__-We te(hnis(he universiteit eindhoven

Capaciteitsgroep Elektrische Energietechniek

Electrical Power Systenls
Series and shunt compensation in
Power lines and cables
door: H. el Farissi
EPS.07
S
3
68
Defaculteit Elektrotechniek van de
Technische Universiteit Eindhoven
aanvaardt geen verantwoordelijkheid
voor de inhoud van stage- en
afttudeerverslagen
Stagewerk verricht a.1.v.:
Dr. ir. J.M.A. Myrzik
or december 2006
/ faculteit elektrotechniek
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Academic position of the traineeship
1.2 The project
1.3 Contents.....
2 Problem definition
2.1 Introduction .
2.2 Voltage drop and phase shifting .
2.3 Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Load demand .
2.3.2 Reactive power transport
2.3.3 Active power transport
3 STATCOM
3.1 Theory.
3.2 Control model.
3.3 Results.....
3.3.1 Reactive power transport
3.3.2 Active power transport .
3.4 STATCOM placed at the end terminal (33kV)
3.4.1 Reactive power transport
3.4.2 Active power transport .
4 SSSC
4.1 Theory .
4.2 Control model. . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Three phase to dq-transformation .
4.4 Results .
4.4.1 Reactive power transport .
5 Conclusions and recommendations
A Custom control model
B Voltage source converter
C Load event
2
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List of Figures
2.1 Line model of a simple power system network
2.2 Single line diagram, in DIgSILENT . . . . . .
2.3 Load static or dynamic. . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Problem definition, reactive power load event
2.5 Problem definition, voltage at the terminals
2.6 Problem definition, active power flow ....
2.7 Problem definition, active power load event
2.8 Problem definition, reactive power flow ...
2.9 Problem definition, voltage at the terminals
3.1 Injection model of the STATCOM
3.2 Shunt control frame .
3.3 Shunt controller. . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 STATCOM layout in DIgSILENT .
3.5 STATCOM, Reactive power load event.
3.6 STATCOM, active power flow .
3.7 STATCOM, voltage at the terminals . .
3.8 STATCOM, current and voltage injection
3.9 STATCOM, phase between current and voltage
3.10 STATCOM, active power load event
3.11 STATCOM, reactive power flow .
3.12 STATCOM, voltage at the terminals .
3.13 Injection model of the STATCOM at terminalEND
3.14 STATCOM at terminalEND, reactive power load event.
3.15 STATCOM at terminalEND, active power flow ....
3.16 STATCOM at terminalEND, voltage at the terminals
3.17 STATCOM at terminalEND, active power load event.
3.18 STATCOM at terminalEND, reactive power flow ...
3.19 STATCOM at terminalEND, voltage at the terminals
4.1 Power transfer with and without voltage injection.
4.2 SSSC line diagram in DIgSILENT
4.3 Series control frame ..
4.4 Series current controller
4.5 PQ controller . . . . . .
4.6 dq-transformation ...
4.7 SSSC, reactive power load event
4.8 SSSC, active power flow . . . . .
4.9 SSSC, voltage at the terminals
4.10 SSSC, current and voltage injection.
A.l common model .
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40
A.2 common model example .
B.l voltage source converter in DlgSILENT
B.2 common model .
C.l dropdown menu for the load.
C.2 Load type menu .
4
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Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Academic position of the traineeship
This report is the final report for an internal traineeship at the Eindhoven University
of Technology (TU/e). This traineeship was carried out in the EVT-EPS section of
the faculty of Electrical Engineering.
The goal of an internal traineeship is that a student learns to carry out a relatively
small research project in a short time. An internal traineeship is carried out in the
Master phase of the students training and is the preparation for the master thesis
which is the last test for a student. The time the traineeship is supposed to take is
240 hours, which corresponds to 8 ECTS (European Credit Transfer System) points.
1.2 The project
At present, many transmission facilities confront one or more limiting network pa-
rameters such as, the line reactance, the phase, and the voltage amplitude. In ac
power systems, with no electrical storage, the electrical generation and load must be
in balance all times.
Pgeneration = Plood + flosses
The replacement of passive and/or electromechanical devices (for example, me-
chanically switched capacitors) by active devices allows electrical power transmission
circuits to operate very close to their parametric limits. To achieve this capability,
FACTS controllers are capable of controlling up to three system parameters; voltage
magnitude, phase angle and transmission impedance.
The main advantages of FACTS technology over other solutions (for example,
electro-mechanical devices and network reinforcement) are [1]
1. Improved steady-state system performance (for example, greater flexibility over
the control of power flows)
2. Improvements in system transient and/or dynamic stability
3. FACTS controllers require minimal maintenance
In this report only two kind of FACTS are discussed:
STATCOM , static compensator
SSSC , static synchronous series compensator
5
These devices have been developed already and used in some networks. Our goal
is thus not to repeat existing technology, but to implement these devices in the power
simulation programme DIgSILENT and learn about this. The analysis are done for
both line and cable networks. for all simulation the impact of the FACTS on both the
cable and line networks are compared.
1.3 Contents
This report is organised as follows. In chapter 2 the Power flow in a line is described.
This is done to illustrate the problem of the voltage drop which exist in the power
systems. The parameters of a line can be controlled such that the power handling of
the line could be increased. In Chapter 3 the emphasis is put on the reactive power
compensation with the STATCOM. This is done for a simple line diagram to illustrate
the effect clearly.
In the next chapter 4, the SSSC is described and implemented. This device is
capable of controlling both the actieve and reactive power. However due to lack of time
and the complexity of the controller the SSSC is only used as a reactive compensator.
Finally some conclusions and recommendations for future work will be given
6
Chapter 2
Problem definition
2.1 Introduction
The power flow through an alternating current transmission line is a function of the
line impedance, the magnitudes of the sending-end and receiving end voltages, and
the phase angle between these voltages. Essentially, the power is dependent on the
voltage across the line impedance. In case of a transmission line the impedance can be
represented by an reactance, since X > R.
Va L (S
Grid
x
Load
Figure 2.1: Line model of a simple power system network
If the phase of the sending end terminal is zero, the active and reactive power flow
for the power transmission circuit as illustrated in Fig 2.1 is
VaVb .
Pab = Xsme and
VaVb ( )
Qab = X l-cose
(2.1)
with Va the sending voltage and Vb is the receiving end voltage.
When the reactive power is transported over mainly reactive elements of the power sys-
tem, the reactive power losses may be considerable and these add to the load demand.
furthermore this reduces the active power delivery
2.2 Voltage drop and phase shifting
There is a strong relationship between voltage and reactive power flow. The voltages
in a distribution system and to the consumers must be maintained within a certain
band around the rated equipment voltage, ideally from no load to full load, and under
7
varying loading conditions. Sudden load impacts (starting of a large motor),result in
short-time or prolonged voltage dips. High voltages may occur under light running
load or on sudden load throwing and are of equal considerations, though low voltages
occur more frequently.
A certain balance between the reactive power consuming and generating appara-
tuses is required. This must consider losses which may be a considerable percentage of
the reactive load demand. When the reactive power is transported over mainly reactive
elements of the power system, the reactive power losses may be considerable and these
add to the load demand (Example 12.5). This reduces the active power delivery
The European standard NEN-EN 50160 gives the main characteristics of the voltage
at the customer's supply terminals in public low voltage and medium voltage electricity
distribution systems under normal operating conditions. The standard gives the limits
or values within which any customer can expect the voltage characteristics to remain.
The NEN-EN 50160 (Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by the public dis-
tribution system) gives requirements for low voltage and medium voltage distribution
systems regarding notably:
Magnitude of the supply voltage
Supply voltage variations
Magnitude of rapid voltage
Supply voltage dips
Short interruptions of the supply voltage
Long interruptions of the supply voltage
According to the ranges specified in this standard the voltage range is +6% to
-10% of the nominal voltage
In order to keep the voltage within the specified ranges it is necessary to use reactive
support. The STATCOM (shunt compensation) and SSSC (series compensation) will
be discussed in the following chapters.
The voltage drop over a certain transmission can be then calculated. Suppose that
the phases of the sending end is equal to the receiving end voltage.
LB= L6
8
Then:
~
Pa+jQa =x=al*
(2.2)
I
(P
a
- jQa)
(2.3)
V*
-=---a
~
x=a-jX[ (2.4)
~
V _ "X (Pa - j Qa)
with x=a = ~ =VaLO =? (2.5)
-=---a J V*
-=---a
~
V _ XQa _jXPa
(2.6)
a Va Va
Vb
Va - h,V - jbV (2.7)
(2.8)
according to equation 2.8 it can see that the drop of voltage magnitude is caused
mainly from reactive power transport. And that the phase shift is caused from active
power transport.
In transmission lines the voltage drop is mainly caused by the reactance in the lines.
For a transmission line (llOkV), X ~ lOR [4]. But in cables the impedance R > X an
R must be taken into account . If R is considered, then it can see that the voltage drop
results from both reactive and active transfer. Equations 2.4 and 2.8 then become
x=a-(R+jX)[
The equations for the voltage drop when R is taken into account wil then be:
(2.9)
2.3 Simulations
and
5V = XPa - RQa
Va
(2.10)
The effect of a temporary voltage drop resulting from a reactive load demand is ana-
lyzed by means of simulations in this section. Fig 2.2 shows the single line diagram in
DIgSILENT which is used for the simulation and Table 2.1 shows the corresponding
system parameters.
9
Grid
TerminalBRON
lineUp
LineDown
TerminalLOAD
Transformer
TerminalEND
Load
Figure 2.2: Single line diagram, in DIgSILENT
Table 2.1: System parameters of the circuit
TerminalBRON / TerminalLOAD 110 kV
TerminalEND 33 kV
Length Line/Cable 200 km
R - X (line) 0.02 - 0.2 n/km
R - X (cable) 0.2 - 0.05 n/km
Transformer 50 MVA, 110/33 kV
2.3.1 Load demand
The analysis were done according to RMS/EMT simulations. In the RMS/EMT sim-
ulation environment, the network model and associated devices are not represented as
constant steady state impedances, but by the differential equations that govern their
behavior For RMS/EMT simulations a three-phase load can be modeled as a percent-
age of static and dynamic load. The static portion is modeled as constant impedance
whereas the dynamic load can be modeled as either a linear load or a non-linear load.
Two-phase, single-phase- and DC loads are generally modeled as constant impedance.
In our case we want the load to change in step and within each step the load is a
constant active or reactive power node. In appendix C it is explained how this could
be done.
z
% %
Dynamic
load
Figure 2.3: Load static or dynamic
10
2.3.2 Reactive power transport
The load demand is set to change the reactive and active power demand in steps in
time. The result is that the voltages at both terminals change due to changing reactive
and active power. The simulation is done for both lines and cables in order to compare
the two mediums. Furthermore the simulation are also subdivided in a reactive load
demand and an active load demand. The first simulations are done for a reactive load
demand and are depicted in Figures 2.4 to 2.6.
The initial demand of the load is 1 MVar. At the time t = 4 sec it changes to
40 MVar. Then at time t = 8 sec the reactive power demand reduces to 20 MVar.
Finally the reactive power demand is set to its nominal reactive power demand of 1
MVar at time t = 12 sec. From the first figure it can be seen that the reactive power
demand is delivered by the grid. The power grid delivers the reactive power that is
demanded by the load plus the reactive power for the lines/cables and transformator.
From equations 2.1 and 2.10 it is clear that to realize this reactive power support an
voltage drop will be the result at the teminalLOAD and terminalEND respectively (see
Fig 2.2).
-----------------r-----------------r----------------,-----------------,
[MVa 1-
'
Grid reactive power : :
40.00 1 - --- -- - -- - - - - - - - ---------- ---------------------
1 Load reactive power 1 1
,----------------- ----------------
1 1 1
1 1 I
20.00 ----------------- --------------- ----------------1
1 l 1 1
10.00 1 -------- ---- --- - - - - -------------__: ---- ----- ------------i
1 I 1 1
1 1 1
0.00 - ....... .......+- - - -- -- -- - - - - - - - - -1-- - - - -- -- -- - - --- -- j
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
16.00 Is] 12.00 8.00 4.00

0.00
(a) Lines
50.00 1 - - - - - - - -- - -- - ----,-- -- - --- -- ----- - -'"Grilri'eacnve-pOwer - - - --;- -- -- - -- - -- -- ----1
1 1 1
1 1 1
37.50 -- ---- - ---------- --Loadreactlvepemer--- --- ---- ---- -- --- ;-----------------i
1 1 1
25.00 - - -- -- - - - - -- -- --- - ------- -- --- -- -- - -- - - -- - --- ---- - -1--- -------- -- -- --
1 1
1 1 1
12.50 : -------------- - -- --------- - -------:--------- -------- ------- - -- -------j
1 1 1
1 1 1
0.00 1 - - - - ----- -- -- - ---:---------------- - -- J,
1 1 1
1 1 1
16.00 [51 12.00 8.00 4.00
-12.50 LJ...- ---l _'_ .l.._ ......... ___L
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 2.4: Problem definition, reactive power load event
11
1.02 1-- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - -,- - ------ -- - -Llne-voftige-TerminliiBRON-- -- -1- - --- -- ----------,
[p.u.] I
---j
o 96 -- - - ------------- Une.voJtage-TerminaILOA - J
. I I
I I
0.93 -- -- ----- -- ----- --- --- -----------j
I I I
0.90 -t----------------- ---- -- -- -------- ------------j
J
. I I I I I
I I I I I
18.00 [s] 12.00 8.00 4.00
...
0.00
(a) Lines
1.02 - -- ------- - - - - -- - -- - -- - - - - - -,- - ----- - - -- - - - -- - -- - - -- - - -- - - --
I I I I
: : Line TerminalBRON :
1.00 --
16.00 [s] 12.00 8.00 4.00
0.94
0.98

I I
----------------,-----------------,
I I
I I
I I
----------------,-----------------1
ine voltage TerminalEND : :
0.92 L ...t:::===::::===:::L .l_ __.:.
0.00
0.96
(b) Cables
Figure 2.5: Problem definition, voltage at the terminals
0.30
[MW]
0.20
0.10
0.00

I
I
I
I I
__________________________________________________ J
I I I
:
I I I
-----------------
I I I
I I
I Load active power I I I
I I I
-oj
I I
I I
I I
I I

(a) Lines
4.00
[MW]
3.00

I
I
I
Grid active power
2.00
1.00
-10%.00
4.00 8.00 12.00 [s] 18.00
(b) Cables
Figure 2.6: Problem definition, active power flow
12
From the first figure (Fig 2.4) the reactive power support from the grid is shown.
This is done for both a line network (Fig 2.4(a)) and a cable network (2.4(b)). From
the figures it can be seen that in case of cable network the reactive support is less than
for a line network. This is due to the lower reactance for cables than lines. In Figure
2.5 the impact of the reactive load demand on the voltage at the three terminals is
shown. For the line network the voltage drop at the terminaEND is more than 10%
of its nominal voltage. This is more than the tolerable voltage drop specified in the
ANSI C84.1. In case of a cable network the voltage maintains in the specified voltage
range at all terminals.
The active power which is delivered by the power grid differs also for a cable and
line network respectively. For a cable network the active power support from the power
grid is almost 10 times then for a line network. This is because the cable impedance
is a factor 10 larger than the line impedance. This is also a cause for the voltage drop
in the cable network.
The same analysis are also done for an active power load demand. This is done in
the next section.
2.3.3 Active power transport
Now the initial demand of the load is 1 MW. At the time t = 4 sec it changes to 40
MW. Then at time t = 8 sec the active power demand reduces to 20 MW. Finally
the active power demand is set to its nominal active power demand of 1 MW at time
t = 12 sec.
1
1
12.50 T-- - - - - - - - -- ------
1
[MWJ : : : : :
----------------- ----------------
1 1 1
1 Grid actille power 1 1
,----------------- ---------------- ----------------t-----------------t
1 Load active power , 1 1
1 1 1
----------------- ----------------
1
1 1
_________________ _ J
1 1
1 1
0.00 .....................!!"!!!"'!...................."""""'-- -- -- - -- - - - - - - - - - ----- --- - - - - - - --"'"..............!!"!!!"'!!!"!!!"'!........ - -
1 1
1 1
-12.58.00
4.00 8.00 12.00 [s] 18.00
(a) Lines
62.50 ----- - - -- ---- -- --- -- - ---- -- - -1----- - - - - - - - - -,--- - - - - - - - - -- - - - -,
[MWJ : : : Grid active power: :
50.00 ,-----------------
1 1 1
37.50 : -------- - -- ------ __ ------ ------------'---------- ---- ---j
1 1
1 1 1
25.00 ------------- ---- - - ------------- -------- ---------1
1 1 1
1 1 1
12.50 ------- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - --1-- - - - -- - - - - - - - --- --- - - - - - ----- - ---,
1 1 1
1 1 1
0.00 ------- -- - ---- --1-----------------
1 1 1
1 1 1
16.00 [s] 12.00 8.00 4.00
-12.50 LJ...- ___I. ..l..._ ___I. ..J.
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 2.7: Problem definition, active power load event
13
I
0.00
Load reactive power I
I
1250
[MVar) : I:
10.00 tr----------------- ----------------- ----------------,------- ----------l
I I I
J-----------------J
7.50 I I I
I I I
I I I
5.00 ----------------- ----------------- ----------------,-----------------l
I I
I I
----------------- -----------------
I :
--1
I
I
-2'5%.00
4.00 8.00 12.00 (5) 16.00
(a) Lines
0.00 !"- o!-_
Grid reactive power
8.00
[MVar)
6.00
4.00
2.00

I
I
I I
________________ J
I I
I I
I I
I I
----------------,-----------------l
I I
I I
I I

I
I I I
I I

Load reactive power I I
I I
-20ld.00
4.00 8.00 12.00 [sj 16.00
(b) Cables
Figure 2.8: Problem definition, reactive power flow
Line voltage TerminalEND
1.01
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.97

I
I
I
--i
Line voltage TerminalBRON I I I
________________.. J
I
I
I I
__________________________________________________ J
I I
I I
_________________ _ J J
I I
I I
I I
0.91b.OO
4.00 8.00 12.00 (5) 16.00
(a) Lines
Line voltage TerminalEND
0.950
0.975
0.925
1.025

I
I
I
1.000 M----------..... .....------------i
Line voltage TerminalBRON I I
I I

I I
I
I I
__________________________________________________ J
I I
I I
Line voltage TerminalLOAD I I
----------------- -----------------
I I
I I
I I
0.
90
8.00
4.00 8.00 12.00 (5) 16.00
(b) Cables
Figure 2.9: Problem definition, voltage at the terminals
14
From the first figure (Fig. 2.7) it can be seen that in case of line network the active
power losses in the lines are almost negligible in comparison to the cable network. For
a cable network the active power support from the grid is more due to the higher resis-
tive part of the impedance of the cable than for the line. The reactive power support
from the power grid is depicted in Fig. 2.8. From this figure it can be seen that the
reactive support for the line is more due to the higher reactance. However the voltage
drop at the terminalLOAD and terminalEND is larger for the cable network than for
the line network (see Fig. 2.9). This is because the large active power flow which
causes a higher voltage drop when an higher impedance medium is used.
To compensate these power changes and thus to be able to reduce voltage drops a
power support in the network is needed. The two methods that will be discussed in
the following chapters are the STATCOM and the SSSC. The STATCOM, injects a
current of variable magnitude at the point of connection. The SSSC injects a voltage
of variable magnitude in series with the transmission line. When these devices operate
alone they exchange almost only reactive power. because they don't use a supply.
When these devices operate together as an UPFC, it is capable of exchanging real and
reactive power independently. The later will not be discussed in this report.
15
Chapter 3
STATCOM
3.1 Theory
The STATCOM which is schematically depicted in fig 3.1 consist of a VSC connected
in shunt to the transmission network through a coupling transformer. Therefore it can
be represented by a current source expressed as
(3.1)
Where V sh is the output voltage phasor of the VSC, Vi is the voltage phasor of
the connected terminal and Zsh is the shunt transformer impedance. I ~ h and I;h are
the current components in phase and in quadrature with the voltage at the connected
terminal.
~
.
I A C B ~
-Z-S-h----------
Ish
Vdc
a
Statcom
controller
Pmr r------..,
Voltage
Source
Converter
Figure 3.1: Injection model of the STATCOM
16
3.2 Control model
0 p
pa-measuremer
a
StaPqmea*
1 0
cosref
Pmr
1 0 0
Phase locked loop Controller VSC
ElmPII*,ElmPhi* sinref *
Pmi
-
ElmVsc*
1 2 1 1
Vdc
I
3
Vdc Measureme
VdcJetl
-4
StaVmea*
-"
a_ref
Figure 3.2: Shunt control frame
The control model frame used for the STATCOM is illustrated in fig 3.2. It con-
sist of the actual controller, fig 3.3 and 4 blocks connected with the controller. The
first block is the PQ measurement block which measures the Q and supplies it to the
controller. The next block is the PLL which measures the phase at the sending end
terminal. The output of the PLL is a cosine and sine of the measured phase. Then, to
control the DC terminal of the STATCOM the voltage Vdc is needed to be measured
continually. That's why the voltage measurement block is needed. The last block
'VSC' represents the shunt converter.
The actual controller illustrated in fig 3.3 exist in two PI-controllers. One for the
Q-control and the other one for the DC voltage control at the dc terminal. The Q
controller controls the amplitude of the AC voltage of the PWM by changing the pulse
modulation index(Pm). The Vdc controller controls the angle difference between the
STATCOM terminal and the grid terminal, dtheta. Because the PWM only supports
the signals Pm and dtheta, when the voltage angle of the grid terminal is set as the
global angle, the controller uses the signals Pmr and Pmi:
Pm cos(ere! - de)
Pmsin(e
re
! - de)
with ere! the voltage reference angle of the grid.
17
(3.2)
(3.3)
Syncronizer
0 cosref
0
1 sinref Pmr
0
1 u
Pmi
1
2 1
2
Q
dQ
K(1+1/sT.
Pm r--+4
3
.. , "\
3 Q ref
'+
K,T
Q controller
4 Vdc
- "
dVdc
K(1+1/s1
dtheta
, ;
K1,T1
t
5 Vdc ref
Vdc controller
Figure 3.3: Shunt controller
The voltage at the AC side is then:
KOPmrUDC
KOPmiUDC
(3.4)
(3.5)
Since the converter is supplied by a dc capacitor, the voltage across the capacitor
will fall if the STATCOM is not lossless. The dc capacitor voltage can be regulated
by replenishing the losses due to switching and in the coupling transformer circuit by
drawing power from the ac system. Therefore phase STATCOM must lag phase grid
by a small amount such that the dc capacitor voltage is held constant.
18
3.3 Results
The STATCOM simulation model which is analyzed in DIgSILENT is illustrated in
Fig. 3.4. The simulations in this section are all done for the case that the STATCOM
is placed at terminalLOAD. (see Fig. 3.4). The other possibility is to place the STAT-
COM at the terminalEND. This case is discussed in the next section.
TerminalBRON
External Grid
lineUP
LineDown
TerminalLOAD
TerminalEND
Transformer 110/33
General Load
Statcom
Shunt terminal
DCterminal
ShuntlFilter
=-
I I
--------------------
Figure 3.4: STATCOM layout in DIgSILENT
Table 3.1: System parameters of the circuit with STATCOM
TerminalBRON / TerminalLOAD 110 kV
TerminalEND 33 kV
Length Line/Cable 200 km
R - X (line) 0.02 - 0.2 O/km
R - X (cable) 0.2 - 0.05 0/km
Line Transformer 50 MVA, 110/33 kV
STATCOM Transformer 5 MVA, 110/4 kV
STATCOM DC terminal 10 kV
STATCOM shunt capacitor 100 MVar
3.3.1 Reactive power transport
In order to show the effect of the STATCOM clearly, the same load event is used as
in the previous chapter. Thus again the initial demand is 1 MVar. At time t = 4 sec
the reactive power demand changes to 40 MVar. Then at time t = 8 sec the reactive
power demand reduces to 20 MVar. Finally the reactive power demand is set to its
19
nominal reactive power demand of 1 MVar at time t = 12 sec. The simulation results
are shown in Figures 3.5 to 3.9

1 1 1 1 1
1 L
1 1,..- --, 1 1
-::-::::::::::::::
,----------------- -----------------j
1 1 1
0.00 --- _J
: : Grid reactive power 1 :
16.00
_12.50 ........
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 [8)
(a) Lines
62.50
50.00
[MVar)
37.50
25.00
12.50
0.00
1 1 1 1 1
' L J-----------------J
: :f'I."'-----1 : :

: : Grid reactive power , 1 :
16.00 [8) 12.00 8.00 4.00
.12.50 "'- ....L.. ___l. '__ ___...l.
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.5: STATCOM, Reactive power load event
0.00 t"----------f+f+
0.90
0.60
[MW]
0.30

1 1 1 1
Grid active power 1 1 1
-----------------
1 1 1
1 1
----------------- --------------- ----------------
1
1
..
1
-0.30
-0.60
_________________J
1 1
1 1 1
__________________________________L J
1 Statcom active power : :
16.00 [5) 12.00 8.00 4.00
-0.90 "'- .l..._ ____''__ ___L. ......L
0.00
(a) Lines

1 1 1 1
_________________ 1 :--- ----------J ------------J
1 1 I
1 1 1
________________
1
1
...
1
_________________J
1 1
1 1 1
__________________________________L J
: Statcom active power: : :
0.00
-5.00
15.00
-10.00
10.00
[MW]
5.00
16.00 [5) 12.00 8.00 4.00
-15.00 ........ .l..._ L_ ___' ___l.
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.6: STATCOM, active power flow
20
0.85
0.90
0.95

[p.u] I Voltage terminalBRON :
1.00 ...------...-i?'.........- .... ....O'===""""-..---lr-..---........Iilr -i
: Voltage terminal LOAD : :
:-----------------
ILL I I
----------------- -----------------
I I I I I
I I I

I I I I I
oaq..oo
4.00 8.00 12.00 [5]
(a) Lines
0.96
0.84
0.88
0.92
1.M
[p.u] I Voltage terminalBRON I :
1.00 1I--......----......-oAlfld''''''''...... ......__.._ --<
Voltage terminal LOAD : J :
----------------- -----------------<
:
----------------- j
: I::

I """,... , I I
I : J J
I I I I I
I I I I I
16.00 [5] 12.00 8.00 4.00
0.80 u.... .l.._ I..._ ___' ____' __l.
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.7: STATCOM, voltage at the terminals
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
-----------------r-----------------r----------------,-----------------,
: Statcom current [1lA] : : :
I I I I I

I, I I

I Statcom voltage [kV] l I :
; -: - _:: -: -- --1
I I I I
I I I I
-2.00
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 [5] 16.00
(a) Lines
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
-----------------r-----------------l-----------------,-----------------,
: : Statcom current [1lA] : : :
I I I I I

I f I I I I I
1----------------- -----------------r----------------
i
-----------------i
: Statcom voltage [kV] ----.J-- I : :

I I I l. I
I __ ........ : J
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
-2.00 l.L.- ___I. ....L.. ___.J'__ ....L
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 [5] 16.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.8: STATCOM, current and voltage injection
21
200.00
[08gl
100.00
0.00
-100.00
-----------------r-----------------r----------------,-----------------,
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I Phase between voltage and current t I
----------------1
I II I
t
il I
I I I
-----------------
I ,r I
I II I
L
I I I
I I I

I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
16.00 [sl 12.00 8.00 4.00
-200.00 LJ...- ___L ....L... L.._ ........
0.00
(a) Lines
200.00 ---- -- - - - - -------,- - -- -- --- - --- -- --1--- - - --- - -- -- --- -, --- --- - ---- ---- --,
I I I I I
[Degl : : : 1
1
:
I I Phase between voltage and current I
100.00 ----------------1
: I : I :
I I I I

-100.00 :
: : : : :
I I I I I
-200.00
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 [sl 16.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.9: STATCOM, phase between current and voltage
The simulation above show a proper operation of the STATCOM. From the first
figure (Fig. 3.5) it can be seen that the STATCOM delivers the reactive support for
the reactive load demand. The power grid is supposed to deliver the power in the
stationary state. But in case of a power change at the load side the STATCOM is
assumed to compensate a great part of this change of power and regulates the voltage
at 1.0 p.u at the terminalLOAD. This is depicted in Fig. 3.7. From Fig. 3.6 it can
be seen that for the cable network a larger amount of active power is interchanged
between the power grid and the STATCOM at the moment the load demand changes.
Every time when the load demand changes the power grid has the tendency to deliver
the support, however the STATCOM then takes over and compensates the reactive
power demand.
Furthermore it should be noticed that the voltage at the load terminal is controlled
to 1.0 p. u at for every load change. At the contrary the voltage at the terminalEND
drops more than the tolerable 10%. The STATCOM injected currents and voltage are
depicted in Fig 3.8. The change in phase between the injected current and the voltage
when the reactive power is supported is depicted in Fig. 3.9.
22
3.3.2 Active power transport
The simulations for the active power load demand are illustrated in Figures 3.10 to 3.12.
80.00 --- - -- - - - - - - - ----r-- ----- - - --- -- -- -,- --- - --------------- - -- - - - - - ---- - - -"
1 1 1 1 1
[MW] 1 :1\ Grid active power 1 1 1
60.00 1-------- -- -- -----iU ------------ ---i --- -------------i--------------- ---<I
Load active power
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00
1 1
-------------
1 1
I 1
-----------------: -..
_________________ J
I I 1 I
1 I 1 I
16.00 [8) 12.00 8.00 4.00
-40.00 u- L_ ___l _'_ ....... ..J.
0.00
(a) Lines
# active power :
iu\,'\,v-----

Load active power

I
I
I
I 1
----------------,-----------------1
I 1
I 1
IA& I 1

I 1
1 I 1
0.00 M-----------""'i/VV---.1t.'\.,,... ,. .............---------1..toeo..---------i
:V Statcom active power y :"'" :
I I I
20.00
40.00
60.00
[MW]
-20.00 LJ..- ....1... ......J .l_ ...J.
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 [8J 16.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.10: STATCOM, active power load event
8.00
4.00

I I I 1 1
I : AGrid reactive power 1 1 1

:--__ ..
I 1
0.00 .----' -1
1 1 1 1
1 I 1 1
16.00 [sJ 12.00 8.00 4.00
-4.00 u- ___J'__ .....J.. ....... _'_ ----l.
0.00
(a) Lines
20.00
[MVarJ
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
-5.00

1-----------------(1-----------------L----------------J-----------------J
I I I I
1 Statcom reactive power 1 1 I
1-----------------
; . -----i-----------------1
-==- i\./\:V----- ;(.Ocr- ----i=-===--=-----J
------ "'---- 1
1 Load reactive power 1
__________________________________________________ J
1 1 I 1
1 1 1 1 1
[8J 12.00 8.00 4.00
-10.00 "- .L._ '__ ___l .....L
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.11: STATCOM, reactive power flow
23
0.96
1.02
0.98
I I
I I
[p.U.] I Line voltage :
1.00 1Ii----------""'.... --...... ..
I I
I ...... I
_________________ J J
I I
I I
I I I
:-----------------:
: : I " Line voltage TtnninaiEND: :
I I t I I I
09ob.oo
4.00 8.00 12.00 [s] 16.00
(a) Lines
0.950
0.900
0.975
0.925
1.025 - - - - ---- - --------,---- -- -- - - ---- ---,--- - -- - - - - ---- - - -- ---- -- ----- - -- -- - -,
I I
""" oj- Line --J
I I I" I
I I I
1------------------ -----------------i
I "I' I
__________________________________________________ J
: I Aline voltage TerminalLOAD : :
_________________ _ J
I I I
I I\lJ'/'''------- I I
___________________________ J
I I I I I
I ,I I I I
16.00 [s] 12.00 8.00 4.00
0.875 '-'- ...L- .J__ ...... ____I.
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.12: STATCOM, voltage at the terminals
From Fig 3.10 it can be seen that for active power is delivered by the power grid.
For the cable network the active support by the grid is more since the cable dissipates
more active power than the line. The voltage drop for the cable network is larger than
for the line network. This is illustrated in Fig. 3.12.
24
3.4 STATCOM placed at the end terminal (33kV)
The STATCOM can be placed at the end terminal too. This has a different impact on
the voltage drop at this terminal as can be seen from the simulation results. Fig. 3.13
shows the simulation model. The system parameters are the same as in the previous
section (see Table 3.1)
TerminalLOAD
External Grid
lineUP
LineDown
TerminalEND
Transformer 110/33
TerminalBRON
Statcom
Load
DCterminal
ShunVFilter
..-.---., it II
Shunt terminal
Shunt convertet
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I I
--------------------
Figure 3.13: Injection model of the STATCOM at terminalEND
3.4.1 Reactive power transport
When the STATCOM is placed at the terminalEND where the load demand step
occurs the power support can be delivered immediately from the STATCOM which is
connected at the same terminal. From Fig. 3.16 it can be seen that the voltage drop
is not more than 2% at all the terminals. This is the case for both the line and cable
networks. In comparison with the STATCOM placed at the terminaLOAD the voltage
drop at the terminalEND is much smaller.
25
Statcom reactive power
60.00
[MVar]
40.00
20.00
0.00
I
I
Load reactive power I :
----------------- ----------------,-----------------1
I 1
1 1
1 I

Grid reactive power I : :
1 I 1
16.00 [8] 12.00 8.00 4.00

0.00
(a) Lines

[MY,,' : : : :
: Load reactive power : :
----------------- ----------------- ----------------,-----------------1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
':::--....::.-.... ......::r::-=---:]
: Grid reactive power 1 : :
1 I 1 1
16.00 [8] 12.00 8.00 4.00
_20.00Ll-----......
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.14: STATCOM at terminalEND, reactive power load event
0.40 --- - ----- - - - - - - -- - - - - - --- - - --- - - --,---- ------- -- - - - - --- - -- - --------
[MW]
0.20
0.00 .....--------
-0.20
Grid active power
Statcom active power
I
I
I
1 I
----------------,-----------------1
1
1
1
..
1
1
I
----------------,-----------------1
I I
I I
1 1

0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 [8] 16.00
(a) Lines

! I I I 1
: - - I - - - - - +----------------1--- j
1 I 1
2.50 1--- - -- -- -- - -- -. - - - -- - -- --- -- - - - -- -4--- -- - - - - - - -- - ---j
1 I
0.00 1 ---j
1 I
1----------------- I-----------------j
-5.00 : - - - - -- - - -- - -- -- - - - - -:- - -- - - -- - -- -- - - - - -- ---- -- - ---- - - -
I I I I I
16.00 [8] 12.00 8.00 4.00

0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.15: STATCOM at terminalEND, active power flow
26
1.050
[p.u.)
1.025
1.000
0.975
0.950
0.925
1-----------------1-----------------1----------------1-----------------1
1 1 1 1 1

: Line voltage TerminalBRON ine voltage TerminalLOAD 1 :
l- - -
1
1
-----------------
1 1 1
1 1 1
-----------------
Line voltage TerminalEND : : :
_________________ _ L J
1 1 1
1 1 1
16.00 [s) 12.00 8.00 4.00
0.900 Ll- ..L_ _'____ "__ ___l.
0.00
(a) Lines
0.96
0.94
0.98
1.04
[p.u.)
1.02

: : Line voltage TerminalLOAD 1 : :

1 Line voltage TerminalBRON 1 / 1
1.00 .....-......
-------- "'------ 1 7-"-------1 "\:'V_____ :
-----------------
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
--------_________ _ L J
1 ILine voltage TerminalEND 1 1 1
1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1
16.00 [s) 12.00 8.00 4.00
0.92 LL- _'____ "__ L_ ____l.
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.16: STATCOM at terminalEND, voltage at the terminals
3.4.2 Active power transport
The simulations for the active power load demand for the case that the STATCOM is
placed at the terminalEND are illustrated in Figures 3.17 to 3.19.
27
Load active power
: Grid active power: : j

1 1 1 1
1 I
_____________
I 1
I 1

1

1
________________ J
1 1
1 1
20.00
40.00
1\
0.00 --
-20.00 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t- '5tatccnn-aetive-power - --I
1 1
80.00
[MW]
60.00
[5] 12.00 8.00 4.00
-40.00 I.L- ..l_ ..l_ ..l_ ..l.
0.00
(a) Lines
20.00
40.00
80.00
[MW]
60.00
1
I
_________________ :-
1 \, ._ : :
----------------- ----CoadiawepOWM--
I 1
-----------------i
I 1
.....-_r: -.......--------
0.00 1,,-Statcom active power 1
1 I
16.00 [5] 12.00 8.00 4.00
-20.00 I.L- .l..._ l.._ ___l ___l.
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.17: STATCOM at terminalEND, active power load event
37.50 1 -- - --- - - - -- - - - -- -1- - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - -j- - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - --;-- -- --- - -- - --- ---I
[MVar] 1 I Grid reactive power I 1 1
25.00 1 - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - -j-- - - -- -- - --- -- - - - -- -- -- - - -- - --- - --i
,..,: ""'_"'''''$ :l _ ____:
: :
0.00 j -- --- Ii ---1
-12.50 - - - - - - - - - - -- - ----y-----------------:11-- - - - -- - -- -- -- -- -, ----- - - ------- ---1
j : Statcom reactive power : : :
-25.00 Ll- -'- ...L. -'- ...L. ...L. _'_ ...l.
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 [5] 16.00
(a) Lines

[MVar] j : Statcom reactive : :

. 1 1/....----__-, 1 1
1 1 " 1 1
12.60 : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -+- - ;.;.;;;;;,-;;;;.;.;--j\;.-..:.::.:::..:.:-..:.: - j ------------ --i
0.00 I -------- ---;-----------
1 \ 1/'\.,----- 1

. : :\1-------i : :
L k
: : Grid reactive power : : :
-37.60
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 [5] 16.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.18: STATCOM at terminalEND, reactive power flow
28
1.10
I I I I I
[p.u.] : : Line voltage TerminalEND : : :
1.05 ----------- - ------ ----------------,-----------------1
: Line voltage TerminalBRON : f. :
1.00 ----i
----- I I
------_L :_ ---------------J ---- -- --
Line voltage TerminalLOAP : :
I I I
0.90 - -------- -- ------ ----- ------------1-----------------,------ -- - --------1
I. I I I
I I I I
16.00 [s] 12.00 8.00 4.00
0.85 LI...- ___'_ ..L_ ___'_ ____l.
0.00
(a) Lines

I I I I I
[p.u.] I I Line voltage TerminalBRON I :A I
1.00 I I - - - --i
I If' I I I ,,________ I
0.98 1----------------- -------------- J
I Line voltage TerminslEND V I :
0.96 ; - - -- -- - - -- -- ---- - -=---=---=---= - -- - - - - - -- -- - - - -l-----------------1
0.94 1__ -- --- -- - -- -- -- - Ill- - -- - -- - - - --- -- -:-- -- - -- - - -- - - - - - --i --- -- - -- -- - -- -- --i
I IV Line voltage TerminalLOAD I I I
I I I I I
0.92 LI...- ---l. ..L_ ___'_ ____l.
0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 [s] 16.00
(b) Cables
Figure 3.19: STATCOM at terminalEND, voltage at the terminals
From Fig 3.17 it can be seen that for active power is delivered by the power grid.
Again for the cable network the active support by the grid is more since the cable
dissipates more active power than the line. The voltage drop for the cable network is
larger than for the line network. This is illustrated in Fig. 3.19. However, the voltage
is still regulated within the specified marge of 10%.
29
Chapter 4
sssc
4.1 Theory
In contrast to the STATCOM the SSSC can negotiate both reactive and active power
with the ac system, simply by controlling the angular position of the injected voltage
with respect to the line current. However, the exchanges of active power requires
that the DC terminal of the SSSC converter be coupled to an energy source. In this
report the SSSC without an energy source is analyzed. The SSSC operates as if a
voltage source is inserted in serie in a line network. This source is injects a voltage in
phase with the sending voltage so as to regulate only the amplitude of the line voltage,
Vseries = D. Va. Thus the sending end voltage is summed up with an D.Va.. Va. then
become (1 +K) *Va.. The line active and reactive power transit become then
Pa.b
Va. Vb . 0
(4.1) --sm
X
Pa.b
( )Va."b.
(4.2)
l+K 7smo
Qa.b
Va Vb ( ) )
(4.3) 7 l+K (l+K-coso
with K
D.V
(4.4)
--
Va
(4.5)
(4.6)
The curves presented in Fig 4.1, show the increase of the line active and reactive
power transfer when the sending voltage and thus the factor K increases with 10%.
30

1.4
2
(xl!)
1.5 1
angle
0.5
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, K=O
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
"
"
---
1.2
os
's'1

<:
: 0.8
Ii;
lO.6

'il 0.4
!
0.2
3
(Xlcf>
2.5 2 1.5
angle
K=O.l
0.5
1.2
(a) active power transfer (b) reactive power transfer
Figure 4.1: Power transfer with and without voltage injection.
The line diagram model used in DlgSILENT is drawn in Fig 4.2
TerminalBRON
TerminalLOAD
lineUP
TerminalEND
Exlernal Grid
LineDown
__Tril'l.sformer 110/33
General Load
sssc
Series terminal
Series converter
II

IDCterminal
I _ ....._p--
I
I
I
I
I
I
Figure 4.2: SSSC line diagram in DIgSILENT
4.2 Control model
The SSSC is simulated in DlgSILENT according to the line diagram Fig. 4.2. It should
be noticed that at the DC terminal no DC voltage source is inserted. Therefore the
active power support is also not possible.
To control the power in the line the SSSC uses a controller model based on voltage
injection to control the active power. The voltage magnitude is injected by the series
converter. which in his turn is controlled by a closed loop current controller. The
control model in DlgSILENT exist in two parts. The first level is the control model
31
Pref 0
Qre' 1
PQcontrolleV
ip_ref
p
0 2
Q measureme
1 0
Stapqmea* 1
q
I iq_ref
3
1
ir Pmr
2 0
AC Currents Current
Stslmea*
ii
Cont/oller
1 3 Converter
ElmVsc*
Pmi
cosref
1 1
4
PLL
ElmPII*,ElmPh sinref
1
Figure 4.3: Series control frame
frame illustrated in fig 4.3.
The second level is the current controller itself illustrated in Fig 4.4
The control model frame for the series compensation (Fig 4.4) is consists of several
blocks supplying the necessary signals for the current controller. The blocks used in
the control model frame are described below:
1. P-Q measurement block, This block measures the instantaneous real and reactive
power at an predefined point in the network. Like all the measurement blocks is
this an existing block definition in DIgSILENT
2. The PLL block, Measures the phase at an predefined point in the network. The
output of the block is a cosine and a sine of the phase. For this use we need to
measure the phase at the sending end terminal.
3. Current measurement block, this block measures the current in the three phase
balanced network and supplies a complex current signal iT and ii
4. Current control model. This is the actual controller which uses the measured
signals to control the voltage of the converter. It is described more in detail in
the next paragraph
5. PQ controller block, see Fig 4.5. This block uses a PI-controller, which compares
the measured power with the reference power and supplies a reference current
signal
6. The voltage source converter block. This block defines the model and the inputs
which is used for the voltage source converter. The modulation principle and
other device parameters are defined in the element editor itself. In the appendix
B a detailed description of the VSC model in DIgSILENT is given.
The current controller uses also a PI-controller to produce the pulse modulation
signal for the VSC, see Fig. 4.5. Before the measured current is compared with
the reference current, delivered by the PQ block, it is transformed to the dq-rotating
32
system. For this purpose the cosref and simef from the PLL is needed. The PI-
controller uses an anti windup limiter since the Pm signal is also limited. The Pm
signal for the VSC in our case is given by the complex signals Pmr and Pmi. So the
output voltage of the VSC is given by
KOPmrUDC
UACi = KoPmiUDc
and for the active power conservation between the AC- and DC-side:
PAC = Re(UA
c
I:4d = UDcIDc = PDC
33
(4.7)
(4.8)
(4.9)
The control parameters of the controller can be changed easily by defining a com-
posite common model for the controller, (see appendix A)
PI-eontroller
Max
,--
id
-
ref did
., ' ' ' ~
K, T1
r
Min'
'C
~
E
f ~
II.
dq-Trans
dq-Back
i.
0
..
id
"'''''.Af
,
0 _0
Pmr
..in f
2
,
'-'
0
3
iq
2
,
3
Pmi
~
,!f-
;0-
cr
E
II.
~ 1
iq_ref - diq
.,",
K1,T3 , ,
--'
o
1
Min1
PI-eontroller
Figure 4.4: Series current controller
Pref
0----------------------,
PI-controller
p
1
I
id_ref
1
t-, ;
dP
..
0
, "
K,T
Oref
2
PI-controller
dO q
I I
iq_ref
3------------------1.. ~ ~ - - - - ... . K1,T1 -----------1..... 1
Figure 4.5: PQ controller
34
4.3 Three phase to dq-transformation
The dq-transformation is a transformation of coordinates from the three-phase sta-
tionary coordinate system to the dq-rotating coordinate system. This transformation
is made in two steps:
1. a transformation from the three-phase stationary coordinate system to the two-
phase, so-called complex system and
2. a transformation from the complex stationary coordinate system to the dq-
rotating coordinate system.
The first step from the three phase system to the complex system is internally done
by DIgSILENT current measurement block. So the measurement block supplies a real
and imaginary current signal. This signal is transformed to the dq-rotating coordinate
system by using the dq-transformer block, see Fig 4.6 The phase of the measured cur-
rent is supplied by the PLL block.

ir
-
0
icL.
ii
0
1
cosref dq-Trans
-
2
-
sinref
1
-
3
iq
Figure 4.6: dq-transformation
~ d iT * cosphi +ii * sinphi
~ q iT * sinphi +ii * cosphi
35
4.4 Results
4.4.1 Reactive power transport
The simulation in this section show the operation of the SSSC. From the first figure
(Fig.4.7) it can be seen that the SSSC delivers a part of the reactive support for the
reactive load demand. The power grid supports a large part of the reactive power
demand and the SSSC compensates for the lines and cables and the transformer. The
voltage drop is regulated within the specified marges as can be seen from Fig. 4.9 For
the line network the compensated reactive power is even more than necessary. This
results in a over voltage regulation as can be seen in Fig. 4.9(a). The increase in active
power for the cable network results in a larger voltage drop than for the line network.
The SSSC in these simulation is not able to deliver active power due to the absence of
a storage system. Thereby the compensation of the reactive power is limited due to
improper dimension of the controller. However the voltage is still maintained within
the boundaries specified in the NEN-EN 50160.
62.50
[MVarJ
50.00
37.50
25.00
12.50
0.00

I 1 1 1 I

I ,------1----- I 1 I

I If I 1 I I
__ ..
I I I I I
I I I I I
15.00 [s) 12.00 9.00 6.00 3.00
-12.50 L-__ ..I...___ ...L ____'_ ___..L ____I.
0.00
(a) Lines
62.50
[MVarJ
50.00
37.50
25.00
12.50
0.00

I I I I 1

_____________ __ J L----- J
I I I I 1
I I I I 1
-------------t----

I 1 I I I
I I I I I
15.00 [s) 12.00 9.00 6.00 3.00
-12.50 '--__ -'-- __L ___J. ___.J'____ ______l.
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 4.7: SSSC, reactive power load event
36
0.30
0.60
1.20
[MW]
0.90

1 1 1 1 1
1 ...... G'd 1f 1 1

1 L 1 1 1 1
:::----::::::t::::I::-----:1::::-::::
0.00 ---tl,..,.----+1-----_--+1--------...,..---------;1
3.00
SSSC active
6.00 9.00 12.00 [s)
(a) Lines
2.00
1.00
3.00
[MW]

1 1 1
: 1 Grid ahive power 1 :
-------------}----J..--+- ----+------------- ------------j
1 I 1 I 1 1 1
1 L 1 1 1 1
1 1 I 1 1 1
-------------t----I
: : :
0.00 t---------il--.....jr-------iol-----.....--...;.I---------+--------""II
1
SSSC active power
15.00 [s] 12.00 9.00 6.00 3.00
-1.00'-----'----'-----'----L----'----L----'----'-----'-------'-
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 4.8: SSSC, active power flow
0.90
0.95
1.10
[p.u.)
1.05
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
-------------r-------------,--------- ---,-------------- -------------1
1 Line voltage TerminelLOAD 1 1
l __
1.00 I" 1 - -4-- --
1 1 --1-------
1 ,.. ...., ....1 1 1 1
-------------+----
: Line voltage : :
1 1 1 1 1
-------------T---- --------,-------------,--------------,-------------1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
15.00 [s] 12.00 9.00 6.00 3.00
0.85 1...-__ __l.. ..L.._ '___----I. ...L. __----l.
0.00
(a) Lines
0.94
0.92
0.98
0.96

[p.u.) :Line voltage I:
1.00 t----------t"1 ......----iioiiiioi......

1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1

_____________ L -+ L j
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
0.90
0.00 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 [s) 15.00
(b) Cables
Figure 4.9: SSSC, voltage at the terminals
37
2.00
8.00
4.00
6.00
-------------T-------------,-------------,--------------r-------------l
I I I I
I I SSSC current (1lA) I I I

: (---:------1 : : :
:::::::::::::l::::t:::::,..Jw...
I ..J-______ I I
0.00 ...- .......-_-....I--....r...nnnnJn n __ n - ""= _ _
I I I I
I I I I
10.00
15.00 [s] 12.00 9.00 6.00 3.00
-2.00 L.- .1._ .1._ .l..._ _'_ ...l.
0.00
(a) Lines
5.00
3.75
2.50
1.25
0.00
-------------,-------------,-------------,--------------r-------------l
I I I I
I I ISSSC current (1lA) I I
J I I I I

I I I I I I I

I I I ----'-----1
I I I I

____.......-.J.: J -==-_-c===-_'='__===-__ =- __......-..1
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
15.00 [s] 12.00 9.00 6.00 3.00
-1.25 '-- .1._ .l..._ _'_ ...l- ....... ....L.. .....
0.00
(b) Cables
Figure 4.10: SSSC, current and voltage injection
38
Chapter 5
Conclusions and
recommendations
In this report a detailed description of the implementation of the STATCOM and SSSC
in the power simulation programme DIgSILENT is given. Previous to the analysis of
the STATCOM and SSSC the problem of voltage drop in a simple electrical network
has been simulated. The analysis were done both for cables and lines in order to com-
pare the different impacts on system performances.
The reactive power flow through the lines and cable is used to regulate voltage at
the end of the line; because of the high inductive character of transmission lines this
can be done with acceptable energy losses. For cables the resistive part is larger then
the reactive part, so voltage control by reactive power in practice brings little effect and
too much energy losses. The reactive power in the transmission line can be adjusted
by the amount of compensation at the end of the line.
From the analysis it can be concluded that in case of only a reactive power flow the
voltage drop is for both a cable and line network nearly the same. However in case of
an active power transport the voltage drop in the cable network is significantly more
than for the line network. This was expected since the cable has an higher resistive
impedance than the line.
Furthermore the place where the compensation is inserted is significant for the volt-
age drop. From the simulation of the STATCOM it can be concluded that when the
STATCOM is placed at the terminalLOAD (before the transformer) the voltage drop
at the terminalEND is significantly larger than when placing the STATCOM at the
terminalEND. This is caused by the transformer which absorbs reactive power. When
placing the compensation at the terminalEND the voltage drop improves at the ter-
minalLOAD is even better than when the STATCOM is placed at the terminalLOAD.
For the series compensation the simulation results show that for a reactive power flow
the line voltage can be controlled well within the voltage band. This is applicable for
both the cable and line network. again the voltage drop at the terminalEND is more
than before the transformer as expected.
Finally, these analysis could be extended more for the SSSC by extending it with
a power storage device at the DC side. In this manner also active power support
could be realized. The STATCOM and SSSC could be used together as an UPFC.
The possibilities for improving the power system network could then be increased even
more.
39
Appendix A
Custom control model
If u want to easily change parameters in the custom made controllers, each of these
control models have to be added in its own control model. This is done as follows:
right-click in the database manager and choose, New ----+ Other and choose the common
model. The menu you get is illustrated in Fig A.I
Figure A.I: common model
40
When you do this you can put your custom made controller in the a model and
each time you click on it you get the menu illustrated in fig A.2. So you can easily
change parameters in your controller.
Figure A.2: common model example
41
Appendix B
Voltage source converter
The PWM converter model represents a self-commutated, voltage sourced AC/DC
converter (capacitive DC-circuit). The model equations are derived from the circuit
according to fig 2. The circuit is built from valves with turn-off capability (two dashes),
which are usually realised by GTOs or IGBTs. However, fundamental frequency mod-
els for load flow, stability etc. are valid for other circuit designs as well, e.g. three level
designs. Only the detailed PWM-converter model for EMT-simulations is restricted
to the topology according to fig The VSC-converter supports sinusoidal and rectan-
gular modulation. The definition of the KO-factor depends on the selected modulation.
Figure B.l: voltage source converter in DlgSILENT
The model of all steady state functions including RMS-simulation and the" generic"
model for EMT-simulations are based on a fundamental frequency approach. At fun-
damental frequency, the ideal, loss-less converter can be modelled by a DC-voltage
controlled AC-voltage source conserving active power between AC- and DC-side. For
values of -Pm-iI, the following equations can be applied:
KoPmrUvc
KOPmiUVC
(B.l)
(B.2)
Where KO is a constant depending on the modulation method. The fundamental
frequency equations are completed by the active-power conservation between AC- and
DC-sidD: /hommad
(B.3)
42
Figure B.2: common model
43
Appendix C
Load event
In the element window for the load, the user is free to choose whether the load is
balanced or unbalanced. Furthermore the user can specify the input parameters for the
load using the Input Mode drop down menu as shown in fig C.l. Based on the available
data, the user can select the relevant combination of parameters from S (apparent
power), P (real power), Q (reactive power), cos(phi) (power factor) and I (current).
For loadflow analysis, it suffices to only specify the load's electrical consumption. Other
data characterising a load, such as the number of phases or voltage dependency factors
(see alsol.l.3) are defined in the Load Type. If no load type is specified, a balanced,
three-phase, constant PQ-load is assumed.
Figure C.l: dropdown menu for the load
If you use for simulations a 100% static load, which means a constant Z and won't
give you a constant PQ. SO you have to use a (partly) dynamic load. In the RMS
dialogue of the load type you can insert the voltage dependency of P and Q. Set both
to zero, which indicate no power variation with varying voltages.
Furthermore the upper and lower voltage limits have to be specified. In this range
the load will react as specified by the coefficients. Outside this range the load will
always be modeled as a constant Z.
You can find the RMS dialogue fig C.2, in the load type menu.
44
Figure C.2: Load type menu
45
Bibliography
[1] Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi,
Understanding FACTS,
IEEE, Inc. 2000
[2] K. Belacheheb, S. Saadate,
UPFC Control for Line Power Flow Regulation,
GREEN-UHP-CNRS-URA 1438, Universite Henri Poincare
[3] K. Belacheheb, S. Saadate,
Compensation of the electrical mains by mean of Unified Power Flow Controller
- Comparison of three control methodes,
GREEN-UHP CNRS UPRES - A 7037, Universite Henri Poincare
[4] J.Myrzik,
Course distributed generation,
eindhoven univisity of technology, 2005
46