Physics Department FMIPA, S b l Maret Sebelas M U i University i (UNS) 17 September 2013

Uniform Circular Motion (UCM)

What is Uniform Circular Motion (UCM) ?

Motion in a circle with:

y v

Constant Co sta t Radius ad us R

R

(x,y) ( ,y)

Constant Speed v = |v| It happens in a plane

How can we describe UCM?

z

In general general, one coordinate system is as good as any other: Cartesian: (x,y) [position] y (v ( x ,vy) [velocity] [ l it ] v (x,y) Polar: R (R,) [position] x (vR ,) [velocity] In UCM: R is constant (hence vR = 0). (angular velocity) is constant. Polar P l coordinates di t are a natural t l way to t describe d ib UCM!

Polar Coordinates:
z

The arc length s (distance along the circumference) is related to the angle in a simple way: s = R, where is the angular displacement. y units of are called radians. v For one complete revolution (c): 2R = Rc c = 2 has period 2. (x,y) R s x

1 revolution = 2 radians

R l ti Polar Relating P l to t Cartesian C t i Coordinates C di t

y R x 1 cos 0 /2
-1

(x=Rcos,y=Rsin)

sin

3/2

Velocity of UCM in Polar Coordinates

z

In Cartesian coordinates coordinates, we say velocity dx/dt = v. x = vt (if v is constant) In polar coordinates, angular velocity d/dt = . = t (if is i constant) t t) y has units of radians/second. v Displacement s = vt. R but s = R = Rt, so: =t

s
x

|v| = R

Period and Frequency of UCM

z

Recall that 1 revolution = 2 radians frequency (f) = revolutions / second angular velocity () = radians / second By combining (a) and (b) = 2 f Realize R li th that: t period (T) = seconds / revolution So T = 1 / f = 2/

(a) (b) v R s

= 2 / T = 2f

Recap of UCM:
x = R cos() = R cos(t) y = R sin() = R sin(t) = arctan (y/x) R = t s=vt s = R = Rt =t

v (x,y) s

v = R

Polar Unit Vectors

z z

We are familiar with the Cartesian unit vectors: i j k Now introduce ^ ^ and p unit-vectors r : polar ^ r points in radial direction ^ points in tangential direction (counter clockwise)
y R

^ r

j i

Acceleration in UCM:
z z

Even though the speed is constant, velocity is not constant since the direction is changing: If the velocity is changing, there must be some acceleration! Consider average g acceleration in time t aav = v / t v v1 v2 v1

v2 R t

Acceleration in UCM:
z

Even though the speed is constant, constant velocity is not constant since the direction is changing. Consider average acceleration in time t aav = v / t v v2 v1

seems like v ( (hence v/t ) points at the origin!

Acceleration in UCM:
z

Even though the speed is constant, constant velocity is not constant since the direction is changing. As we shrink t, v / t dv / dt = a

a = dv / dt points We see that a p in the - R direction.

Acceleration in UCM:
z z

This is called Centripetal Acceleration. Acceleration Now lets calculate the magnitude: v v2 v2 R R v1 v1 Similar triangles:
v R = v R

But R = vt for small t

v v t = So: v R
v2 a= R

v v 2 = t R

Centripetal Acceleration
z

UCM results in acceleration: Magnitude: a = v2 / R Direction: -^ r (toward center of circle)

R a

Useful Equivalent:
v2 a= R

We know that

and

v = R

Substituting for v we find that:

a=

( R )2
R

a = 2R

Centripetal p Acceleration
z

If an object is undergoing UCM, it must be accelerated by a centripetal acceleration of magnitude a = v2/R = 2R Object feels acceleration pushing in direction of center of circle merry-go-round d What kind of forces give rise to circular motion Direct contact (ball on end of rope) Gravity, electric force Magnetism

Example Uniform Circular Motion

z

A fighter g p pilot flying y g in a circular turn will p pass out if the centripetal acceleration he experiences is more than about 9 times the acceleration of gravity g. If his F18 is moving with a speed of 300 m/s, what is the approximate diameter of the tightest turn this pilot can make and survive to tell about it ?
v2 a= R

(a) 500 m (b) 1000 m (c) 2000 m

Solution
v2 a= = 9g R
m2 90000 2 2 v s R = = m 9g 9 9 . 81 2 s
D = 2 R 2000 m

R=

10000 m 1000 m 9 .81

2km

Example: Propeller Tip

z

The p propeller p on a stunt p plane spins p with frequency q y f = 3500 rpm. The length of each propeller blade is L = 80cm. What centripetal acceleration does a point at the tip of a propeller blade feel?

what is a here?

Example:
z

First calculate the angular velocity of the propeller:

1 rpm = 1

rot 1 min rad rad x x 2 = 0105 . 0105 . s-1 min 60 s rot s

so (3500 rpm x 0.105/s) means = 367 s-1

Now calculate the acceleration. a = 2R = (367s-1)2 x (0.8m) = 1.1 x 105 m/s2 = 11,000 g

^ ). direction of a points at the propeller hub (-r

Example: Newton & the Moon

z z z

What is the acceleration of the Moon that provides its ~UCM UCM motion around the Earth? What keeps Moon in circular orbit? (gravity) What we know (Newton knew this also): T = 27.3 days = 2.36 x 106 s (period ~ 1 month) R = 3.84 x 108 m (distance to moon) RE = 6.35 x 106 m (radius of earth) ( )

RE

Moon
z

Calculate angular velocity:

1 rot 1 day rad x x 2 = 2.66 x10 6 s-1 27 .3 day 86400 s rot

So = 2.66 x 10-6 s-1. Now calculate the acceleration. a = 2R = 0.00272 m/s2 = 0.000278 g direction of a points at the center of the Earth ((^ r ). )

Moon
z z

So we find that amoon / g = 0.000278 Newton noticed that RE2 / R2 = 0.000273

amoon

R
z

RE

This inspired him to propose that FMm 1 / R2 (more on gravity later) Gravity is the source of this centripetal acceleration

r r F = ma

Geostationary Orbit

A satellite in geostationary orbit is always directly above the same spot on the earths equator (most communication satellites are of this type). Compare p the centripetal p acceleration of such a satellite as to the centripetal acceleration a person on the surface of the earth ap. (think merry-go-around: compare acceleration close to the center with further away from the center) A) as > ap B) as = ap C) as < ap

Geostationary Orbit

A satellite in geostationary orbit is always directly above the same spot on the earths equator (most communication satellites are of this type). Compare p the centripetal p acceleration of such a satellite as to the centripetal acceleration a person on the surface of the earth ap. A) as > ap B) as = ap C) as < ap a = 2R Same for both bigger for satellite

There are lots of these satellites