ARC 110 History of Architecture I

Module 1 Introductory Module

Introductory Module
Outline of Presentation
Lecture1
Introduction to Course

Lecture 2
Introduction to Architecture and History of Architecture

Lecture 3
Introduction to Materials, Systems and Technologies

Module 1 Lecture 1
Intro to Architecture and History of Arch.

Outline of Lecture
Lecture1
Course Description Course Learning Outcomes Course Content Course Activities Course Interactions and Communication Course Expectations Course Evaluation

Course Description
From the KFUPM Undergraduate Bulletin
The course presents an overview of the developments of early civilizations and their architecture with emphasis on locations in the ancient middle and Near- East. The material covers from pre-history to Egyptian, Greek, roman, and Byzantine architecture. Eastern architecture of indoIslamic, Chinese and Japanese civilizations is also included. Emphasis is on the appreciation of usable materials, construction techniques and design theories of the past, leading to an understanding of why the various cultures produced the architecture of their time.

Course Learning Outcomes

Demonstrate an understanding of the factors that influence the architectural traditions of each of the ancient civilizations Demonstrate an understanding of how aesthetic and symbolic factors affect the form of buildings of the civilizations studied Demonstrate an understanding of progress in architectural development within the period studied

Course Learning Outcomes

Be able to compare the architecture of the various civilizations in terms of materials, construction technology, building form and enclosed space Get a basic introduction to the language of architectural form and space and also to design Get a basic introduction to the integration of different systems of materials, construction system and technology and structures in buildings

Course Content
Course Content
Introductory module Prehistoric architecture Architecture of the Ancient Near East (ANE) Ancient Egyptian architecture Aegean architecture Greek architecture Roman architecture Early Christian and Byzantine architecture (ECB)

Course Schedule
Schedule The course has a schedule for 30 lectures over 15 weeks Twenty six of the thirty lectures will be devoted to content material exploration Four of the lectures are reserved for class activity, principally small group presentation and discussion forum

Course Activities
Activity types Content Material Exploration Small Group Research Quizzes Course project Course Final Examination

Content Material
The content material of the course is divided into 8 modules The first module is introductory, providing information and knowledge necessary to comprehend the main content of the course Module 2 to 8 cover the different historical periods of interest in the course The historical modules have a standard organization They are divided into 4 sections:
Historical Background Architecture of the Civilization Architectural Characteristics Comparison with previous civilizations

Content Material Exploration

There are two ways that course participants can interact with content material:
Through Attending Lectures Through exploring interactive courseware Through Exploring the HTML notes pages

All sources have exactly the same content and illustrations Content material will be scheduled according to the course schedule Practice quizzes will also be scheduled at the same time as the content materials Course participants are expected explore the content materials according to the course schedule and also attempt associated practice quizzes The instructor will monitor content material exploration and inform any course participant who is going according to schedule

Small Group Research

Small Group
As part of requirement, each participant is expected to undertake research as part of a small group You will be provided with the opportunity to register as part of a group at the beginning of the course Each will study a specific issue or building from any of the 7 historical periods of the course Each group is expected to finish its presentation and post it before the scheduled discussion forum on that civilization In the discussion forum, the group will present their work and it will be the subject of review by the whole course participants

Course Activities
Activity types Content Material Exploration Small Group Research Quizzes Course project Course Final Examination

Interaction and Communication

Four tools will form the backbone of interaction and communication in the course
The tools are
E-mail system Course chartroom Discussion Board Progress report All of these tools are hosted as part of the course website

Course Expectations
The instructor on his own part is expected to:
Place all materials on time and according to schedule Give you all assignments and projects on time Inform you about deadlines Give you notice for all quizzes and presentation Attend to all technical problems Inform you when you are lagging behind in content exploration or activities Respond within a reasonable time to all your mails Give you evaluation feedback on course activities

Course Expectations
From enrolled students - For a successful completion of the course, the instructors expects each participant to:
Be prompt in going through content materials as scheduled Be prompt in all projects and assignments Participate in all class projects and discussion forum Be active in discussion board postings Be polite and respectful to all course participants Show an active interest in seeking for new materials to supplement what is provided

Course Evaluation
Course Evaluation
Attendance & time on task Small group research Quizzes Course Project Final Exam Total: 10% 10% 30% 20% 30% ----------------100%

Module 1 Lecture 2
Intro to Architecture and History of Arch.

Outline of Lecture
What is Architecture Contents of the History of architecture
Buildings and other architectural objects Theories of aesthetics and design Social, economic, political, technological and other factors

Outline History of Human Civilization

Leaning Outcomes
Learning outcomes from this Lecture
Have a basic understanding of the meaning of architecture Understand what constitute the content of a history of architecture course Know the important periods and events in the history of human civilization

What is Architecture

What is Architecture

What is Architecture ? How can I define architecture?

What is Architecture
Definitions from three sources:
The art and science of buildings; architects research, plan, design and administer projects for individuals and groups of people (Mark and Lina Kean, An interactive introduction to architecture) The practice of Building Design and its resulting products; customary usage refers to only those buildings and structures that are culturally significant (Encarta encyclopedia). Architecture as the art and science of designing and constructing buildings (Ching, A visual Dictionary of architecture)

What is Architecture
From the definitions
Architecture refers to process of designing buildings and administering their construction It also refers to the buildings that are product of architectural design It refers therefore to both the process and product of design and construction

What is Architecture
We may better understand architecture by looking at the root of the word
Architecture is derived from Word archi-tecton; archi means chief and teckton means building Architeckton therefore means chief builder Architects are traditionally master builders who design and oversee the process of translating design into real buildings.

One of the definitions raise the issue that architecture refers to culturally significant buildings; How do we determine cultural significance?

Arch. & Cultural Significance

Does Architecture refer to culturally significant buildings How can we identify Culturally significant buildings
Use criteria put forward by Roman Architect VITRUVIUS
It must be functional and have a use It must be technically sound It must express ideas of beauty or aesthetics

Environment and Behavior scientist disagree and would categorize all human habitat as architecture

Architecture in Everyday Usage

Architecture may be used to refer to
the product or result of architecture work. style or method of building (or design) that is characteristics of a particular people, place or time. the profession of designing buildings and other habitable environments

You should always strive to place the use of the term in context

Contents of the History of Architecture

Forces that Shape Buildings

Owner: with specific requirements for the building Architect/builder: With professional training and judgment Society: provides concept of good and bad design, concept of beauty Governments: Control and regulate development of all buildings Site and location: nature of site and geographical location Technical: available materials, knowledge of construction system and structures

Contents of Arch. History

In Architectural History, we seek to Study buildings of a particular civilization over the period of its history Identify and study the forces that shape the buildings and building practices of the civilization Understand how building practices changed over time and why they changed

Contents of Arch History

History is therefore essentially a tour through different locations and time focused on three things: Buildings and other architectural Elements Theories of Aesthetics and Design Forces that shape building practices

We will examine each in detail

Buildings & Other Arch Elements

Buildings are the main content of a history of architecture course In history, the reality of what was built in the past is captured Buildings are studied in their geographical context and time period They are examined from the perspective of function, form, space, application of design principles and adaptation to the physical environment

The of Aesthetics & Des Method

Buildings usually symbolize ideas of aesthetics held by a people In history, we try to understand the ideas and beliefs of a people about beauty and the right way to design By studying such ideas in different buildings and time periods we can reconstruct their theories of aesthetics We can also determine how it has changed with time

Other Societal Factors

Social, economic, political, technological and other factors play a major role in the evolution of particular architecture of a place or period In history, we try to understand how these forces shape the environment that leads to the production of buildings History in this respect is more like a study of the cultural development of civilizations with architecture as a representation of the civilizations In representing the civilizations, architecture represents its history and achievements

The History Course

In the History of Architecture 1 course, history is viewed as a means of teaching students about design History exposes students to the riches of the past Students learn about different buildings, when they were constructed, how and why they come to be and the specific ideas of beauty they personify By studying different periods, a student is exposed to a vast wealth of information about buildings and how they came to be He is therefore exposed to a resource bank to use in solving contemporary design problems

Outline History of Human Civlization

History of Human Civilization

History of the world generally divided into two History of the physical world and the history of human civilization In the follow pages we will review the various periods of human civilization and identify significant events within the periods These various periods are;
Prehistoric period, early or ancient civilizations, the classical periods, Dark or Middle ages, Renaissance period, Industrial Age and Modern History

Pre-historic Period
(up to 3000 BC)
Date (BC) 9000 8000 Some Significant Events Paleolithic civilization (wanderers and food gatherers) Beginning of Mesolithic civilization (hunters, fishermen, food collectors) Oldest Known settlement at Jericho Catal Huyuk Beginning of Neolithic civilization (Farmers)

7800 6250-5400 4000

Early or Ancient Civilizations

5000-1000 BC
Date (BC) 3000 2778 2759 2700 2500 2500 2000 Some Significant Events Egyptian Civilization Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara Sumerian numeral system based on 60 First true arch and vault in Mesopotamia Great Pyramid at Gizeh Height of Indus Valley civilization, India Minoan civilization

The Classical Period

1100 BC-476 AD
Date 1100 BC 432 BC 334 BC 140 BC 47 BC 70 BC 0 AD 1 100 AD 117 AD 286 AD 324 AD 476 AD Some Significant Events Emergence of Greece The Parthenon Temple of Athena Greece falls under Roman rule Rome conquers Egypt The Coliseum Birth of Jesus Christ Vitrivius, 10 books on architecture (oldest known text on architecture) Rome reaches greatest extent, From Spain to Persia, and Britain to Carthage Rome split into two by Diocletian Constantine reunites Roman empire at Constantinople (Byzantium) Fall of Rome after a century of attacks from Vandals and Visigoths

Dark or Middle Ages

476 1450 AD
Date (AD) 480 AD 630 AD 800 AD 742-814 AD 1099 AD 1133 AD 1194 AD 1259 AD Some Significant Events Benedictine rule establishes basis for all monasteries Muslim dominance of Asia and North Africa extends to Spain St. Mark Cathedral Charlemagne organizes central Europe Beginning of Christian Crusades Durham Cathedral- earliest use of the ribbed vault, beginning of Gothic Architecture Chatres Cathedral rebuilt after devastating fire Marco Polo, First Westerner to cross Asian Continent, Description of the world

Renaissance Period
1450 1750 AD
Date (AD) 1420-1446 1448 1452 1486 1492 1475 1590 1666 Some Significant Events Construction of the dome of the Florence Cathedral marking the beginning of the Renaissance Gutenberg Press prints the first book, the Christian bible Leonardo Da Vinci is born, painter, engineer, designer, scientist and philosopher First Printed edition of Vitruvius 10 books on architecture Columbus goes to America Michelangelo is born, the sistene chapel, St. Peter dome, Campidoglio in rome Galileo, astronomer, physicist, posits a sun centered universe Newton devises theory on gravity Great fire in London

Industrial Age
1750 1900 AD
Date (AD) 1709 1759 1776 1789 1804 1830 1848 1859 1861 1871 Some Significant Events Carbon fuel for smelting iron ore led to coking of coal Beginning of industrial revolution with invention of steam engine American war of independence French revolution Napolean Bonaparte and the first empire Liverpool to Manchester railway Communist Manifesto by Max and Engels C. Darwin on origin of species Civil war in the United States Great Chicago Fire

Modern History
1900 Present AD
Date (AD) 1903 Some Significant Events The Wright Brothers at Kitty Hawk fly an airplane for the first time Ford Motor Company is established Theory of Relativity by Einstein World War I Russian Revolution World War II The first electronic digital computer at the University of Pennsylvania weighting 29 tons Apollo Moon Landing World wide web World Trade Center Bombing What next?

1905 1914 1917 1939 1945 1969 1991 2001 2006

End of Lecture

Module 1 Lecture 3
Intro to Bdg. Materials, Syst. & Technologies

Outline of Lecture
Building materials and their characteristics
Wood, Stone, Brick, Iron, Concrete, Other materials

Building structural systems

Bearing walls, Post and Lintel, Arch, Dome Truss systems, Frame structures, shells and other free forms Membrane structures

Technical Systems in Buildings

Climate control, water systems, lighting

Leaning Outcomes
Learning outcomes from this Lecture
Have an introduction to the different materials used in buildings Develop an understand of the different structural systems used in buildings Have a basic understanding of the different technical systems used in Buildings

Building Materials

Building Materials
Questions?
Have you ever looked at a building and wondered about the materials used in the building? Have you ever wondered how or why the different materials were chosen?

Building Materials
Building Materials
Buildings consist of many materials Materials are selected based on availability, property, cost and beauty Each material is unique and suitable for some uses We will examine materials commonly used in construction and highlight their properties

Wood
Among earliest materials used in construction Early stone age people built huts with wood Currently used for Post and Beam and frame construction Also used for interior decoration and furnishing

Advantages of wood
Major advantages of wood are:
its compressive and tensile strength, the ease in shaping and carving it, its lightweight and abundant supply

Major disadvantages are:

its inflammable nature, its subjectivity to rot and insect damage and the limitation in its length

Stone
The Ancient Egyptians used stone extensively. Stone was also the favored building material of the Mycenaean and Greek people. Stone construction varies by location depending on the type of stone available

Advantages of Stone
The advantages of stone are
its compressive strength, its ornamental and sculptural value, and its durability

Its disadvantages include

Poor tensile strength, Excessive weight, and High cost in quarrying and finishing

Brick
Brick is used in locations where there are no wood and stone. Romans were among the first civilizations to use brick extensively. They also used brick as a formwork for concrete. Commercial mass production of brick introduced in 1628 made brick the predominant building material in England

Advantages of Brick
Advantages of brick include
lightweight, its uniform size, density and color, and the fact that it can be manufactured in a variety of colors, textures and sizes

Disadvantages include
the labor intensive installation process, its ineffectiveness in tension and mortar used in bonding brick is usually the weakest element and vulnerable to water penetration

Iron
Iron became popular in after Thomas Darby discovered in 1777 that high temperature causes iron to liquefy and become malleable. The first architectural applications were in bridges and railroads. Cast iron (2-4% carbon) was used for structural applications and wrought (0.1% carbon) iron for ornamental work.

Advantages of Iron
The advantages of iron are
its high strength, light nature and mass production potential

Its disadvantages are

its subjectivity to corrosion and its brittle nature

Steel
Steel became popular after 1856, when H. Bassemer developed a process for introducing carbon into the smelting process Steel is of greater strength than cast iron and is structurally stronger than concrete and wood The discovery of steel and its production was the greatest technical innovation affecting architecture of the 20th century

Advantages of Steel
The advantages of steel are
its extreme strength and rigidity, its superior joining capabilities and the fact that you can have a highly controlled manufacturing process for it

Its main disadvantage:

It liquefies when subjected to very high temperature

Concrete
Romans were the first civilization to use concrete. They used it to achieve very big structures with huge interiors. Use of concrete was discontinued in the Middle Ages. Came into use again after 1824 when Portland cement was developed. The addition of steel reinforcement that followed this development increased the use of concrete as a construction material

Advantages of Concrete
The advantages of concrete are
its fire resistance, inexpensive manufacturing process, durable nature, its structural versatility, high compressive strength and ability to pre-cast it

Its major disadvantages are

the fact that casting must be controlled, and so it cannot be mixed far away from the site. It is also subject to rapid deterioration in hostile environments

Other Materials
Other materials that are commonly used in contemporary buildings include:
aluminum, glass, plastics, paper, lead, synthetics, canvass, and new materials continually developed for new uses.

Building Structural Systems

Building Structural Systems

Structure is a necessary part of architecture. Structure ensures the stability of buildings. Structural members enable the resolution and transfer of forces to the ground. Structural elements also define spaces in buildings. We will review some predominant structural systems featured in buildings over time

Bearing Wall
Walls are the earliest development of architectural enclosure. This is made up of series of wall units that are assembled vertically and define usable space.

Post and Lintel

This is the simplest of structural systems. It is made up of a vertical column that transfers the load of the horizontal lintel to the ground. This is the main construction system of ancient Egyptian temples and Greek architecture. It is also the most common form of modern construction

Arch
An arch is a curved structure of wedged shaped blocks built to span an opening. Ancient Egyptians and ANE civilizations were among the earliest civilization to use the arch in construction. It was however the Romans that used the arch extensively and were able to achieve wide spans with it in buildings, bridges, and aqueducts

Vault
The extension of an arch in the third dimension produces a vault The most primitive vault form creates a tunnel like space Vaulting was extensively used in Roman architecture

Dome
The circular rotation of an arch around a fixed center yields a dome circular in plan The oldest and largest existing dome is the Pantheon in Rome

Truss System
A truss is a 2Dimensional plane system consisting of an assembly of individual members arranged in triangular units

Frame Structure
Any material made stable by a skeleton is a framed structure Popular framing materials include concrete, wood and steel

Shells and Other Free Forms

Other available structural systems include shells, air supported structures, cable supported structures etc

Building Technologies

Basic Building Technologies

Buildings are usually associated with many services and systems used to control their internal environments to ensure the health, safety and comfort of users. These include heating, ventilation and cooling systems (climate control), electrical systems, water system, lighting system, fire system, etc. Many of these systems are products of 20th century developments. We will briefly review the principal systems

Climate Control
Could be passive or active Passive uses regional and local solution to climatic conditions Methods include;
building orientation, shading using overhangs, natural planting, use of window elements, choice wall detail, etc.

Active control uses mechanical means along with the use of fuels for energy

Water System
Water systems consist of the process of getting water from natural sources, treating the water and delivering it to buildings and of collecting wastewater and sewage to treatment facilities. Early civilizations relied on natural sources for water supply with minimum intervention for treatment or transport In ancient Egypt, the Nile was a very important source of portable water. The Romans were the first civilization to intervene and develop complex water systems consisting of aqueducts to supply water to cities, channels to distribute them and also sewage systems to take wastewater away

Lighting System
Light is made up of energy that is transmitted by electromagnetic waves. Light is essential for our vision and so is an important aspect of architecture. Lighting systems can be divided into artificial and natural lighting. Natural lighting depends on the sun for illumination Artificial lighting relies on sources other than the sun.

Lighting System
In the earliest societies, artificial lighting was achieved through the burning of natural fuels as in torches, candles and lamps. The gas lamp developed in the 19th century is one of the earliest lighting devices. The introduction of electricity changed completely the way we light our buildings

End of Lecture and of Module 1