Stresses & Strains in Axial Loadings - 2012

1.
Stresses, Strains and Axial Loadings

Prepared by: Prof. Nabil El-Tayeb
1
Chapters Outline
Stresses
Normal Stresses in Axially Loaded Bar
Shearing Stresses
Bearing (Bore or compressive) Stresses
Stress Analysis & Design
Stress in two-force Members
Stress in Oblique Planes
Factor of Safety &Allowable stress
1a. Stresses
1. Stresses, Strains and Axial Loadings
2
To provide a way or means of analyzing
and designing various machines parts and
load bearing structures.
Specifically, to determine stresses and
deformations for a given element
structure
Objectives:
3
Stresses (axial / normal load)
N/m
2
=Pa
A
P
= o
1kPa=10
3
Pa, 1 MPa = 10
6
Pa, 1GPa=10
9
Pa
The actual distribution of stresses in any
given section is statically indeterminate. It is
usually assumed that uniformly distributed
over the cross section and its concentrated
value acts at the centroid of the section.
Tensile stress: normal force pulls or
stretches the area A
Compressive stress: normal force
pushes or compresses area A
N/mm
2
=MPa
4
Stresses
Tension Stresses: Cross-sectional area of a tension member
Condition:
The force has a line of action that passes
through the centroid of the cross section.

Centroid
5
Normal Stresses in Axially Loaded Bar
Maximum average normal stress
IF the force P and x-sec area Awere constantalong
the longitudinal axis of the bar, then normal stress
= P/Ais also constant
If the bar is subjected to several external loads along its
axis, change in x-sectional area may occur. Thus, it is
important to find the maximum average normal stress,
So we need to find the critical x-sec or the locationwhere
ratio P/A is a maximum.
6
NORMAL STRESS IN AXIALLY LOADED BAR
Maximum average normal stress
Draw an axial or normal force diagramND

ND
Sign convention:
P is positive (+) if it causes tension in the member
P is negative () if it causes compression
Identify the maximum average normal stress from the plot
7
EXAMPLE 1
Bar width = 35 mm, thickness = 10 mm
Determine the max. average normal stress in the
bar when subjected to the loadings as shown below.

10
3
5

A
P
= o
Different loads and constant x-sec,
result in different stresses
Different x- sections and constant
load result in different stresses
8
EXAMPLE 1 (Cont.)
Find the Internal loading, section method
Normal force diagram
By inspection,
largest loading is
on BC portion,
where P
BC
= 30 kN

N-D
9
EXAMPLE 1 (Cont.)
Maximum Average normal stress
BC
=
P
BC
A
30(10
3
) N
(0.035 m)(0.010 m)
= = 85.7 MPa

10
3
5

10
Shearing Stress (transverse / tangent load)
Applied transverse
forces (P and P`) to
the member AB
produce internal
forces at section C
which are called
shearingforces.
The corresponding average shear
stress is,
Shear stress distribution varies
from zero at the member surfaces
to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average
value.
Ash
P
=
ave
t
11
Shearing Stress (Cont.)
Average shear stress over each section is:
avg
= average shear stress at section,
assumed to be same at each
point on the section
A
sh
= sheared area
of section
P
A
sh
avg
=
This loading case is known
as direct or simple shear
12
A
F
A
P
= =
ave
t
Single Shear
A
F
A
P
2
ave
= = t
Double Shear
Single & Double Shear Stresses
13
Cross-sectional area of a connecter
subjected to shear
Assumption:
If bolt is loose or clamping force of bolt is unknown,
assume frictional force between plates to be
negligible.
14
Single shear (Single Shear Connection)
Steel and wood joints shown below are
examples of single-shear connections, also
known as lap joints.
Since we assume members are thin, there are
no moments caused by F
Wood
Steel
15
Double shear (Double Shear Connection)
Examples of double-shear connections are shown
below, often called double lap joints.
For equilibrium, x-sectional area of bolt and
bonding surface between two members subjected
to double shear force, V = F/2
16
Although actual shear-stress distribution along rod
difficult to determine, we assume it is uniform.
Thus use A = V /
allow
to calculate l, provided d and
allow
is known.
Required area to resist shear caused by axial load
17
Bearing Stresses
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfacesof the
members they connect.
d t
P
A
P
= =
b
o
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
W Stress on bolt:
1-Single Shear
2-Bearing stress
Stress on plate:
1-Tensile stress
2-Bearing stress
Self reading
Example
18
The structure is
designed to support a
30 kN load. The
structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by
pins at the junctions and
supports.
From Static analysis, the
internal forces in AB and BC
members were:
Rod (+50kN)
Boom (-40kN)
Example 2: Statics Analysis of a Structure
F
AB
= 40 kN (compression) F
BC
= 50 kN (tension)
B
C
A
19
Example 2: Stress Analysis
Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate.
MPa 165
all
= o
From the material properties for steel, the
allowable stress is
Can the structure safely support the
30kN load? ? ? ? ?
MPa 159
m 10 314
N 10 50
2 6 -
3
=
= =
A
P
BC
o
Internal force at any section through BC
member is 50 kN with a force intensity or
stress of
d
BC
= 20 mm
From a Statics analysis
F
AB
= 40 kN (compression)
F
BC
= 50 kN (tension)
B
C
A
20
Example 2: Design
(selection of materials, dimensions, safety)
Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component
dimensions to meet performance requirements.
Selection of material is based on Cost, Weight,
Availability, etc., the choice is made to construct
the rod from aluminum (s
all
= 100 MPa). What
is an appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
( )
mm 2 . 25 m 10 52 . 2
m 10 500 4 4
4
m 10 500
Pa 10 100
N 10 50
2
2 6
2
2 6
6
3
= =
= =
=
=
= = =
t t
t
o
o
A
d
d
A
P
A
A
P
all
all
An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter
is adequate.
Strength ??
Stress ??
Allowable stress??
21
Example 3: Shearing & bearing Stresses in a Pin
The x-sec. area for pins at A, and C are
equal, Single shear at C and double shear
at A .
2 6
2
2
m 10 491
2
mm 25

=
|
.
|
\
|
= = t tr A
MPa 102
m 10 491
N 10 50
2 6
3
,
=
= =

A
P
ave C
t
The pin at A subjected to a double
shear with a total force equal to 40kN
MPa 7 . 40
m 10 491 2
kN 40
2
2 6
,
=

= =

A
P
ave A
t
Pin at C, Single
shear & bearing
Pin at A, Double
shear & bearing
St.
The pin at C subjected to a single
shear with a total force equal to 50kN
22
Example 3: (Cont.) Pin Bearing Stresses
To determine the bearing stress at pin A,
we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
projected area
( )( )
MPa 3 . 53
mm 25 mm 30
kN 40
= = =
td
P
b
o
( )( )
MPa 0 . 32
mm 25 mm 50
kN 40
= = =
td
P
b
o
Find the bearing stresses in the pin A and in
the bracket as well
To determine the bearing stress at A in the
bracket, we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm
and d = 25 mm,
23
Stresses in Two-Force Members
The next slides will show that either
axial or transverse forces may produce
both normal and shear stresses with
respect to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
Axial forces on a two-force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
Transverse forces on bolts
and pins result in only shear
stresses on the plane
perpendicular to bolt or pin axis.
24
Pass a section through the member forming
an angle u with the normal plane.
Stresses on Oblique Planes
u u
u u
sin cos P V P F = =
Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
Find the oblique area A
u
in terms of
reference area
From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
u u cos / cos A A A A

= =
Reference
area
Oblique
area
Stress on an Oblique Plane (Cont.)
u u
u
u
t
u
u
u
o
u
u
u
u
cos sin
cos
sin
cos
cos
cos
2
A
P
A
P
A
V
A
P
A
P
A
F
= = =
= = =
The average normal (o)
and shear (t) stresses on the
oblique plane (A
u
) are:
25

P

P

u

b

Normal plane

A

d

A
u

a

u

b

a

Oblique plane

F=Pcos u

P

V= P sin u

A = A
u
cos u, A
u
=A/cosu
o
u
= F/A
u
& t
u
= V/ A
u

A
u

A
u u
26
At u= 45
o
, maximum shear stress
occurs. (oblique plane).
Maximum Stresses on an Oblique Plane
u u t u o
u u
cos sin cos
2
A
P
A
P
= =
At u=0, maximum normal stress
occurs (reference plane is perpendicular
to the member axis, no oblique plane).
0
max
= = = =
u u
t o o o and
A
P
A
P
A
P
2
45 cos
2
= =
u
o
2 2
45 cos 45 sin
max
o
t t
u
= = = =
A
P
A
P
27
Example 4:
Depth and thickness = 40 mm
Determine average normal stress and average
shear stress acting along (a) section planes a-a,
and (b) section plane b-b.
o=o
max
&t=0
o=o
max
&t=0
28
Example 4 (Cont.):
At sec a-a: Internal loading
Based on free-body diagram, Resultant
loading of axial force, P = 800 N and Average
normal stress,
=
P
A
800 N
(0.04 m)(0.04 m)
= 500 kPa
=
No shear stress on
section, since shear
force at section is zero.
29
Example 4 (Cont.):
At sec b-b: Average Normal stress at the
oblique Area
N = 800 sin 60
V = 800 N cos 60
kPa
m mx A
N
o
ave
375
60 sin / 04 . 0 04 . 0
60 sin 800
=
= =
u
o
60
o
30
Example 4 (Cont.):
At sec b-b: Average shear stress
Stress distribution shown below
kPa
m mx A
V
o
ave
217
60 sin / 04 . 0 04 . 0
60 cos N 800
=
= =
u
t
Identify the
stress state
at point a
a
31
Factor of Safety & Allowable Stress
When designing a structural member or
mechanical element, the stress in it must be
restricted to safe level
Choose an allowable load that is less than the
load the member can fully support
Factor of safety (F.S.) is determined by:
F.S. =
F
fail
F
allow
stress allowable
stress ultimate
safety of Factor
all
u
= =
=
o
o
FS
FS
32
If load applied is linearly related to stress
developed within member, then F.S. can also
be expressed as:
F.S. =
fail
allow
F.S. =

fail
allow
F.S. must be chosen greater than 1, to avoid potential
failure
Specific values will depend on types of material used
and its intended purpose
33
To determine dimensions (area) of section
subjected to a normal force:
A =
V
allow
To determine dimensions of sheared area
subjected to a shear force:
allow
P
A
o
=
34
uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and deterioration
effects
importance of member to integrity of whole
structure
risk to life and property
influence on machine function
Factor of safety considerations:
Next: Strains and Axial Loadings
1b. Strains and Axial
Loadings
35
strain normal
stress
= =
= =
L
A
P
o
c
o
L
A
P
A
P
o
c
o
=
= =
2
2
L L
A
P
o o
c
o
= =
=
2
2
36
Normal Strain
ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBER
Sign convention
Sign Forces Displacement
Positive (+) Tension Elongation
Negative () Compression Contraction
37
Deformations Under Axial Loading
AE
P
E
E = = =
o
c c o
From Hookes Law:
From the
definition of
strain:
L
o
c =
Equating and
solving for the
deformation,
AE
PL
= o
With variations in loading (P), cross-
section (A) or material properties (E):
=
i i i
i i
E A
L P
o
38
Different loads and different X-sectional areas
If a bar has different x-sec area, different E or subjected to
different axial forces, then the equation below can be
applied to each segment of the bar and added
algebraically to get the total deformation
# ELASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN AXIALLY LOADED
MEMBER
=
PL
AE
=
i
i i
i i
t
E A
L P
o
o
t
= o
AB
o
BC
o
CD
39
# Example 3.5
Determine the
deformation of the steel
rod shown under the
given loads.
SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into components at the load application points B, C, & D.
Apply a free-body analysis on each component to determine the
internal forces.
Evaluate the deflection of each component (o) and find the total value (o
t
).
40
Divide the rod into
three components:
# Example 3.5 (Cont.)
Comment
41
Composite A-36 steel bar shown made from two segments
AB and BD.
# Example 3.6
Area A
AB
= 600 mm
2
and
A
BD
= 1200 mm
2
.
Determine the vertical
displacement of end A (o
A
) and
displacement of B relative to C (o
A/B
)
.
=
i i i
i i
E A
L P
o
AB
BC
CD
42
Solution:
Due to external loadings, internal axial forces in
regions AB, BC and CD are different.
Find the Internal force
in each portion by using
section method and
Fy=0 for vertical
forces.
Plot the variation of P.
Plot the variation of o
43
E
st
= 210(10
3
) kN/m
2
(Given).
Vertical displacement of A
relative to fixed support D is:
[+75 kN](1 m)(10
6
)
[600 mm
2
(210)(10
3
) kN/m
2
]
[+35 kN](0.75 m)(10
6
)
[1200 mm
2
(210)(10
3
) kN/m
2
]
+
= +0.61 mm
[45 kN](0.5 m)(10
6
)
[1200 mm
2
(210)(10
3
) kN/m
2
]
+
A
=
PL
AE
=
Comment
44
o
A
is +ve, so the bar elongates and
so displacement at A is upward.
Find the displacement between B
and C,
B-C
=
P
BC
L
BC
A
BC
E
=
= +0.104 mm
[+35 kN](0.75 m)(10
6
)
[1200 mm
2
(210)(10
3
) kN/m
2
]
Here, B moves away from C, since segment
elongates
45

AB
BC
CD
0.125
0.0292

-0.0375
Stress, o, kN/m
Length of the bar, m
Deflection, o, mm
0.595
0.104

-0.0893
75
35

-45
Int. Load, P, kN
Section o
i
=(P
i
/A
i
) o
i
=(P
i
L
i
/A
i
E
i
)
o
i
=(o
i
L
i
/E
i
)
46

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Stresses, Strains and Axial Loadings

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