19. 19.

Nonlinear Nonlinear Optics Optics

Nonlinear Nonlinear optics optics

Polarization : P = 0 E Susceptibility : = 1 + 2 E + 3 E 2 + "
D = E = 0 E + 0 E = 0 (1 + ) n = v = = 1+ c 0

P = P1 + P2 + P3 + " = 0 1 E + 0 2 E 2 + 0 3 E 3 + "

2 P = E Second-order Nonlinear optics Second-order Nonlinear optics 2 0 2

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) and rectification

E = E ( ) optical P2 E 2 ( ) P2 ( ) = P2 (2 ),
P2 (0)
Electro-optic (EO) effect (Pockells effect)

Frequency doubling Rectification

E = E (0) electrical , DC + E ( ) optical

P2 E 2

{but, E (0) >> E ( ) }

P2 (0), P2 ( ){ E (0) E ( )} n E (0) electric , DC Index modulation by DC E-field

Three-wave mixing

P2 (0) E 2 (0) , P2 ( ){ E (0) E ( )}, P2 (2 ){ E ( ) E ( )}

E = E (1 ) optical + E (2 ) optical
P2 E 2 P2 (21 ) E 2 (1 ) , P2 (22 ) E 2 (2 ) , P2 (1 + 2 ){ E (1 ) E (2 )}, P2 (1 2 ){ E (1 ) E (2 )}

SHG

Frequency up-converter Parametric amplifier, parametric oscillator

Third-order Third-order Nonlinear Nonlinear optics optics

Third-harmonic generation (THG)

P3 = 0 3 E 3

E = E ( ) optical P3 E 3 ( ) P3 ( ) E ( ) E ( ) , P3 (3 ){ E 3 ( )}
2

Frequency tripling

Electro-optic (EO) Kerr effect

E = E (0) electrical , DC + E ( ) optical

2

{but, E (0) >> E ( ) }

2

P3 ( ) E (0) electric , DC E ( ) n E (0) electric , DC

Optical Kerr effect

Index modulation by DC E2

P3 ( ) E ( ) E ( ) I ( ) E ( ) n I ( )
2

Index modulation by optical Intensity

n = n0 + n( I ) = 0 + ( = k 0 nL ) n = n0 + n{I ( x)} n{I ( x )} > n0 n = n0 + n{I ( x )} n{I ( x )} < n0

Self-phase modulation

Self-focusing, Self-guiding (Spatial solitons) Self-defocusing

Third-order Third-order Nonlinear Nonlinear optics optics

Four-wave mixing

P3 = 0 3 E 3

E = E (1 ) optical + E (2 ) optical + E (3 ) optical

P3 E 3 ( 1 ,2 ,3 ) 63 = 216 terms
3

One example : P3 (1 + 2 + 3 4 ) E (1 ) E (2 ) E (3 ) If 1 = 2 = 3 4 = 3
THG

Frequency up-converter

Another example : P3 (1 + 2 - 3 4 ) E (1 ) E (2 ) E * (3 )

1 + 2 = 3 + 4 If 1 = 2 = 3 = 4
Degenerate four-wave mixing

Assume two waves among them are plane waves traveling in opposite directions
P3 (4 = ) E ( ) E ( ) E * ( )
Optical phase conjugation

24-2. 24-2. Second Second harmonic harmonic generation generation (SHG) (SHG)

P2 = 0 2 E
E = Eo cos t P = P1 + P2

: Only for non-centro-symmetry crystals

[GaAs. CdTe, InAs, KDP, ADP, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, ]

2 cos 2 t = 0 1 Eo cos t + 0 2 Eo

1 2 cos = ( 1 + cos 2 ) 2

1 1 2 2 cos 2 t = 0 1 Eo cos t + 0 2 Eo + 0 2 Eo 2 2 1 2 1 2 P2 ( t ) = 0 2 E0 + 0 2 E0 cos 2 t = P2 (0) + P2 (2 ) 2 2

Constant (DC) term Optical rectification

Second harmonic term 2

SHG does not occur in isotropic, centrosymmetry crystals

P2 = 0 2 E 2
If 2 is isotropic or centrosymmetric , both + E and - E give the same P2 polarization that means the molecules are not polarized by the sencond effect .

Second Second harmonic harmonic generation generation

P2
1 2 1 2 P2 ( t ) = 0 2 E0 + 0 2 E0 cos 2 t = P2 (0) + P2 (2 ) 2 2

P2(t) E E(t)

From Fundamentals of Photonics (Bahaa E. A. Saleh)

Second Second harmonic harmonic generation generation

E = Eo cos t

P = P1 + P2

P1 = 0 1 Eo cos t

1 2 P2 = 02 Eo cos ( 2t ) 2 1 2 + 02 Eo 2

Second Second harmonic harmonic generation generation 2 ( / 2)

From Fundamentals of Photonics (Bahaa E. A. Saleh)

Second Second harmonic harmonic generation generation

Phase Phase matching matching (index (index matching) matching) in in SHG SHG
Output intensity after second harmonic generation

Lk , k = k2 2k I sin c 2
2

Phase matching : k=0

Optic axis Direction of Matching (k=0)

k = k2 2k 2 = n2 2n c c = ( n2 n ) 2 = 0 c

E-ray surface (n2) O-ray surface (n)

Frequency Frequency mixing mixing by by three-wave three-wave mixing mixing

frequency up-converter (1 + 2 3 )

parametric amplifier

(3 1 2

3 2 1 )

parametric oscillator (3 1 + 2 3 2 1 )

idler, or parameter, )

Parametric Parametric interaction interaction

E = E (1 ) + E ( 2 ) = Eo1 cos 1t + Eo 2 cos 2 t = 1 1 Eo1 {exp( i1t ) + exp( i1t )} + Eo 2 {exp( i 2 t ) + exp( i 2 t )} 2 2

P2 = 0 2 E 2

( 1+1 = 21 ) , ( 2 +2 = 22 ) , ( 1 2 = 3 ) , ( 1 + 2 = 3 )

Frequency conservation Momentum (phase) matching

Third-order Third-order nonlinear nonlinear effect effect

In media possessing centrosymmetry, the second-order nonlinear term is absent since the polarization must reverse exactly when the electric field is reversed. The dominant nonlinearity is then of third order,

P3 = 0 3 E
P3

The third-order nonlinear material is called a Kerr medium.

Optical Kerr effect

P3 ( ) E ( ) E ( ) I ( ) E ( ) n I ( )
2

Index modulation by optical Intensity

n = n0 + n( I ) = 0 + (= k 0 nL ) n = n0 + n{I ( x)} n{I ( x)} > n0 n = n0 + n{I ( x)} n{I ( x)} < n0

Self-phase modulation

Self-focusing, Self-guiding (Spatial solitons) Self-defocusing

n( I ) = n + n2 I

n( I ) = n + n2 I

Self-phase modulation
The phase shift incurred by an optical beam of power P and cross-sectional area A, traveling a distance L in the medium,

Self-focusing (Optical Kerr lens)

Spatial Solitons
= Self-guided beam (Also, see 19.8)

In a linear medium, wave is spreading.

In an optical Kerr medium, wave can be self-guided.

: Nonlinear Schrodinger equation

Raman Gain

: Raman Gain Coefficient

Coupling of light to the high-frequency vibrational modes of the medium, which act as an energy source providing the gain. For low-loss media, the Raman gain may exceed the loss at reasonable levels of power, so that the medium can act as an optical amplifier.

Fiber Raman lasers

Four-wave Four-wave mixing mixing (third-order (third-order nonlinearity) nonlinearity)

Superposition of three waves of angular frequencies 1, 2, and 3

P3 = 0 3 E 3

(as sum of 63 = 216 terms)

If 4 = 1 + 2 3

{3 + 4 = 1 + 2 }

G G G G k3 + k4 = k1 + k2

Optical Optical phase phase conjugation conjugation

Phase conjugate mirror (PCM)

Conventional mirror

PCM

Optical Optical phase phase conjugation conjugation

When all four waves are of the same frequency degenerated four-wave mixing (DFWM)

Assuming further that two waves (3,4) are uniform plane waves traveling in opposite directions,

A2

* A3 A4 A1

A3

: conjugated version of wave 1

Pump beam

A1
Probe beam

Nonlinear Medium (DFWM)

A2
PC beam

A4
Pump beam

Note: Phase Conjugation and Time Reversal Incident Phase conjugation

E1 (r, t ) = Re (r )ei (t kz )

E2 (r, t ) = Re (r )ei (t + kz )

Time reversal

i ( t ) kz E2 ( r, t ) = Re ( r ) e

Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing as a Form of Real-Time Holography

Image Image restoration restoration by by phase phase conjugation conjugation

Optical reciprocity.

19.4. 19.4. Coupled-wave Coupled-wave theory theory of of three-wave three-wave mixing mixing

by equating terms on both sides at each of the frequencies w1, w2, and w3, separately,

Coupled-wave Equations in three-wave mixing

Homework :

Mixing of Three Collinear Uniform Plane Waves

Homework :

Second-harmonic generation (SHG)

Z=0

Second-harmonic generation (SHG)

Photon flux densities

photons of wave 1 are converted to half as many photons of wave 3. photon numbers are conserved.

Second-harmonic generation (SHG)

Efficiency of second-harmonic generation

To maximize the efficiency, we must confine the wave to the smallest possible area A and the largest possible interaction length L. This is best accomplished with waveguides (planar or channel waveguides or fibers).

Second-harmonic generation (SHG)

Effect of Phase Mismatch

For weak-coupling case

19.6. 19.6. Anisotropic Anisotropic nonlinear nonlinear media media

Three-Wave Mixing in Anisotropic Second-Order Nonlinear Media

Phase Matching in Three-Wave Mixing

Thus the fundamental wave is an extraordinary wave and the second-harmonic wave is an ordinary wave.