1.

Tenses

Portofoliu Engleza

Present Simple
-action in the present taking place once , never or several times

Form: + S + verb (+ -s/-es in third person) + .

S + do/ does not + verb + . ? Do/ Does + S + verb + ?

Use: 1. Repeated actions e.g. I play tennis. She does not play tennis.

Does he play tennis?

2.Facts or Generalizations e.g. Cats like milk. Birds do not like milk.

Do pigs like milk?

3.Scheduled Events in the Near Future e.g. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. When do we board the plane.

4.Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) e.g. I am here now. She is not here now.

Do you have your passport with you?

Present Continuous
-action taking place in the moment of speaking

Form: + S + am/ is/ are + verb + -ing + .

S + am / is/ are not + verb + -ing + . ? Am/ Is/ Are + S + verb + -ing + ?

Use: 1.Now e.g. You are learning English now. You are not swimming now.

Are you sleeping ?

2. Longer Actions in Progress Now -

e.g. I am reading the book Tom Sawyer. I am not reading any books right now.

Are you working on any special projects at work?

3. Near Future e.g. I am meeting some friends after work. I am not going to the party tonight.

Is he visiting his parents next weekend?

4. Repetition and Irritation with "Always" e.g. She is always coming to class late.

Adverbs of frequency
-expresses how often something happens e.g. a) daily, weekly, yearly b) often, always, never -they answer the quetion How frequency? or How often?

Position:

1. before the main verb

Adverb of frequency Verb get up play got at 6.45. football on Sundays. lots of homework.

I Peter Mandy can has

always usually sometimes

2. after a form of to be am, are, is (was, were) Verb Susan is Adverb of frequency

never

late.

Obs.

1. The adverbs often, usually, sometimes and occasionally can go at the beginning of a sentence.s e.g. Sometimes I go swimming. Often we surf the internet. 2. Sometimes these adverbs are put at the end of the sentence. e.g. We read books occasionally.

Past Simple

-action happened in the Past Form: + S + verb 2nd form or verb + -ed + . S + did not (didn't) + verb + . ? Did + S + verb + ?

Use: 1. Completed Action in the Past e.g. Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.

Did you have dinner last night?

2. A Series of Completed Actions e.g. I finished work, found a nice place to go and walked to the beach.

Did you add flour, pour in the milk and then add the eggs?
3. Duration in Past e.g. They did not stay at the party the entire time. A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour.

4. Habits in the Past e.g. He played the violin. He didn't play the piano. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?

5. Past Facts or Generalizations e.g. She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. He didn't like tomatoes before.

Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?

Used to
- indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now

Form: + S + used to + verb + .

S + didn't use to + verb + . Did + S + use to + verb + ?

Use: 1. Habit in the Past e.g. I used to live in Paris. Sarah used to be fat, but now she is thin. George used to be the best student, but now Lena is the best.

2. Past Facts and Generalizations e.g. I used to live in Paris. Sarah used to be fat, but now she is thin. George used to be the best student, but now Lena is the best.

Past Continuous
-action going on at a certain time in the past

Form: + S + was/ were + verb + -ing + .

S + was/ were not + verb + -ing + . ? Was/ Were + S + verb + -ing + ?

Use: 1. Interrupted Action in the Past e.g. What were you doing when the earthquake started? I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm. You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.

2. Specific Time as an Interruption e.g. Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

Obs. In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action
began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. e.g. Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. (I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM.) Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. (I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER.)

3. Parallel Actions -

e.g. While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. What were you doing while you were waiting? Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.

4. Atmosphere
e.g. When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing , some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped.

5. Repetition and Irritation with "Always" e.g. She was always coming to class late. He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

Present Perfect Simple

- finished action happened in the past that has an influence on the present

Form: + S + has/ have + verb (3rd form/ -ed) + .

- S + has/ have not + verb (3rd form/ -ed) + . ? Has/ Have + S + verb (3rd form/ -ed) + ?

Use: 1.Unspecified Time Before Now e.g. People have traveled to the Moon. People have not traveled to Mars.

Have you read the book yet?

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

1.Experience - e.g. I have been to France three times. 2.Change Over Time - e.g. You have grown since the last time I
saw you.

3.Accomplishments - e.g. Man has walked on the Moon. 4.An Uncomplited Action You Are Expecting - e.g. The
rain hasn't stopped.

5.Multiple Actions at Different Times - e.g. The army has

attacked that city five times.

2. Duration From the Past Until Now e.g. I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Future
Form Will
+ S + will + verb + . S + will not (won't) + verb + . ? Will/ Shall + S + verb + ?

Form Going to
+ S + am/ is/ are + going to + verb + . S + am/ is/ are not + going to + verb + . ? Am/ Is/ Are + S + going to + verb + ?

Use: a) Will
1. Express a Voluntary Action e.g. I will send you the information
when I get it.

2. Express a Promise e.g. I promise I will not tell anyone.

b) Going to

1.

Express a plan e.g. He is going to spend his

vacation in Hawaii.

c) Will or Going to 1. Express a prediction e.g. The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.

2. Questions
Wh- questions
-We use question words to ask certain types of questions.

-We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).

Pattern (Passive): Wh- word + am/ is/ are/ was/ were + S +

verb(3 rd form/-ed) + by/ with/ + ?

Exemples of Wh- words:

Question Word
what

Function
asking for information about something asking for repetition or confirmation

Example
What is your name?

What? I can't hear you. You did what? What did you do that for? When did he leave? Where do they live?

what...for

asking for a reason, asking why

when where

asking about time asking in or at what place or position asking about choice

which

Which colour do you want? Who opened the door?

who

asking what or which person or people (subject) asking what or which person or people (object) asking about ownership

whom

Whom did you see?

whose

Whose are these keys? Whose turn is it? Why do you say that?

why

asking for reason, asking what...for making a suggestion asking about manner asking about condition or

why don't how

Why don't I help you? How does this work? How was your exam?

quality

how + adj/adv how far

asking about extent or degree distance

see examples below

How far is Pattaya from Bangkok? How long will it take? How many cars are there? How much money do you have? How old are you? How come I can't see her?

how long how many

length (time or space) quantity (countable)

how much

quantity (uncountable)

how old how come (informal)

age asking for reason, asking why

Question Tags
e.g. They play football on Sundays, don't they ? They don't play football on Sundays, do they ? She plays football on Sundays, doesn't she ? They played football on Sundays, didn't they ?

Pattern: If the main sentence is positive, then the tag is negative.

If the main sentence is negative, then the tag is positive.

Main Sentence + Present Simple verb (-s/ -es) Past Simple verb (-ed/ 2nd) Pres. Perf. Simple have/ has verb (-ed/ 3rd) Present Continous am/ is/ are + verb(-ing) Past Continuous was/ were + verb (-ing) *am + I + not ? or are not I ? Main Sentence Present Simple do(es) not + verb Past Simple did not + verb

Tag do(es) not + S ? did not + S ? have/ has not + S ? is/ are not + S ?* was/ were not + S?

Tag + do(es) + S ? did + S ?

Pres. Perf. Simple have/ has not verb (-ed/ 3rd) Present Continous am/ is/ are not + verb(-ing) Past Continuous was/ were not + verb (-ing)

have/ has + S ? am/ is/ are + S ? was/ were + S?

3. Adjectives
Order of Adjectives
Opinion e.g. nice siz e big ag e old shape square colou r black origin French materia l wooden noun table Fact

Obs. To describe an object are used only three or less adjectives.

-ing Adjectives
-adjectives that end in ing are used to describe things and situations e.g. Working hard all day is tiring.

-ed Adjectives
-adjectives that end in ed are used to describe how people feel e.g. She felt tired after working hard all day.

Degrees of Comparison
1.Short Adjectives
1.monosyllabic e.g. old 2.bisyllabic e.g. easy Positive E.g. Obs.
a.adj. care dubleza consoana finala

Comparative of Superioty older than

Superlative

old

the oldest of/in

fat thin big

fatter than thinner than bigger than

the fattest of/in the thinnest of/in the biggest of/in

b.transforma y in i inainte de a sufixa c.adj. cu terminatia e pierd vocala finala inainte de sufixare

happy easy pretty

happier than easier than prettier than

the happiest of/in the easiest of/in the prettiest of/in

nice

nicer than

the nicest of/in

2.Long Adjectives
- adjectives with more than two syllables: beatiful, interesting, important etc. Positive E.g. beautiful Comparative of Superioty more beautiful than Superlative

the most beautiful of/in

3.Irregular Adjectives
Positive good/ well bad/ ill much/ many little few near late Comparative of Superioty better worse more less/ lesser fewer farther/ further later/ latter Superlative the best the worst the most the least the fewest the farthest/ furthest the latest/ last

4. comparation of equality as as
comparation of inferiority less than ; the least of absolute superlative very

4. Noun
Plural Forms
sg. + -s e.g. book - books cat cats

girl girls sg. + -es

-s bu s es -ss dresses -x boxes -ge oranges

-sh brushes -ch churches -tch watches

Obs. 1. -y 2. -f/-fe

vocala + -y consoana + -y

vocala + -ys - boy boys consoana + -ies fly flies

-ves wolf wolves

Exceptii: roof roofs ; chief chiefs ; hankerchief hankerchiefs 3. -o

-es potatoes, tomatoes, mosquitoes, volcanoes -s pianos, sopranos, photos, radios

Irregular Nouns
man men foot feet child children person people tooth teeth mouse mice

Substantive cu pluralul indentic cu singularul: fruit, fish,

sheep, deer

Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. Examples:

dog, cat, animal, man, person bottle, box, litre coin, note, dollar cup, plate, fork table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

My dog is playing. My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

A dog is an animal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:

I want an orange. (not I want orange.) Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

I like oranges. Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

I've got some dollars. Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

I've got a few dollars. I haven't got many pens.

Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. Examples:

music, art, love, happiness advice, information, news furniture, luggage rice, sugar, butter, water electricity, gas, power money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

This news is very important. Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:

a piece of news a bottle of water a grain of rice

Containers: bottle, carton, glass, cup, loaf (pl. loaves), slice,

jar, packet, jug, can, piece, bowl, kilo, bar, We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

I've got some money. Have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

I've got a little money. I haven't got much rice.

Uncountable nouns are also called mass nouns. Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns: Countable dollar song suitcase table battery bottle report tip journey job Uncountable money music luggage furniture electricity wine information advice travel work

view

scenery

Sometimes, the same noun can be countable and uncountable, often with a change of meaning. Countable There are two hairs in my coffee! There are two lights in our bedroom. Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise. There are so many different noises in the city. Noun Uncountable I don't have much hair. Close the curtain. There's too much light! It's difficult to work when there is so much noise.

hair light

nois e

Have you got a paper to read? I want to draw a picture. Have (newspaper) pape you got some paper? Hand me those student r papers. Our house has seven rooms. We had a great time at the party. How many times have I told you no?

room

Is there room for me to sit here? Have you got time for a cup of coffee?

time

Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's greatest works.

work

I have no money. I need work!

5. Modals
Can
Use ability to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be able to) Examples I can speak English.

permission to do sth. in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to) request offer suggestion possibility

Can I go to the cinema? Can you wait a moment, please?

I can lend you my car till tomorrow.

Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?

It can get very hot in Arizona.

Could
Use ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be able to) Examples I could speak English.

permission to do sth. in the past I could go to the cinema. (substitute form: to be allowed to) polite question polite request polite offer polite suggestion possibility

Could I go to the cinema, please? Could you wait a moment, please?

I could lend you my car till tomorrow.

Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?

It could get very hot in Montana.

Need
Use necessary Examples I need go to the supermarket, we do not have any sugar left.

Need not
Use not necessary Examples I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight.

Must
Use force, necessity possibility advice, recommendation Examples I must go to the supermarket. You must be tired. You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.

Must not
Use prohibition Examples You mustn't work on dad's computer.

Should
Use advice obligation Examples You should drive carefully in bad weather. You should switch off the light when you leave the room.

6. Conditionals
Type 0
'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If you heat ice If it rains

simple present it melts. you get wet

In 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present . NOTE: The order of the clauses is not fixed - the 'if' clause can be first or second:

Ice melts if you heat it. You get wet if it rains.

In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible . They are used to make statements about the real world, and often refer to general truths, such as scientific facts. Examples: a. b. c. d. e. If you freeze water, it becomes a solid. Plants die if they don't get enough water. If my husband has a cold, I usually catch it. If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars. If you mix red and blue, you get purple.

The structure below is often used to give instructions, using the imperative in the main clause:

If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the cinema. Ask Pete if you're not sure what to do.

Type 1
IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION) MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)

If + simple present If it rains If you don't hurry

Simple future you will get wet we will miss the train.

In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future. In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result. They are based on facts, and they are used to make statements about the real world, and about particular situations. We often use such sentences to give warnings:

If you don't leave, I'll call the police. If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot! If you drop that glass, it will break . Nobody will notice if you make a mistake. If I have time, I'll finish that letter. What will you do if you miss the plane?

NOTE: We can use modals to express the degree of certainty of the result:

If you drop that glass, it might break. I may finish that letter if I have time.

7. Infinitives vs Ing Form

When to use the infinitive
The infinitive form is used after certain verbs: - forget, help, learn, teach, train - choose, expect, hope, need, offer, want, would like - agree, encourage, pretend, promise - allow, can/can't afford, decide, manage, mean, refuse

I forgot to close the window. Mary needs to leave early. Why are they encouraged to learn English? We can't afford to take a long holiday.

The infinitive form is always used after adjectives, for example: - disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sad, surprised

I was happy to help them. She will be delighted to see you.

This includes too + adjective:

The water was too cold to swim in. Is your coffee too hot to drink?

The infinitive form is used after adjective + enough:

He was strong enough to lift it. She is rich enough to buy two.

When to use -ing

The -ing form is used when the word is the subject of a sentence or clause:

Swimming is good exercise. Doctors say that smoking is bad for you.

The -ing form is used after a preposition:

I look forward to meeting you. They left without saying "Goodbye."

The -ing form is used after certain verbs: - avoid, dislike, enjoy, finish, give up, mind/not mind, practise

I dislike getting up early. Would you mind opening the window?

8. Passive Voice
Form: S 2 + to be + verb(-ed/ 3 rd form) + + Ag. Def. A grammatical category which shows that the action is done
by the agent, not by the grammatical subject. Active: The old man walks three times a day the dog.

D.O.

Passive: The dog is walked three times by the old man.

S
Tense

Ag.
Simple am/ is/ are was/ were Continuous am/ is/ are being was/ were being

Present Past

9. Reported Speech
Direct Speech = the actual words spoken by a person; Reported Speech = the words are reported by somebody
else. e.g. I am very curious about the film. She/He said (that) she/he was very curious about the film.

Form: + S 1 + said (that/ to + S 2) + verb (right tense) + .

+ ? S 1 + told + S 2+ verb (right tense) + . S 1 + asked + S 2 + verb (right tense) + .

Change of Tense from Direct Speech to Reported Speech

Direct Speech Simple present Present continuous Simple past Present perfect Past perfect Present perfect continuous Past continuous Future Future continuous Reported Speech Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Present conditional Conditional continuous

10. Pronouns
Reflexive
- we use reflexive pronouns when the action is done by and on the same person

Personal Pronoun
I you she he it we you they

Reflexive Pronoun
myself yourself herself himself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

Relative
Who = refers to people ; Which = refers to objects and animals ; Whose = refers to people and objects (showing possesion ).

Are also relative pronouns:

When = refers to time ; Where = refers to place ; Why = refers to reason .