Chapter 5

1. s
i
(t) =

k
s
ik

k
(t)
s
j
(t) =

k
s
jk

k
(t)
where
k
(t) forms an orthonormal basis on the interval [0,T]
_
T
0
[s
i
(t) s
j
(t)]
2
dt =
_
T
0
_

m
s
im

m
(t)

m
s
jm

m
(t)
_
2
dt
=
_
T
0
_

m
(s
im
s
jm
)
m
(t)
_
2
dt
Notice all the cross terms will integrate to 0 due to orthonormal property. So we get
=
_
T
0

m
(s
im
s
jm
)
2

m
(t)
m
(t)dt
=

m
(s
im
s
jm
)
2
= [[s
i
s
j
[[
2
2. Consider

1
=
1

T
_
sin
_
2t
T
_
+ cos
_
2t
T
__

2
=
1

T
_
sin
_
2t
T
_
cos
_
2t
T
__
_
T
0

1
(t)
2
(t) = 0,
_
T
0

2
1
(t) = 1,
_
T
0

2
2
(t) = 1
3.
s

m
(t) = s
m
(t)
1
M
M

i=1
s
i
(t)

=
_
T
0
s
2
m
(t)dt =
_
T
0
_
s
m
(t)
1
M
M

i=1
s
i
(t)
_
2
dt
s
i
s are orthonormal so the cross terms integrate to 0 and we get

=
_
T
0
s
2
m
(t)dt
_
T
0
1
M
s
2
m
(t)dt =
1
M
=
(M 1)
M
< s

m
(t), s

n
(t) >=
_
T
0
_
s
m
(t)
1
M
M

i=1
s
i
(t)
__
s
n
(t)
1
M
M

i=1
s
i
(t)
_
dt =

M
4. (a)
< f
1
(t), f
2
(t) >=
_
T
0
f
1
(t)f
2
(t)dt = 0
< f
1
(t), f
3
(t) >=
_
T
0
f
1
(t)f
3
(t)dt = 0
< f
2
(t), f
3
(t) >=
_
T
0
f
2
(t)f
3
(t)dt = 0
f
1
(t), f
2
(t), f
3
(t) are orthogonal
(b)
x(t) = af
1
(t) + bf
2
(t) + cf
3
(t)
0 t 1 : x(t) =
1
2
a +
1
2
b +
1
2
c = 1
1 t 2 : x(t) =
1
2
a +
1
2
b
1
2
c = 1
2 t 3 : x(t) =
1
2
a +
1
2
b +
1
2
c = 1
3 t 4 : x(t) =
1
2
a +
1
2
b
1
2
c = 3
a = 2, b = 2, c = 2
x(t) = 2f
1
(t) + 2f
2
(t) 2f
3
(t)
5. (a) A set of orthonormal basis functions is
In this set the given waveforms can be written as
s
1
= [1 2 -1 -1]
s
2
= [1 -1 1 -1]
s
3
= [-2 1 1 1]
s
4
= [1 -2 -2 2]
now we can see using Matlab or otherwise that the dimensionality is 4
(b) done in part a
(c)
[[s
1
s
2
[[
2
= 14
[[s
1
s
3
[[
2
= 22
[[s
1
s
4
[[
2
= 27
[[s
2
s
3
[[
2
= 14
[[s
2
s
4
[[
2
= 19
[[s
3
s
4
[[
2
= 31
[[s
1
[[
2
= 10
[[s
2
[[
2
= 4
[[s
3
[[
2
= 6
[[s
4
[[
2
= 13
The minimum distance between any pair is

14
6. From 5.28 we have
m = m
i
corresponding to s
i
= arg max
s
i
p([s
i
)p(s
i
)
max
s
i
L(s
i
) = p([s
i
)p(s
i
)
max
s
i
l(s
i
) = logL(s
i
) = log p([s
i
) + log p(s
i
)
= max
s
i

N
2
log(N
0
)
. .
constant

1
N
0
N

j=1
(
j
s
ij
)
2
+ log p(s
i
)
1 2 3 4
1
1
t
1 2 3 4
1
2
t
1 2 3 4
1
3
t
1 2 3 4
1
4
t
Figure 1: Problem 5
S
S
S
S
1
4
3
2
A
c
A
A
A
c
c
c
-
-
Figure 2: Problem 6
= max
s
i

1
N
0
[[
j
s
ij
[[
2
+ log p(s
i
)
= min
s
i
1
N
0
[[
j
s
ij
[[
2
+ log 1/p(s
i
)
s
1
= (A
c
, 0)
s
2
= (0, A
c
)
s
3
= (A
c
, 0)
s
4
= (0, A
c
)
p(s
1
) = p(s
3
) = 0.2
p(s
2
) = p(s
4
) = 0.3
z
i
=
_
x '
2
[
1
N
0
[[x s
i
[[
2
+ log 1/p(s
i
) <
1
N
0
[[x s
j
[[
2
+ log 1/p(s
j
)i ,= j
_
which can be further solved using Matlab or otherwise far a given value of A
c
and N
0
7. n
r
(t) = n(t)

N
j=1
n
j

j
(t)

j
= s
ij
+ n
j
We know

N
span the signal space. Suppose we add (M-N) additional basis vectors so that
1
. . .
M
span the noise space . This can always be done for some M(may be innite). Also MN
n(t) =
M

k=1
n
k

k
(t) where
i
form an orthonormal set
then
E[n
r
(t
k
)r
j
] = E
_
_
_
_
M

k=1
n
k

k
(t
k
)
N

p=1
n
p

p
(t
p
)
_
_
(s
ij
+ n
j
)
_
_
Since the signal is always independent of noise and white noise components in the orthogonal directions
are independent too, we have
E[n
r
(t
k
)r
j
] = E[n
2
j

j
(t
k
)] E[n
2
j

j
(t
k
)] = 0 , for j = 1 . . . N
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
t
g(t)
g(Tt)
Figure 3: Problem 9a
8. Suppose s
m
(t) is transmitted and N
t
is noise added. If the k
th
lter is h
k
(t), the output of the k
th
lter is
y
k
(t) =
_

(s
m
() + N

)h
k
(t )d
sampling at time T gives
y
k
(T) =
_

s
m
()h
k
(T )d +
_

h
k
(T )d
Denote noise contribution as
k
=
_

h
k
(T )d
E[
k
] = 0

k
=
N
0
2
_

[h
k
(T )[
2
d
Signal energy =
_
_

s
m
()h
k
(T )d
_
2
SNR =
_
_

s
m
()h
k
(T )d
_
2
N
0
2
_

[h
k
(T )[
2
d
use Cauchy-Schwartz inequality to get upper bound on SNR as
SNR
2
N
0
_

[s
m
()[
2
d
with equality i
h
opt
k
(T ) = s
m
() h
opt
k
(t) = s
m
(T t)
which is the required result for matched lter
9. (a) g(t) =
_
2
T
0 t T
g(T t) =
_
2
T
0 t T
plotted for T=1 , integral value = 2/T = 2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
t
g(t)
g(Tt)
Figure 4: Problem 9b
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
t
g(t)
g(Tt)
Figure 5: Problem 9c
(b) g(t) = sinc(t) 0 t T
g(T t) = sinc(T t) 0 t T
plotted for T=1 , integral value = 0.2470
(c) g(t) =

2
t
2
/
2
0 t T
g(T t) ==

2
(Tt)
2
/
2
0 t T
plotted for T=1 , integral value = 0.009
MATTLAB CODE
T = 1; alpha = 1;
t = [0:.01:T];
%% Part a)
g = repmat(sqrt(2/T),1,length(t));
gm=repmat(sqrt(2/T),1,length(t));
int_a = sum(g.*gm)*.01;
plot(t,g,b--); hold on; plot(t,gm,b:);
%% Part b)
figure;
g = sinc(t);
gm = sinc(T-t);
int_b = sum(g.*gm)*.01;
plot(t,g,b--);
hold on;
plot(t,gm,b:);
%% Part c)
figure; g = (sqrt(pi)/alpha)*exp(-((pi)^2*t.^2)/alpha^2);
gm=(sqrt(pi)/alpha)*exp(-((pi)^2*(T-t).^2)/alpha^2);;
int_c=sum(g.*gm)*.01; plot(t,g,b--);
hold on;
plot(t,gm,b:);
10. For Fig 5.4
k
=
_
T
0
()
k
()d
For Fig 5.
k
=
_
T
0
()
k
(T (T ))d =
_
T
0
()
k
()d which is the same as above.
11. (5.40) gives
1
4

4
i=1

4
j=1,j=i
Q
_
d
ij

2N
0
_
= 4.1 10
9
(5.43) gives (4 1)Q
_
d
min

2N
0
_
= 2.3 10
8
(5.44) gives
(41)

exp
_

d
2
min
4N
0
_
= 1.9 10
7
(5.45) gives M
d
min
Q
_
d
min

2N
0
_
= 2Q
_
d
min

2N
0
_
= 1.5 10
8
MATLAB CODE
Ac = 4;
s(1,:) = [Ac 0];
s(2,:) = [0 2*Ac];
s(3,:) = [0 -2*Ac];
s(4,:) = [-Ac 0];
sume = 0; for i = 1:4
for j = 1:4
if j ~= i
d(i) = norm(s(i,:)-s(j,:));
sume = sume+Q(d(i)/sqrt(2));
end
end
end E1 = .25*sume;
dmin = min(d);
E2 = 3*Q(dmin/sqrt(2));
E3 = (3/sqrt(pi))*exp(-dmin^2/4);
E4=2*Q(dmin/sqrt(2));
S
S
S
S
1
4
3
2
A
c
A
A
A
c
c
c
-
-
Figure 6: Problem 11
d
min
=
2
4-PSK
d
min
=
2
8-PSK
Figure 7: Problem 13
12.

1
(t) =
_

() cos(2f
c
+ )g(t (T ))d
=
_

[s
i
() + n()] cos(2f
c
+ )g(t (T ))d
s
i
() = s
i1
g() cos(2f
c
+
0
) + s
i2
g() sin(2f
c
+
0
)

1
(t) =
_

s
i1
2
[cos(4f
c
+ +
0
) + cos(
0
)]g()g(t (T ))d +
_

s
i2
2
[cos(4f
c
+ +
0
) cos(
0
)]g()g(t (T ))d +
_

n() cos(2f
c
+ )g(t (T ))d
where
0
=
Similrly we can nd
2
(t). Notice that terms involving f
c
will integrate to 0 approximately as f
c
T 1
13. For 4PSK d
min
=

2
4PSK
= 1
For 8PSK d
min
=
_
+ 2 cos(/4)
8PSK
=
1
1cos(/4)
= 3.4142
extra energy factor = 3.4142 = 5.33dB
14. For square QAM constellations, it is easy to derive that
s
l
=
d
2
min
6
(2
2l
1) =
_
d
min
_
(2)
_
1
3
(4
l
1)
s
l

4
l
3
s
l+1

44
l
3
= 4s
l
(16 QAM) For MQAM, s
l
(l = 2) = 2.5d
2
min
(4 PAM) For MPAM, s
l
(l = 2) = 1.25d
2
min
(16 PSK) For MPSK, s
l
(l = 2) =
d
2
min
2(1cos(/8))
= 6.5685d
2
min
15. M points are separated by an angle
2
M
If [[ >
1
2
2
M
, we will go into the decision region for another adjacent symbol and so will make a
detection error
16. Gray encoding of bit sequence to phase transitions:
We rst draw the gure and write down bit sequences for each phase in a way that exactly 1 bit changes
between nearest neighbors. We get the following table
Bit Sequence Phase transition
000 0
001 /4
010 3/4
011 /2
100 /4
101 /2
110
111 3/4
The resulting encoding of the given sequence is as follows:
Bit Sequence Mapped Symbol
s(k-1) = Ae
j/4
101 s(k) = Ae
j/4
110 s(k + 1) = Ae
j3/4
100 s(k + 2) = Ae
j/2
101 s(k + 3) = A
110 s(k + 4) = Ae
j
17. (a) a = 0.7071A
b = 1.366A
(b) A
2
= r
2
_
2 2 cos

4
_
r = 1.3066A
(c) Avg power of 8PSK = r
2
= 1.7071A
2
Avg power of 8 QAM = 1.1830A
2
The 8QAM constellation has a lower average power by a factor of 1.443 (1.593 dB)
(d) See Fig 10
(e) We have 3 bits per symbol symbol rate = 30 Msymbols/sec
1
2
011
001
010
110
111
101
100
000
Figure 8: Problem 16
A
A
a
a = A
b
2
Figure 9: Problem 17a
111
110
011
010
000
001
101
100
8-PSK AND 8-QAM
Figure 10: Problem 17d
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
4
S
3
S
Figure 11: Problem 18a
1
00
00
01
01
11
11
10
10
S
2
S
3
S
4
S
1
S
2
S
4
S
3
S
Figure 12: Problem 18b
18. (a) one set is on the axis and the other is /4 oset. If the current symbol uses a point of , the
next symbol must come from and vice versa
(b) See Fig 12
(c) 0 1 00 10 01 11 10 01 01 Assume we start from the points
s
3
s

2
s
1
s

3
s
4
s

1
s
3
s

3
(d) See Fig 13
b
1
b
0
Phase change from previous symbol
00 /4
01 3/4
11 3/4
10 /4
Given, last symbol of
Given, last symbol of
Assuming we started from points
-3 /4
S S S S S S S S
1 2 1 3 1 1 2 4
00 01 00 10 01 11 10 01 01
Initial
symbols
-3
/4
had phase
had phase
Figure 13: Problem 18d
19.
_
T
0
2 cos(2f
i
t) cos(2f
j
t)dt = 0
_
T
0
2 cos (2(f
i
+ f
j
)t)
. .
A
+
_
T
0
2 cos (2(f
i
f
j
)t)
. .
B
A 0 , as f
i
+ f
j
1
B = sin(2(f
i
f
j
)T) is 0 rst time for 2(f
i
f
j
)T = [f
i
f
j
[ = 0.5T
MATLAB CODE
gamma_dB = [0:.01:60];
gamma = 10.^(gamma_dB/10);
vBdT = .01;
x = 2*pi*vBdT;
rho_C = besselj(0,x);
Pb_bar=.5*((1+gamma*(1-rho_C))./(1+gamma));
semilogy(gamma_dB,Pb_bar);
hold on;
vBdT = .001;
x = 2*pi*vBdT;
rho_C = besselj(0,x);
Pb_bar= .5*((1+gamma*(1-rho_C))./(1+gamma));
semilogy(gamma_dB,Pb_bar,b:);
vBdT = .0001;
x = 2*pi*vBdT;
rho_C = besselj(0,x);
Pb_bar=.5*((1+gamma*(1-rho_C))./(1+gamma));
semilogy(gamma_dB,Pb_bar,b--);
20.
p(kT) =
_
p
0
= p(0) k = 0
0 k ,= 0
_
. . . (a)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
10
7
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0

bar
in dB
P
b
b
a
r
B
D
T = .01
B
D
T = .001
B
D
T = .0001
Figure 14: Problem 19
p(t) =
_

P(f)e
j2ft
df
p(kT) =
_

P(f)e
j2fkT
df
p(kT) =

m=
_
(2m+1)/2T
(2m1)/2T
P(f)e
j2fkT
df
=

m=
_
1/2T
1/2T
P
_
f +
m
T
_
e
j2fkT
df
=
_
1/2T
1/2T

m=
P
_
f +
m
T
_
e
j2fkT
df
p(kT) =
_
1/2T
1/2T
Q(f)e
j2fkT
df . . . 1
Q(f) is periodic with period 1/T and therefore it can be expanded in terms of Fourier coecients
Q(f) =

n=
q
n
e
j2fnT
where q
n
= T
_
1/2T
1/2T
Q(f)e
j2fnT
df . . . 2
Compare 1 and 2 to get
q
n
= Tp(nT)
a translates to
q
n
=
_
p
0
T n = 0
0 n ,= 0
But this means that Q(f) = p
0
T or

l=
P (f + l/T) = p
0
T
21. Gaussian pulse is given as
g(t) =

2
t
2
/
2
Notice that g(t) never goes to 0 except at
Nyquist criterion
g(kT) =
_
g
0
k = 0
0 k ,= 0
cannot be satised for any nite T.