CHAPTER 02

PRESSURE
&
Fluid statics

1
PRESSURE
1. Defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per
unit area

P = F/A

2. The pressure at any point in a fluid is the same
in all direction.
3. The only forces between adjacent surface are
pressure forces normal to the surfaces.
4. There are no shearing stresses present in a fluid at
rest





2
Cont. PRESSURE
A
C
B
Acos
Asin
P2
P3
P1
A

Consider a small triangular element ABC at a
point in a fluid, if area AC is A, then area
AB=Asin and area BC=Acos.

For horizontal equilibrium,



For vertical equilibrium,



Thus, the pressure at any point in a fluid is the
same in all direction.

2 1
2 1
sin sin
p p
A p A p
=
= u u
3 1
2 1
cos cos
p p
A p A p
=
= u u
3
Pressure increases with depth:

Relationship Between Pressure and Depth
Cont. PRESSURE
z g P A = A
and
0
1 1
P gz P + = 0
2 2
P gz P + =
So, we obtain:
4
Cont. PRESSURE
Pressure At a Point
5
Cont. PRESSURE
6
Cont. PRESSURE
7
1. The pressure at a point within a fluid mass will be
designated as either an absolute pressure or a gage
pressure.

2. Absolute pressure is measured relative to a
perfect vacuum (absolute zero pressure), where as
gage pressure is measured relative to the local
atmospheric pressure.
Cont. PRESSURE
8
Cont. PRESSURE
9
A barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. It can
measure the pressure exerted by the atmosphere by using mercury. (using water might be
difficult)
BAROMETER
10
~ One of the apparatus we use to measure the pressure in a tank.
~ Mainly consist of glass or plastic U-Tube (different fluid : oil, mercury, water).
MANOMETER
C B
P P =

fluid

1,
fluid 1

A
B
C
h
1

h
2

D

2,
fluid 2

Air

1 1
gh P P
A B
+ =
2 2
gh P P
D C
+ =
Air

11
A pressure gage connected to a chamber reads
65kPa at a location where the atmospheric
pressure is 1.013 bar. Determine the absolute
pressure in the chamber. If the pressure give
reading -10 kPa. Also determine the absolute
pressure
EXAMPLE 01
12
Figure show a manometer with an angle
of 20
0
that used to measure air pressure in
a closed tank. The specific gravity of
manometric fluid that had been used in
this type of manometer is 0.75. If
atmospheric pressure is 200kPa, find the
absolute pressure in closed tank in unit of
kPa. [ g = 9.81 m/s
2
]
EXAMPLE 02
A
In gas, pressure is equal regardless of elevation except for
big difference (hundred meters) of elevation
13
BUOYANCY
The difference between two
forces, F
B
(upward) and F
T

(downward) is a net upward force
called Buoyant Force.

The buoyant force is caused by
the increase of pressure in a fluid
with depth.
( )
B Bottom Top f f f f
F F F g s h A ghA ghA gV = = + = =
14
STABILITY
A floating body is:
Stable if the center of gravity G is below the centroid B of the body or if
the metacenter M is above point G.
Unstable if the point M is below point G.

B


G




15
A crane is used to lower weights into the sea (density 1025 kg/m
3
) for an
underwater construction project. Determine the tension in the rope of
the crane due to a rectangular 0.4m x 0.4m x 3m concrete block (density
2300 kg/m
3
) when it is (a) suspended in the air and (b) completely
immersed in water.

EXAMPLE 03
(a) (b)
16
HYDROSTATIC
FORCES
SUBMERGED
PLANE SURFACES
SUBMERGED
CURVED SURFACES
Fluid static (hydrostatic forces) is used to determine the force acting
on submerged bodies.
It is necessary to calculate the magnitudes and locations of forces
that act on plane and curved surfaces.
17
SUBMERGED PLANE SURFACES
A gh F
c
=
u sin
c c
y h =
c
xx
c p
Ay
I
y y + =
18
SUBMERGED PLANE SURFACES
19
SUBMERGED PLANE SURFACES
Area and Moments of Inertia for Some Common Geometries
20
EXAMPLE 04
1.2m wide and 2m high rectangular gate shown below is laying underwater at
angle of 30 with the horizontal water surface. Determine the force F acting
on the gate and the vertical center of pressure, h
P

21
30
y
C

y
P

h
C

h
P

8.6 m
Gate
Water
2 m
EXAMPLE 05
2.0m wide rectangular gate shown in figure is hinged at B and making an
angle of 45 with the horizontal. Determine the minimum force F required to
open the water gate which act on the gate center.
2m
5m
22
SUBMERGED CURVED SURFACES
A h g Fh

=
gV Fv =
2
2
V H R
F F F + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

H
V
F
F
1
tan u
23
SUBMERGED CURVED SURFACES
24
EXAMPLE 06
Determine the forces acting on a curved surface.
i) The horizontal force, F
H
ii) The vertical force, F
V
and
iii) Resultant force, F
R

Width=2m
25
EXAMPLE 07
Determine the forces acting on a curved surface.
i) The horizontal force, F
H
ii) The vertical force, F
V
and
iii) Resultant force, F
R

Width=1m
4
2
x
y =
26