DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

Instruction Sheet -3 Aim: To measure the energy of a rotating fly wheel and determine the moment of Inertia of the flywheel. Apparatus: Fly wheel mounted on a wall, stop watch, Vernier calliper, thread and weights (1/2kgf., 1kgf, 100gmf, 50gmf, 20gmf, 10gmf ), etc. Theory: The principal of conservation of energy is made use of in determining the M.I. of the fly wheel. It states that the energy can neither be created nor destroyed though it can be transferred from one form into any forms in which the energy exist. As the fly wheel revolves due to a falling weight attached to the axis. The potential energy of the falling weight is equal to the K.E. of the falling body when it drops off plus the energy stored in the fly wheel at that instant plus the energy lost in the friction in bearings while the body is descending. Even the energy stored in the fly wheel is lost in over coming friction in bearing(after the weight has dropped off) bringing the wheel to a stand still. From law of conservation of energy: Formulae: friction) Where v = u + at and v 2 = u 2 + 2aH ,
w = v r

W H =

1 W 2 g

1 Iw 2

(for negligible bearing

W= weight falling in N H = height from which the weight fall in meter v= Linear velocity in m/s at the end of fall of H I = Moment of Inertia of fly wheel in kgxm2 w= Angular velocity of shaft in radian/sec. r= Radius of shaft in m Note : Assume, there is negligible bearing friction.

 1 W 2 W H - ( v 2 ) 2 g \ I = 2 w
Bearing Bearing Shaft

D String Diameter (2r)

Fly-Wheel

Weights

Fig: Fly-Wheel Apparatus Procedure: 1. Measure the diameter of the shaft with the help of vernier calliper and find the mean radius of the shaft(r). 2. Wrap the cotton string round the shaft and suspend weight (W) so that fly can rotate easily. 3. Now marked the height (H) for weight W from centre of mass of Weight W to the earth and keep it same for different value of W in each observation. 4. Place a weight (W) hold the Pan in which this weight is placed. Release weight (W) and start the stop watch simultaneously. Stop the watch as soon as the falling weight has touched the level ground. This gives the time (t). 5. Repeat the experiment for different values of W. Repeat the experiment ten times. Observations: 1. Diameter of shaft 2. Radius of shaft (r) 3. Height of fall of weight W marked (H) = = = m m m

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Falling Weight Time of fall of (W) in N weight (t) in sec.

1W 2 2 W H - ( v ) 2 g \I = 2 w

Calculations: Result: Precautions: 1. Note the time accurately to the fraction of a second. 2. Friction in the bearings should be minimum possible. 3. Overlapping of the string should be avoided. 4. Mark the height carefully from the centre of mass of weights to the ground. Sources of Error: 1. There may be positive or negative error in vernier calliper. 2. There may be error in recording time intervals ( in fraction of seconds). 3. There may be little friction in bearings. Discussion: Note: 1. Draw the diagram for Experimental-Setup.

2. Draw the curve between Weight (W) at X-axis and rotational kinetic energy of flywheel ( 1 Iw 2 ) at Y-axis.
2

3. The standard value of Moment of Inertia for fly wheel is 0.5068 kgxm2

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

Instruction Sheet-7 Aim: To verify the law of polygon of forces (concurrent, co-planer which are in equilibrium) with the help of Universal Force Table apparatus. Apparatus: Force table with adjusting screws, Spirit level, pulleys, Brass ring, Strings, Hangers, weights(50gmf-40Nos, 10gmf-4Nos),etc. Theory: The experiment is for co-planer, concurrent forces (acting at a point). Therefore a polygon can be drawn. Law of Polygon of forces: If there are n number of co-planer concurrent forces which are in equilibrium. A polygon can be drawn. Each side of polygon represents the magnitude of forces and there will be vector addition of each force. It conclude that the last side of polygon represents the resultant of (n-1) forces. The above experiment is for four co-planer concurrent forces which are shown in fig..
q4
F`4

q4
F4

F3

q3

q2

F2

F1

Force polygon The experimental error can be calculated as given below:

% Error

F 4 - F 4 F 4

100

procedure: 1. First of all adjust universal force table horizontally by using adjusting screws and spirit level. 2. Take a brass circular ring and 4 threads tied with this ring and adjust threads on pulleys and ring on nail. 3. Now fix one pulley on 0degree mark of table and other three pulleys at desired angles. 4. Suspend weights at each thread such that each thread should pass over the pulley and Brass ring should be concentric with nail. 5. Note down the weights F1, F2, F3 and F4 and angles q1 , q 2 , q3 and q 4 . Draw the force polygon on graph paper. 6. Repeat the experiment five times by changing angles of pulleys and weights. Observations: S. Force in (gmf) Angles in degrees % Error (F`4 ( q4 q3 q1 q2 q4 No. F1 F2 F3 F4
F4)x100/ F`4

q4 q4

)x100/

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Calculations: Result: Precautions: 1. First of all Universal force table should be made horizontal with the help of spirit level and levelling screw. 2. Centre of Brass ring should coincide with the centre of nail on the table. 3. Direction of threads should be radial on the table and vertically downward after passing the pulley. The threads should be weightless and inextensible. 4. The weights should not oscillate while taking readings. 5. Friction in pulleys should be minimum and pulleys should be free to move.

Sources of Error: 1. Error in measurement of angles of threads. 2. The threads may not be perfect weightless and inextensible. 3. There may be friction in pulleys and not free to move properly. 4. Error to note coincide the centre of Brass ring and nail of the table. Discussion: 1. Give the significance of the experiment. 2. Give Lamis theorem and Baryganon theorem of forces. Note: 1. Draw the diagram for the experimental set-up. 3. Use graph paper to draw polygons.

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

Instruction Sheet-4 Aim: To determine and verify the law of moments of forces for a simply supported beam carrying transversal loads. Apparatus: An uniform wooden beam of rectangular cross-section, Spring balance (2 Nos), Scale, weights (1/2 kgf, 1kgf, 2kgf) Theory: The law of moments of forces states that the algebric sum of all moments acting on a body which is in equilibrium is zero. i.e. the sum of anticlockwise moments of forces is equal to the sum of clockwise moments of forces. Now, Take moment about A
RB l = W1 x1 + W2 x2 + W3 x3 + W B x g

Therefore, Similary Where

RB =

W1 x1 + W2 x 2 + W3 x3 + W B x g l

R A = W1 + W2 + W3 + W B - RB
WB = R A + R B

(without using weights)

Formula for % Error is given by Theoretical - Pr actical % Error = 100 Theoretical

W1

W2

W3

A
x1

WB
x2 xg
RA

G x3
RB

Beam carrying loads

Procedure: 1. First of all find the weight of beam without using weights. 2. Measure the length of beam and length between two supports. 3. Now put three hangers(100gmf each) one by one and add weights to the hangers. 4. Now measure the distance of each weights form end A. 5. Take the readings of Reactions R A and RB . 6. Repeat the experiment ten times. Observations: Weight of Beam WB = R A + RB (without using weights) = kgf Length of Beam = cms Distance between two supports of beam = cms S. No. Weights applied Distance form Reaction in kgf A in cms R A in Kgf W1 W2 W3 x1 x2 x3 Reaction RB in Kgf % % Error Error
RA RB

The. Pra. The. Pra.

Calculations: Result: Precautions: 1. Place the beam gradually on the supports. 2. check the zero error of the spring balances. 3. Include the weight of hangers while taking readings for the weight applied. 4. Locate the centre of gravity of beam 5. Include the weight of beam while taking moment.

Sources of Error: 1. Wooden beam may not be uniform. 2. Locate the C.G. of beam carefully. 3. parallax should be removed while taking readings of distances. Discussion: Note: 1. Draw shear force and Bending moment diagrams. 2. Draw diagram for experimental-setup.

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

Instruction Sheet-8 Aim: To find out co-efficient of limiting friction between two surfaces using inclined plane apparatus. Apparatus: Wooden inclined plane having arrangement to read angle of inclination, Boxes of different material (i.e. Wood, Glass, Aluminium, Brass, etc.), weights (100gmf, 50gmf, 20gmf, 10gmf, etc.). Theory:
MOTION R

R
W2 Sin

Inclined plane

W2

W2 Cos W1

Under downward impending motion of the body (i.e. equilibrium under downward movement or the body just tend to start downward), The equation of equilibrium are

W 1 + m R = W 2 Sin a
W 1 + m W 2 Cos a = W 2 Sin a

m =

W 2 Sin a - W 1 W 2 Cos a

Therefore can be calculated for the downward impending motion of body from the above formula.

MOTION

W2 Sin

R
W2

W2 Cos W1

Inclined plane Under upward impending motion of the body (i.e. equilibrium under upward movement or the body just tend to start upward), The equation of equilibrium are

W 1 = m R + W 2 Sin a W1 = mW2Cos a + W2 Sina

m=

W1 - W 2 Sin a W 2 Cos a

Angle of Repose() : The minimum angle of inclination at which body just start to slide due to its own weight is called angle of Repose. It is equal to the angle of friction.

\ m = Tan f

% Error may be calculated as (ideal value of is calculated from angle of repose and practical value is calculated from equation of motion either in upward or in downward direction). Formula for % Error is given by Idealvalue - Pr acticalvalue % Error = 100 Idealvalue Procedure: 1. First of find the value of angle of repose() for different materials (like wood, glass, aluminium, brass) by using inclined plane and box at which the box just start to move downward due to its own weight and calculate . It is supposed to be ideal value of . You may tap gradually the plane to see the motion of box.

2. Now for each box find the value of by applying weights into string attached with box and tap the plane gradually until the box just start to move either in downward or upward direction. You may also put some weights in box to see the downward motion of box. The value of is supposed to be practical value. 3. Now repeat the experiment for each box to find the for different materials. 4. % Error can be calculated as the formula given above. Observations: Material: Angle of Repose = Ideal value of = Weight W1 Weight W2 Gmf gmf Wood vs Wood Angle in degrees 300 450 Wood vs Glass Angle in degrees 300 450 Co-efficient of friction Co-efficient of friction

S. No. 1. 2.

S. No. 1. 2.

Material: Angle of Repose = Ideal value of = Weight W1 Weight W2 Gmf gmf

S. No. 1. 2.

Material: Angle of Repose = Ideal value of = Weight W1 Weight W2 Gmf gmf

Wood vs Aluminium Angle in degrees 300 450 Wood vs Brass Angle in degrees 300 450 Co-efficient of friction Co-efficient of friction

S. No. 1. 2.

Material: Angle of Repose = Ideal value of = Weight W1 Weight W2 Gmf gmf

S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Material Wood vs Wood Wood vs Glass Wood vs Aluminium Wood vs Brass Calculations: Result: Precautions:

% Error

1. Clean the surfaces of inclined plane and box while taking readings. 2. Tapping should be done gradually to see the motion of box. 3. It is conventional that the level of the weighs and box should be same. 4. The motion of the box should be such that it just tend to start (impending motion) while taking readings. 5. The pulley should be frictionless. Sources of Error: 1. There may be slight friction in pulley. 2. There may be improper tapping. 3. Threads may not be inextensible.

Discussion: Note: Draw the diagram for the experimental set-up.

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

Instruction Sheet-1 Aim: To find out stiffness and modulus of rigidity (shear modulus) for the material of a closed coil helical spring under tensile loading conditions. Apparatus used: Spring apparatus with closed coil helical spring, vernier calliper, Steel scale, Hanger (1/2 kgf load), weights (1/2 kgf, 10 Nos), etc. Theory: Spring stiffness: spring stiffness is defined as the load applied per unit elongation for a given spring material. LoadApplie d SpringStif fness = Elongation W K = d Where K is the spring stiffness (N/m) W is the Tensile load applied in Newton d is the elongation in mete
Final reading of scale (cm)

W (Kgf)

(Inverse of slope of Final extension Load curve )=Tan = spring stiffness (K) Modulus of Rigidity (Shear modulus):Modulus of rigidity or Shear modulus is defined as the ration of Shear stress to shear strain.
Shearstress ModulusofrigidityorShear mod ulus = Shearstrain
F

G =

(F

/ A) f

For a spring material

8WD 3 n G= dd 4
Where G is the shear modulus of spring material (N/mm 2) W is Load applied (N) D is the mean coil diameter [(d1+d2)/2] in (mm) d1 is the inner diameter of spring coil in (mm) d2 is the outer diameter of spring coil`in (mm) n is the effective number of turns = N+1
d

is the net elongation of spring for load W in (mm)

d is the diameter of spring wire [(d1-d2)/2] in (mm)

Procedure: 1. First of all find the least count of the vernier scale. 2. Note initial reading of vernier scale without external load. 3. Gradually apply the load 1kg at first time and note final reading vernier scale. 4. Now, increase the load with 1/2 kg increment and note final reading of vernier scale. 5. Repeat the experiment for 10 readings. 6. Measure the internal and external diameters of spring with the help of separate vernier calliper. 7. Count the no. of turns of the springs. 8. Add (1/2turn for upper bound coil+1/2turn for lower bound coil)= 1 to N to get effective number of turns (n).

Observations: 1. External diameter of spring d1 = mm 2. Internal diameter of spring d2 = mm 3. Number of turns (N) = S. Weight Initial Final reading of vernier scale in Spring No. Applied reading of (cm) stiffness (W) in Kgf vernier (k) in scale in N/mm (cm) Ascending Descending Average order order 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Calculations: Result: Precautions: 1. Keep the spring in proper tensile position before applying load. 2. Vernier scale should be free to move at main scale. 3. Weight should be apply gradually. 4. Weights should be applied in ascending order and after that in descending order 5. Parallax should be removed before taking vernier reading. 6. Internal and external diameters of spring should be checked from three or four different positions. Sources of Error: 1. There may be friction between main scale and vernier scale. 2. Spring may be not in right tensile loading position.

Discussion: Note: 1. Draw the diagram for experimental set-up. 2. Draw the graph between final reading of vernier scale at y-axis and Load applied at x-axis. 3. The standard value of Spring stiffness is 10 N/mm and Modulus of rigidity for steel is 8 1`0 11 N / m 2

Applied Mechanics Laboratory Mechanical Engineering Department DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Instruction Sheet-2 Aim: To find the modulus of elasticity (Youngs modulus ) for a given material of cantilever for concentrated load at free end. Apparatus Used: Cantilever Apparatus, Fraction weight(5, 10, 20, 50, 100gmf), Scale. Theory : The cantilever beam with concentrated beam is shown in fig.

d b

d max

Cantilever with deflection( d max ) at free end due to concentrated load (W)

The maximum deflection of beam at free is given by the formula

WL 3 d max = 3 EI WL 3 E = 3 I d max
Where = Maximum deflection at free end of cantilever (m) W = Concentrated load at Free end (Newton) L = Length of beam from support to the application of load E = Modulus of elasticity (young s modulus) for given material of cantilever (N/m2) I = Area-moment of Inertia of beam about neutral axis ( m4)
d max

Moment of Inertia of Cantilever

N.A.

x b

bd 3 I= 12 Where I = Area-moment of Inertia of rectangular beam about N.A. (m4) b = Width of x-section of rectangular beam (m) d = Depth of x-section of rectangular beam (m)

Formula for % Error is given by Idealvalue - Pr acticalvalue % Error = 100 Idealvalue Procedure: 1. First of all set the length of beam and mark the position of cantilever end as (initial reading of deflection). 2. Apply the load (50gmf hanger) at free end and note the final reading of deflection 3. Repeat the experiment 10 times.

Observations: 1. Length of beam from fixed end to point of application (L) = 2. Width of beam (b) = 3. Depth (Thickness) of beam (d) = S. Load (W) Deflection ( d max ) (m) No. (Newton) Initial Final Net

m m m

Calculations: Result: Precautions: 1. Hold the cantilever with support carefully. 2. Note the reading of deflection after removing parallax. 3. Do not apply heavy loads at end of beam. 4. Deflection should be noted at point of application of load to get maximum deflection. 5. Thickness should be measured either by vernier calliper , micrometer or screw gauge. Sources of Error: 1. There may be positive or negative error in vernier calliper. 2. Point of application of load may be change. Discussion: Note: 1. Draw the diagram for the experimental set up. 2. Draw the curve between Load (x-axis) and maximum deflection (y-axis) 3. Experiment may be repeated for different length. 4. Standard value of E for steel is 2 1`011 N / m 2

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

Instruction Sheet -5 Aim: To find out the coefficient of friction between flat pulley and rope with the help of combined belt and rope friction apparatus using gradually applied load. Apparatus Used: Combined belt and rope friction apparatus , Rope , Weights (500gmf, 1000gmf, 100gmf, 50gmf, 20gmf, 10gmf, etc.) and Hangers (50gmf each). Theory: For flat pulley and rope

T1 = e mq T2
T 1 m = Loge 1 q T2
Where T1 = Tight side tension (gmf) T2 = Slack side tension (gmf) = co-efficient of friction q = Angle of Lap (radian) Angle of Lap Flat Pulley

q =p

Rope T1 T2 Weights

W1

W2

Procedure: 1. First of all put the rope on flat pulley. 2. Now put the hanger two sides of rope and make them at same level. 3. Increase load on one side till the rope just start to move (impending motion). 4. Note the readings of T1 and T 2 (T1>T2). 5. Repeat the experiment 10 times for different values of T2. Observations: Angle of Lap q = p S. Tight side Slack side Co-efficient of friction ( m ) No. Tension(T 1) (gmf) Tension(T2) (gmf) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Calculations: Result: Precautions:1 1. Rope should be inextensible and weightless. 2. Tapping should be done gradually. 3. The ends of the rope should be at same level during experiment. 4. Weight should apply gradually at hanger. 5. The range of weight which has to apply is (5gmf to 1000gmf). Sources of Error: 1. Rope may be extensible. 2. Tapping may be uneven.

Discussion: Note: 1. Draw the diagram for experimental set-up. 2. Draw the curve between T1 (Y-axis) and T 2 (X-axis). 3. Draw the curve between m (Y-axis) and T (X-axis).
1

T2

4. The value of

may lie between (0.2 to 0.3).

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

Instruction Sheet 6

Aim: To determine Mechanical Advantage (M.A.), Velocity ratio (V.R.) and efficiency (h ) for a given Screw-Jack (single start thread) Apparatus. Also determine the law of machine and plot curve for: (i) Load vs Effort (ii) Load vs Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) (iii) Load vs Efficiency (h ) Apparatus Used: Screw efficiency apparatus, inextensible strings, weights{1/2 kgf (10 nos), 100gmf (2 nos), 50gmf (3nos), 20gmf(1nos), 10gmf(1nos)}, vernier calliper, Outside calliper, scale, etc. Theory: Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) : Mechanical Advantage for a simple machine is defined as the ratio of load lifted to the effort applied.
MechanicalAdvantage = LoadLifted EffortApplied

M .A. =

W P
Simple Pulley

Effort Applied

Load Lifted W

y
W

P Fig. (Simple pulley shows Load lifted and Effort applied)

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) : Velocity ratio is defined as the ratio of distance moved by effort to the distance moved by load.
Velocity Ratio= Distannce moved by effort Distannce moved by Load

V .R . =

y x

Efficiency (h ): Efficiency of a simple machine is defined as the ratio of out-put( work obtained as load lifted) to the input (work done at other end of pulley). output Efficiency = 100 Input
h = W x 100 Py
W P 100 y x

h =

h=

Mechanical Advantage 100 Velocity Ratio

Law of Machine : is mathematically defined as for a simple machine.

P = mW + C
Effort
Actual Machine
-1 Tan (m)

Ideal Machine

Load (W)

Where

P is the effort applied (kgf) W is load lifted (kgf) m is the slope or co-efficient of friction C is the co-efficient of friction for machine
p D p

For single start screw thread

Velocity Ratio =

For double start screw thread

Velocity Ratio = p D 2p

Where

D is the diameter of effort wheel (mm) P is the pitch of the screw thread (mm)

Pitch : is defined as the axial displacement of load in one complete rotation of effort wheel. Effort pulley
Guide Pulley Tap here

Screw Spindle

Pitch Screw Threads

Collar
Arms

Motion Base Motion Load Hanger Motion Lifted Load

Effort Applied

Fig. : Screw Jack Apparatus

Procedure: 1. Measure the pitch of the screw with vernier calliper. 2. Measure the diameter of effort pulley with outside calliper and meter scale. 3. Wrap the thread around the effort pulley passing over the guide pulley and put the effort hangers at the ends of threads. 4. Place a known weight in the Load hanger with collar and start hanging weights with the effort hanger gradually till the load starts lifting. 5. Repeat the experiment at least 10 times with different weights (Loads). 6. Calculate M.A., V.R. and % Efficiency. Observations: 1. Diameter of Effort pulley 2. Pitch of screw thread 3. Velocity Ratio S. Load Lifted No. (kgf) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Calculations: Effort Applied (kgf) =.Cm = ..Cm = ..

Mechanical (%) Efficiency Advantage (M.A.) ( h )

Result:

Precautions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Wrap the string properly around effort pulley. There may be Positive or negative error in vernier calliper. Reading of pitch should be taken carefully. It should be noted that whenever load lifted (means load goes in upward direction), the effort should be applied in downward direction. 5. Tapping should be done gradually and at right place. Sources of Error: 1. There may be slight friction in pulleys. 2. Strings may be extensible and weightless. Discussion: Note: 1. Draw the diagram for the experimental set-up. 2. Draw various curves (Load W at x-axis) as indicated in Aim.

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

Instruction Sheet 9

Aim: To locate the Centroid of given laminas a. Sector of circle b. Trapezium c. Parallelogram e. Irregular Body .

d. Triangle

Apparatus Used: Laminas (Sector of circle, Trapezium, Parallelogram, Triangular and Irregular body), Inextensible strings, Plumb, Rigid support, Paper (A-3 size) and Pencil for marking. Theory: A body which has negligible mass and thickness is called lamina. The Centroid of lamina is the point at which the whole area of lamina is supposed to be concentrated. For Sector of Circle : S. No. 1. Shape Circular Sector Area
qr2

xx
2r sin q 3q

Yy

r
Origin (0,0) O

q q

Xx

Fig. Circular sector

For Trapezium : S. No. 1. Shape Trapezium Area

1 (a + b ) h 2

xx
0

Yy
h (2a + b ) 3 a+b

a
c
h (2a + b ) 3 a+b

h
Origin O (0,0)

For Parallelogram: S. No. 1. Shape Parallelogram Area

bh

xx

Yy
h 2

h
Origin O (0,0)
h 2

For Triangle: S. No. 1. Shape Triangle Area

1 bh 2

xx

Yy
h 3

h
c
Origin O (0,0)
h 3

Percentage Error may be calculated by following formula

% Error

F 4 - F 4 F 4

100

For Irregular Lamina: S. Shape No. 1. Irregular

Area

xx

Yy

P Q R
c

Q`
Origin P` (0,0)

R`

Procedure : 1. Use different laminas wrap paper on them and suspend it from point P with the help of a string. 2. Draw the line PP` by chalk or pencil on the lamina. PP` is the extension of string line from P. 3. Similarly hang the lamina from point Q and draw the line QQ` on the lamina. The QQ` is the extension of string line from Q. 4. The same procedure may be repeated by hanging the lamina from point R. 5. The point at which the line PP`,QQ` and RR` cut gives the Centroid of the lamina. 6. Measure the distance of the Centroid from the point P`.

Observaions:

S. No.

Shape

Area

xx

Yy

Calcu- Obse- Calcu- Obse-lated -rved. -lated -rved. Circular Sector Trapezium Parallelogram Triangle Irregular Lamina

% Error

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Result : The co-ordinates of Irregular lamina are = Precautions: 1. The line PP` and RR` should be marked accurately. 2. The point of intersection of the lines should be located accurately. Discussion: Note : 1. Draw the diagram for experimental set-up. 2. Attach paper of each lamina drawing.

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

Instruction Sheet 8

Aim: To determine Mechanical Advantage (M.A.), Velocity ratio (V.R.) and efficiency ( h ) for given Single and double Purchase Winch-Crab Apparatus. Also determine the law of machine and plot curve for: (i) Load Vs Effort (ii) Load Vs Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) (iii) Load Vs Efficiency (h ) Apparatus Used: Single and double purchase Winch-Crab apparatus, inextensible strings, weights{1/2 kgf (10 nos), 100gmf (2 nos), 50gmf (3nos), 20gmf(1nos), 10gmf(1nos)}, Outside calliper, scale, etc. Theory: Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) : Mechanical Advantage for a simple machine is defined as the ratio of load lifted to the effort applied.
MechanicalAdvantage = LoadLifted EffortApplied

M .A. =

W P
Simple Pulley

Effort Applied

Load Lifted W

y
W

P Fig. (Simple pulley shows Load lifted and Effort applied)

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) : Velocity ratio is defined as the ratio of distance moved by effort to the distance moved by load.
Velocity Ratio= Distannce moved by effort Distannce moved by Load

V .R . =

y x

Efficiency (h ): Efficiency of a simple machine is defined as the ratio of out-put( work obtained as load lifted) to the input (work done at other end of pulley). output Efficiency = 100 Input
W x 100 Py W P h = 100 y x h =
h= Mechanical Advantage 100 Velocity Ratio

Law of Machine : is mathematically defined as for a simple machine.

P = mW + C
Effort
Actual Machine
-1 Tan (m)

Ideal Machine

Load (W)

Where

P is the effort applied (kgf) W is load lifted (kgf) m is the slope or co-efficient of friction C is the co-efficient of friction for machine

For single purchase Winch-Crab The unit consists of two axles called the effort axle and load axle. Both these axles are mounted on rigid supports called strands. The effort axle carries a teethed wheel called pinion meshes with a big teethed wheel Spur gear.
Load Axle or Drum
T2

Spur Gear d

D
T1

Effort Axle Load

Pinion

Fig. : Single Purchase Winch-Crab

Effort Applied

When the effort wheel completes one revolution, the distance moved by the effort is p D for one revolution of pinion, the number of revolution undergone by the spur gear is T1 .
T2

Therefore, the displacement of load is given by:

pd T1 T2

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) =

Displacement of Effort Displacement of Load

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) =

pD T pd 1 T2

V .R . =

T2 D T1 d

Where

D is the diameter of effort wheel (cm) d is the diameter of Load drum (cm) T1 is number of teeth of Pinion T2 is number of teeth of Spur gear
M .A. =
h=

W P

Mechanical Advantage 100 Velocity Ratio

W d T1 P D T2 For Double purchase Winch-Crab h=

The system employs two pairs of gears for obtaining increased velocity ratio. There are three axles. An effort axle , load axle and an intermediate axle. The effort axle carries a pinion which gears with the spur wheel of the intermediate axle. The pinion of the intermediate axle meshes with the spur wheel mounted on the load axle. When the effort wheel completes one revolution, the distance moved by the effort p D . The effort axle and pinion (T1) mounted on it also turn one revolution. This pinion gear meshes with spur gear (T2) fixed onto the intermediate axle. The revolution made by one intermediate axle are =
1 T1 T2

The pinion (T3) mounted on the intermediate axle will also turn through the same number of revolutions. This pinion meshes with spur gear (T4) of the load axle. Thus the revolution made by load axle and the load drum mounted T T on it are = 1 1 3
T2 T4

Distance moved by the load =

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) =

T1 T3 pd 1 T T 2 4

Displacement of Effort Displacement of Load

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) =

pD T T pd 1 3 T2 T4 D T2 T4 Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = d T1 T3

Where

D is the diameter of effort wheel (cm) d is the diameter of Load drum (cm) T1 is number of teeth of Pinion with effort wheel T2 is number of teeth of Spur gear (intermediate axle) T3 is number of teeth of Pinion with intermediate axle T4 is number of teeth of Spur gear with load drum
T2

Pinion
T3

Spur Gear

T2

Spur Gear d D
T1

Load Axle or Drum Pinion

T4

Spur Gear

Effort Applied

Load

Fig. : Double Purchase Winch-Crab

M .A. =
h=

W P

Mechanical Advantage 100 Velocity Ratio

h=

W d T1 T3 P D T2 T4

Procedure: 1. Make strings for load drum to move upward and effort to move downward. 2. Apply known load (initially 0.5 kgf) at load hanger and apply corresponding effort (50-150gmf) at effort hanger in order that the effort wheel just move on slight tapping at bearing. 3. Note the readings of load and effort and repeat the experiment for different loads ten times. Observations: For single purchase Winch-Crab 1. Circumference of Effort wheel ( p D )= 2. Circumference of Load drum ( p d ) = 3. No. of teeth of pinion (T1) = 4. No. of teeth of Spur gear (T2) = 5. Velocity ratio ( V .R . = T2 D ) =
T1 d

cm cm

S. Load Lifted No. (kgf) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Effort Applied (kgf)

Mechanical (%) Efficiency Advantage (M.A.) ( h )

For double purchase Winch-Crab 1. Circumference of Effort wheel ( p D )= cm 2. Circumference of Load drum ( p d ) = cm 3. No. of teeth of pinion (effort wheel) (T1) = 4. No. of teeth of Spur gear (intermediate axle) (T2) 5. No. of teeth of pinion (intermediate axle) (T3) = 6. No. of teeth of Spur gear (Load drum) (T4) = 7. Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = S. Load Lifted No. (kgf) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Result: Precautions: 1. Wrap the string properly around effort pulley. 2. It should be noted that whenever load lifted (means load goes in upward direction), the effort should be applied in downward direction. 3. Tapping should be done gradually and at right place. Sources of Error: 1. There may be slight friction in pulleys. 2. Strings may be extensible and weightless. Discussion: Note: 1. Draw the diagram for the experimental set-up. 2. Draw various curves (Load W at x-axis) as indicated in Aim.
D T2 T4 d T1 T3

Effort Applied (kgf)

Mechanical (%) Efficiency Advantage (M.A.) ( h )

DELHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERI NG

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Main Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

Instruction Sheet 9

Aim: To determine Mechanical Advantage (M.A.), Velocity ratio (V.R.) and efficiency (h ) for given Single and double Start Worm and Worm Wheel Apparatus. Also determine the law of machine and plot curve for: (i) Load Vs Effort (ii) Load Vs Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) (iii) Load Vs Efficiency (h ) Apparatus Used: Single and double Start Worm and Worm Wheel apparatus, inextensible strings, weights{1/2 kgf (10 nos), 100gmf (2 nos), 50gmf (3nos), 20gmf(1nos), 10gmf(1nos)}, Outside calliper, scale, etc. Theory: Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) : Mechanical Advantage for a simple machine is defined as the ratio of load lifted to the effort applied.
MechanicalAdvantage = LoadLifted EffortApplied

M .A. =

W P
Simple Pulley

Effort Applied

Load Lifted W

y
W

P Fig. (Simple pulley shows Load lifted and Effort applied)

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) : Velocity ratio is defined as the ratio of distance moved by effort to the distance moved by load.
Velocity Ratio= Distannce moved by effort Distannce moved by Load

V .R . =

y x

Efficiency (h ): Efficiency of a simple machine is defined as the ratio of out-put( work obtained as load lifted) to the input (work done at other end of pulley). output Efficiency = 100 Input
W x 100 Py W P h = 100 y x h =
h= Mechanical Advantage 100 Velocity Ratio

Law of Machine : is mathematically defined as for a simple machine.

P = mW + C
Effort
Actual Machine
-1 Tan (m)

Ideal Machine

Load (W)

Where

P is the effort applied (kgf) W is load lifted (kgf) m is the slope or co-efficient of friction C is the co-efficient of friction for machine

For single start worm and worm wheel Single start worm and worm wheel consists of Worm with effort pulley, Worm wheel with load drum . As worm rotates one rotation, Worm-wheel advances single lead of its threads. Displacement of Effort Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = Displacement of Load
Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = p d Td = D D p T

V .R . =

Td D

Where

D is the diameter of Load drum (cm) d is the diameter of effort pulley (cm) T is number of teeth of Worm Wheel
M .A. =
h=

W P

Mechanical Advantage 100 Velocity Ratio

h=

W D P Td

For Double start worm and worm wheel Double start worm and worm wheel consists of worm with effort pulley, Worm wheel with load drum . As worm rotates one rotation, Worm-wheel advances double lead of its threads. Displacement of Effort Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = Displacement of Load
Velocity Ratio (V.R.) = p d 2p
Td 2D

D T

Td 2D

V .R . =

Where

D is the diameter of Load drum (cm) d is the diameter of effort pulley (cm) T is number of teeth of Worm Wheel
M .A. =
h=

W P

Mechanical Advantage 100 Velocity Ratio

h=

W 2D P Td

Procedure: 4. Make strings for load drum to move upward and effort to move downward. 5. Apply known load (initially 0.5 kgf) at load hanger and apply corresponding effort (50-150gmf) at effort hanger in order that the effort wheel just move on slight tapping at bearing. 6. Note the readings of load and effort and repeat the experiment for different loads ten times. Observations: For single start worm and worm wheel 1. Circumference of Effort pulley ( p d ) 2. Circumference of Load drum ( p D ) 3. No. of teeth of Worm wheel (T) 4. Velocity ratio (V . R. = Td )
D

= = = =

cm cm

S. Load Lifted No. (kgf) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Effort Applied (kgf)

Mechanical (%) Efficiency ( h ) Advantage (M.A.)

For double start worm and worm wheel 1. Circumference of Effort pulley ( p d ) 2. Circumference of Load drum ( p D ) 3. No. of teeth of Worm wheel (T) 4. Velocity ratio (V . R. = Td )
2D

= = = =

cm cm

S. Load Lifted No. (kgf) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Result:

Effort Applied (kgf)

Mechanical (%) Efficiency Advantage (M.A.) ( h )

Precautions: 1. Wrap the string properly around effort pulley. 2. It should be noted that whenever load lifted (means load goes in upward direction), the effort should be applied in downward direction. 3. Tapping should be done gradually and at right place. Sources of Error: 3. There may be slight friction in pulleys. 4. Strings may be extensible and weightless. Discussion: Note: 1. Draw the diagram for the experimental set-up. 2. Draw various curves (Load W at x-axis) as indicated in Aim.

Delhi Technological University

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Shahbad daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

List of Experiment UG Classes, Branch: Mechanical Engineering

1. To verify law of moments of forces for a overhanging beam carrying transversal load. 2. To find co-efficient of limiting friction between two surfaces using inclined plane Apparatus. A. Wood vs Wood B. Wood vs Aluminium C. Wood vs Brass 3. To verify the law of polygon of forces (Concurrent, Coplaner forces which are in equilibrium ) with the help of Universal Force Table Apparatus. 4. To determine the mass moment of Inertia of Fly-Wheel using energy method. 5. To find the stiffness and modulus of rigidity (Shear modulus) for the material of a closed coil helical spring under tensile loading conditions.

6. To determine Mechanical Advantage (M.A.), Velocity ratio (V.R.) and Efficiency ( ) for a given Screw Efficiency Apparatus. Also determine the law of machine and plot graph for: A. Load vs Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) B. Load vs Effort C. Load vs Efficiency() 7. To find Centroid of given laminae by geometrical methods using Centroid of laminae Apparatus. 8. To determine Mechanical Advantage (M.A.), Velocity ratio (V.R.) and Efficiency () for given Single Purchase WichCrab and Double Purchase Winch-Crab Apparatus. Also determine the law of machine and plot graph for: A. Load vs Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) B. Load vs Effort C. Load vs Efficiency() 9. To determine Mechanical Advantage (M.A.), Velocity ratio (V.R.) and Efficiency () for given Single Start Worm & Worm Wheel and Double Start Worm & Worm Wheel Apparatus. Also determine the law of machine and plot graph for: A. Load vs Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) B. Load vs Effort C. Load vs Efficiency() 10. To find the co-efficient of friction between flat pulley and rope using Combined Rope and Belt Apparatus.

Delhi Technological University

(Govt. of NCT of Delhi) Shahbad daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi-42

Mechanical Engineering Department Applied Mechanics Laboratory

List of Experiment UG Classes, Branch: ECE, COE, EE

1. To verify law of moments of forces for a overhanging beam carrying transversal load. 2. To verify the law of polygon of forces (Concurrent, Coplaner forces which are in equilibrium ) with the help of Universal Force Table Apparatus. 3. To verify the forces transmitted by members of a Simple Roof Truss using gradually applied loads. 4. To verify law of moments using Bell Crank Lever apparatus. 5. To find the co-efficient of friction between flat pulley and rope using Combined Rope and Belt Apparatus.

6. To find the stiffness and modulus of rigidity (Shear modulus) for the material of a closed coil helical spring under tensile loading conditions.

7. To find the modulus of elasticity (Young s modulus) for a given material of cantilever for concentrated load at free end. 7. To perform shearing test for given material on Tensometer and plot Load-elongation relationship.

Lab-Incharge s Cabin Please do not sit here Lab-Incharge s Cabin Please do not sit here

List of Experiment
UG Classes, Branch: ME and AE

1. To verify the law of polygon of forces (Concurrent, Coplaner forces which are in equilibrium ) with the help of Universal Force Table Apparatus.

2. (a) To verify law of moments of forces for a overhanging beam carrying transversal load. (b) To verify law of moments using Bell Crank Lever apparatus. 3. To find the co-efficient of friction between flat pulley and rope using Combined Rope and Belt Apparatus. 4. To locate the Centroid of given lamina using geometrical method. a. Triangle b. Irregular Body .

5. To determine Mechanical Advantage (M.A.), Velocity ratio (V.R.) and efficiency (h ) for a given Screw-Jack (single start thread) Apparatus. Also determine the law of machine and plot curve for: (i) Load vs Effort (ii)Load vs Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) (iii)Load vs Efficiency (h ) 6. To verify the forces transmitted by members of a Simple Roof Truss using gradually applied loads. 7. To determine the mass moment of Inertia of Fly-Wheel using energy method. 8. To find co-efficient of limiting friction between two surfaces using inclined plane Apparatus. A. Wood vs Wood B. Wood vs Aluminium C. Wood vs Brass

List of Experiment
UG Classes, Branch: ME and AE

1. To verify the law of polygon of forces (Concurrent, Co-planer forces which are in equilibrium ) using Universal Force Table Apparatus.

2. To verify law of moments of forces for a simply supported beam carrying transversal load.

3. To find the co-efficient of friction between flat pulley and rope using Combined Rope and Belt Apparatus. 4. To find the stiffness and modulus of rigidity (Shear modulus) for the material of a closed coil helical spring under tensile loading conditions.

5.

To find the modulus of elasticity (Young s modulus) for a given material of cantilever for concentrated load at free end.

6. To determine the mass moment of Inertia of FlyWheel using energy method 7. To determine Mechanical Advantage (M.A.), Velocity ratio (V.R.) and efficiency ( h ) for a given Screw-Jack (single start thread) Apparatus. Also determine the law of machine and plot curve for: (i) Load vs Effort (ii)Load vs Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) (iii)Load vs Efficiency (h ) 8. To verify law of moments using Bell Crank Lever apparatus.

7. To find the modulus of elasticity (Young s modulus) for a given material of cantilever for concentrated load at free end. 8. To perform shearing test for given material on Tensometer and plot Load-elongation relationship.

List of Experiment
UG Classes, Branch: ME and AE

1. To verify the law of polygon of forces (Concurre nt, Co-planer forces which are in equilibrium ) using Universal Force Table Apparatus.

2. To verify law of moments of forces for a simply supported beam carrying transversal load.

3. To find the co-efficient of friction between flat pulley and rope using Combined Rope and Belt Apparatus. 4. To find the stiffness and modulus of rigidity (Shear modulus) for the material of a closed coil helical spring under tensile loading conditions.

5.

To find the modulus of elasticity (Young s modulus) for a given material of cantilever for concentrated load at free end.

6. To determine the mass moment of Inertia of FlyWheel using energy method 7. To determine Mechanical Advantage (M.A.), Velocity ratio (V.R.) and efficiency ( h ) for a given Screw-Jack (single start thread) Apparatus. Also determine the law of machine and plot curve for: (i) Load vs Effort (ii)Load vs Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) (iii)Load vs Efficiency (h ) 8. To determine Mechanical Advantage (M.A.), Velocity ratio (V.R.) and Efficiency ( ) for a given Double Purchase Winch-Crab Apparatus. Also determine the law of machine and plot graph for: A. Load vs Mechanical Advantage (M.A.) B. Load vs Effort C. Load vs Efficiency( )

9.

To locate the Centroid of given lamina using geometrical method. a. Sector of circle b. Trapezium c. Parallelogram d. Triangle e. Irregular Body To verify law of moments using Bell Crank Lever apparatus.

10.