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Linear Transformations
These are the common linear transformations used in high school algebra courses.
Translations (shifts)
Reflections Dilations (stretches or shrinks)
Translations
Translations
How do we get the flag figure in the left graph to move to the position in the right graph?
Translations
This picture might help.
Translations
How do we get the flag figure in the left graph to move to the position in the right graph? Here are the alternate numerical representations of the line graphs above.
1 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 3 3 2 2
4 4 4 5
2 3 4 4
5
4
3
3
Translations
How do we get the flag figure in the left graph to move to the position in the right graph? This does it!
1 1 1 2
1 2 3 3
+
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
=
4 4 4 5
2 3 4 4
2
1
2
2
3
3
1
1
5
4
3
3
Translations
Alternately, we could first add 1 to the y-coordinates and then 3 to the x-coordinates to arrive at the final image.
Translations
What translation could be applied to the left graph to obtain the right graph?
yx
y = ???
Translations
Graphic Representations:
Following the vertex, it appears that the vertex, and hence all the points, have been shifted up 1 unit and right 3 units.
Translations
Numeric Representations:
Numerically, 3 has been added to each x-coordinate and 1 has been added to each y coordinate of the function on the left to produce the function on the right. Thus the graph is shifted up 1 unit and right 3 units.
Translations
To find the symbolic formula for the graph that is seen above on the right, lets separate our translation into one that shifts the functions graph up by one unit, and then shift the graph to the right 3 units.
Translations
To find the symbolic formula for the graph that is seen above on the right, lets separate our translation into one that shifts the functions graph up by one unit, and then shift the graph to the right 3 units.
y = x2 + 1
Translations
The above demonstrates a vertical shift up of 1. y = f(x) + 1 is a shift up of 1 unit that was applied to the graph y = f(x). How can we shift the graph of y = x2 down 2 units?
Translations
Did you guess to subtract 2 units? We verify our results below:
The above demonstrates a vertical shift down of 2. y = f(x) - 2 is a shift down 2 unit to the graph y = f(x) Vertical Shifts
If k is a real number and y = f(x) is a function, we say that the graph of y = f(x) + k is the graph of f(x) shifted vertically by k units. If k > 0 then the shift is upward and if k < 0, the shift is downward.
1
0 1 2
1
0 1 2
y = 3x2
y = x3
Translations
Vertical Shift Animation:
http://orion.math.iastate.edu/algebra/sp/xcurrent/applets/verticalshift.html
Translations
Getting back to our unfinished task:
Translations
Starting with y = x2 we know that adding 1 to x2, that is y = x2 +1 shifts the graph up 1 unit. Now, how to we also shift the graph 3 units to the right, that is a horizontal shift of 3 units? We need to add 3 to all the x-coordinates without changing the y-coordinates, but how do we do that in the symbolic formula?
Translations
We need to add 3 to all the x-coordinates without changing the y-coordinates, but how do we do that in the symbolic formula?
y=x2
y=x2+1
x+3 y=x2+1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
9 4 1 0 1 4 9
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
10 5 2 1 2 5 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 5 2 1 2 5 10
Translations
We need to add 3 to all the x-coordinates without changing the y-coordinates, but how do we do that in the symbolic formula?
x+3 y=x2+1 0 10 1 2 3 5 2 1
y = (x + 3)2 + 1
???
4 5 6
2 5 10
Oops!!!
Translations
We need to add 3 to all the x-coordinates without changing the y-coordinates, but how do we do that in the symbolic formula?
x+3 y=x2+1 0 10 1 2 3 5 2 1
y = (x - 3)2 + 1
???
4 5 6
2 5 10
Hurray!!!!!!
Translations
Horizontal Shifts If h is a real number and y = f(x) is a function, we say that the graph of y = f(x - h) is the graph of f(x) shifted horizontally by h units. If h follows a minus sign, then the shift is right and if h follows a + sign, then the shift is left.
Vertical Shifts If k is a real number and y = f(x) is a function, we say that the graph of y = f(x) + k is the graph of f(x) shifted vertically by k units. If k > 0 then the shift is upward and if k < 0, the shift is downward.
0
1 2
0
1 2
1
0 1 2
1
0 1 2
0
1 2 3
1
0 1 2
1
0 1 2
3
2 1 0
Horizontal Translation
y = 3x2
Horizontal Translation
y = 3x2 y = 3(x+2)2 y = 3(x-2)2
y = f(x + c)
y = f(x - c)
LEFT
RIGHT
y = x2 vertex: (0, 0)
Vertex Form of a Quadratic Function (when a = 1): The quadratic function: has vertex (h, k). y = (x h)2 + k
Translations
Compare the following 2 graphs by explaining what to do to the graph of the first function to obtain the graph of the second function.
Reflections
Reflections
How do we get the flag figure in the left graph to move to the position in the right graph?
Reflections
How do we get the flag figure in the left graph to move to the position in the right graph? The numeric representations of the line graphs are:
1
1 1 2 2 1
1
2 3 3 2 2
1
1 1 2 2 1
-1
-2 -3 -3 -2 -2
Reflections
So how should we change the equation of the function, y = x2 so that the result will be its reflection (across the x-axis)?
Reflection:
Reflection: (across the x-axis) The graph of the function, y = - f(x) is the reflection of the graph of the function y = f(x).
f(x) = x2
f(x) = x3
f(x) = x + 1
More Reflections
Reflection in x-axis: 2nd coordinate is negated Reflection in y-axis: 1st coordinate is negated
Reflection:
Reflection: (across the x-axis) The graph of the function, y = - f(x) is the reflection of the graph of the function y = f(x). Reflection: (across the y-axis) The graph of the function, y = f(-x) is the reflection of the graph of the function y = f(x).
f(x) = x2
f(x) = x3
f(x) = x + 1
f(x) = x + 1 f(-x) = -x + 1
http://www.mathgv.com/
Dilations
How do we get the flag figure in the left graph to move to the position in the right graph?
1
1 2
2
3 3
1
1 2
4
6 6
2
1
2
2
2
1
4
4
Vertical Stretch
Vertical Shrink
y = |x|
What is this?
Base Function
y = |x|
How do we get the flag figure in the left graph to move to the position in the right graph?
1
1 2
2
3 3
2
2 4
2
3 3
2
1
2
2
4
2
2
2
Multiple Transformations
Procedure: Multiple Transformations
Graph a function involving more than one transformation in the following order: 1. Horizontal translation 2. Stretching or shrinking 3. Reflecting 4. Vertical translation
Graph f(x) = -|x 2| + 1 First graph f(x) = |x| 1. Perform horizontal translation: f(x) = |x-2|
The graph shifts 2 to the right.
Graph f(x) = -|x 2| + 1 First graph f(x) = |x| 1. Perform horizontal translation: f(x) = |x-2|
The graph shifts 2 to the right.
2. There is no stretch 3. Reflect in x-axis: f(x) = -|x-2| 4. Perform vertical translation: f(x) = -|x-2| + 1
The graph shifts up 1 unit.
2. There is no stretch 3. Reflect in x-axis: f(x) = -|x-2| 4. Perform vertical translation: f(x) = -|x-2| + 1
The graph shifts up 1 unit.
(x, y)
(x+y, y)
Shear Example
Parametrically we have: x = t + t2
y = t2
y t2 t y
Now substitute t back into the x equation and we have.
x y y x yy x y y
x y
x 2 2 xy y 2 y x 2 2 xy y y 2 0
Shears
Horizontal Shear for k a constant (x, y ) (x+ky, y)
Rotations
Questions?