currents using: Ia = Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0 Ib = Ib1 + Ib2 + Ib0 = 2Ia1 + Ia2 + Ia0 Ic = Ic1 + Ic2 + Ic0 = Ia1 + 2Ia2 + Ia0 The residual current Ir is equal to the total zero sequence current: Ir = Ia0 + Ib0 + Ic0 = 3Ia0 = Ia + Ib + Ic = Ie which is measured using three current transformers with parallel connected secondaries. Ie is the earth fault current of the system. Similarly, for phase-to-earth voltages Vae, Vbe and Vce, the residual voltage Vr is equal to the total zero sequence voltage: Vr = Va0 + Vb0 + Vc0 = 3Va0 = Vae + Vbe + Vce = 3Vne which is measured using an earthed-star / open-delta connected voltage transformer. Vne is the neutral displacement voltage of the system. The - operator The - operator (1120) is the complex cube root of unity: = - 1 / 2 + j3 / 2 = 1120 = 1-240 2 = - 1 / 2 - j3 / 2 = 1240 = 1-120 Some useful properties of are: 1 + + 2 = 0 + 2 = - 1 = 1180 - 2 = j3 = 390 2 - = - j3 = 3-90

Three Phase Theory Professor J R Lucas

Level 2 September 2001