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Candidate(Name(
Candidate(Session(Number(
School(
Rukmal!Weerawarana!
001426K005!
The!British!School!in!Colombo!
School(Code(
001426!
Date(
6/29/12!
Rukmal!Weerawarana!
!!!
IBDP!
Table of Contents
2! Introduction ............................................................................................... 3!
2.1! Roots!of!a!Polynomial!................................................................................................................!3!
2.2! Graphs!of!a!Quadratic!Equation!..............................................................................................!4!
3! Quadratic Polynomials and their Shadow Functions ............................ 5!
3.1! General!Expression!....................................................................................................................!5!
3.1.1! Limits)of)a)and)b).....................................................................................................................)5!
3.1.2! Vertex)......................................................................................................................................)6!
3.1.3! Roots)of)y1)..............................................................................................................................)8!
3.2! Quadratic!Shadow!Function!...................................................................................................!10!
3.2.1! Roots)of)y2)............................................................................................................................)10!
3.3! Quadratic!Shadow!Generating!Function!..............................................................................!12!
3.4! General!Statement!for!Quadratic!Polynomials!....................................................................!13!
3.5! Evaluation!of!the!Quadratic!Statements!...............................................................................!14!
3.5.2! Evaluation).............................................................................................................................)20!
4! Cubic Polynomials and their Shadow Functions .................................. 21!
4.1! General!Expression!..................................................................................................................!21!
4.1.1! Limits)of)a,)b)and)c)...............................................................................................................)22!
4.1.2! Roots)of)y1)............................................................................................................................)22!
4.2! Cubic!Shadow!Function!..........................................................................................................!23!
4.3! Cubic!Shadow!Generating!Function!.....................................................................................!24!
4.3.1! Determining)Intersection)Points)..........................................................................................)24!
4.4! General!Statement!for!Cubic!Polynomials!...........................................................................!26!
4.5! Evaluation!of!the!Cubic!Statements!.......................................................................................!27!
4.5.1! Test)Conception)....................................................................................................................)27!
4.5.2! Evaluation).............................................................................................................................)30!
5! General Statement For All Polynomials ................................................ 31!
6! Quartic Polynomials and their Shadow Functions ............................... 32!
6.1! General!Expression!..................................................................................................................!32!
6.1.1! 2)Unique)Complex)Roots)......................................................................................................)32!
6.1.2! 2)Unique)Real)Roots).............................................................................................................)32!
6.1.3! 2)Unique)Real)Roots)and)2)Unique)Real)Roots)....................................................................)32!
6.2! Quartic!Shadow!Functions!.....................................................................................................!33!
6.2.1! 2)Unique)Complex)Solutions)................................................................................................)33!
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6.2.2! 4)Unique)Complex)Solutions)................................................................................................)34!
6.2.3! 2)Unique)Real)Roots)and)2)Unique)Complex)Roots).............................................................)34!
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1 Introduction
1.1 Roots of a Polynomial
!
Let!!(!)!be!a!function!of!!.!
!
A!root!(or!zero)!of!the!function!would!be!when!!(!) = 0.!There!are!2!types!of!roots!of!
polynomials!of!order!3!or!greater!to!have!both!
complex!and!real!roots.!In!these!instances,!the!
complex!roots!occur!in!conjugate)pairs.!That!is,!
when! the! roots! are! joined! in! reciprocal!
relation,! with! the! same! real! parts! and! equal!
magnitudes,! but! opposite! signs! of! imaginary!
parts.2!
Graph( 1( Quadratic( function( f(x)( with( real( roots( and( function( g(x)(
with(complex(roots(
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
1
2
!(Weisstein)!
!(Oxford!University)!
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!!!
+ !!
Using!the!laws!of!transformation!of!a!quadratic!graph,!the!transformation!seen!above!can!be!
described!as!follows3:!
!
!
In! the! above! translation) vector,! the! variable!!!represents! the! translation! of!!(!)!along! the!!!
axis.!On!the!other!hand,!the!!!represents!the!translation!of!!(!)!along!the!!!axis.!
This! relationship! can! be! seen! in! the!
following!example:!
! ! = ! ! 4! + 2!
To! use! the! vector! transformation!
notation,! the! function! was! converted!
into!completing!the!square!form4:!
! ! = ! ! 4! + 2!
=2 !2
+ 2 4!
! ! = (! 2)! 2!
Therefore,!
as!
seen!
above,!
the!
2
!
2
This! can! be! seen! in! the! graph! by! the!
movement!of!the!vertex.!In!the!! = ! ! !
graph,! the! vertex! of! the! graph! lies! at!
0,0 .!As!seen!in!the!graph,!the!vertex! Graph(2(Function(f(x),(which(is(a(translation(of(the(y=x2(graph(
of! the! graph! varies! with! the!
coordinates!of!translation.!Thus,!an!additional!conclusion!can!be!drawn!in!this!instance;!the!vertex!
of! the! quadratic! graph! (i.e.!!(!))! has! the! same! coordinates! as! the! transformation! of!!(!)!from! the!
! = !!
!graph.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3
4
!(Stapel,!Function!Transformations!/!Translations:!Basic!Rules.)!
!(Stapel,!Solving!Quadratic!Equations:!Solving!by!Completing!the!Square)!
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(41 ! ! + ! ! < 0!
4! ! 4 ! ! + ! ! < 0!
4! ! > 0!
! ! > 0!
But,!as!!!is!squared,!making!it!negative!will!not!affect!it.!
! > 0!
! > 0!or!! < 0!
! 0!
!
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As! the! shadow! function! shares! the! same! vertex! as! the! general! quadratic! polynomial,! a!
general! expression! for! the! vertex! of! the! quadratic! polynomial! must! be! obtained! to! proceed! to!
determining!the!shadow!function.!
2.1.2 Vertex
The!vertex!of!the!general!quadratic!expression!can!be!calculated!in!2!ways.!The!first!involves!
using!the!quadratic!property!of!the!axis!of!symmetry!always!being!the!!!coordinate!of!the!turning!
point!(i.e.!vertex).!The!other!equates!the!derivative!of!the!function!to!0!to!obtain!the!coordinates!of!
the!turning!point!of!the!graph.!Both!methods!are!shown!to!reach!the!same!conclusion!below.!
!
+ !!!
!! = ! ! 2!" + (! ! + ! ! )!
General!equation!for!the!axis!of!symmetry5:!
For! ! = !! ! + !" + !,!
Axis!of!symmetry!=
!!
!!
!
!In!!! :!
! = 1!
! = 2!!
! = (! ! + ! ! )!
!Axis!of!symmetry!in!!! !=
!(!!!)
!!
!!
!
!Axis!of!symmetry!= !!
!
As!previously!established,!the!axis!of!symmetry!is!the!!!coordinate!of!the!vertex.!For!the!general!
function!!! ,!the!!!value!of!the!coordinate!is!determined!below:!
!! = ! !
+ !!!
At!! = !:!
!= !!
+ !!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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!!!
! = 0! + ! ! = ! ! !
+ !!!
!! = ! ! 2!" + (! ! + ! ! )!
!!!
= 2! 2!!
!"
!
As!the!gradient!at!the!vertex!is!0,!the!derivative!is!equated!to!0!to!obtain!the!coordinates!of!the!
vertex:!
2! 2! = 0!
2! = 2!!
! = !!
!
To!determine!the!coordinates!of!the!vertex,!the!!!values!of!the!coordinates!must!be!obtained:!
!! = ! !
+ !!!
At!! = !:!
!= !!
+ !!!
! = 0! + ! ! = ! ! !
!Coordinates!of!the!vertex:! !, ! ! !
!
2.1.2.2.1 Evaluation of the Statement
!! = (! !)! + ! ! !
Let!! = 3!and!! = 2.!
!! = ! ! 6! + 13!
As!per!the!general!statement:!
Vertex!= (3,4)!
!
As! seen! in! the! plot! of! the! graph! overleaf,! the! Cartesian! coordinates! of! the! vertex! of! the!
function!!(!),! a! transformation! of! the!! = ! ! !graph! obeys! the! general! statement! for! the! vertex!
derived!above.!
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Thus,!as!the!statement!is!true!for!the!random!values!selected!and!as!the!all!functions!to!be!
considered! are! derivations! of! the!!! !function,! it! was! decided! that! as! the! general! statement! for! the!
vertex! of! the! function! has! already! been! proved! arithmetically,! it! is! does! not! have! to! be! proved!
graphically.!
!
!
To!determine!the!relationship!between!the!real!roots!of!the!shadow!function!and!the!complex!
roots!of!the!general!quadratic!polynomial,!it!was!decided!that!a!general!expression!for!the!complex!
roots!of!the!general!statement!would!be!obtained.!This!is!shown!below.!
!
2.1.3
!
Roots of !!
From! the! above! equation,! it! can! be! said! that!!(!)!can! have! either! real! ()! or! complex! ()!
roots!(page!3).!However,!it!is!given!that!!! !has!only!complex!()!roots.!
For!!(!),!its!roots!can!be!determined!using!the!quadratic!formula6:!
!=
! ! ! 4!"
!
2!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
6
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Thus,!for!!! :!
2!
2!
!=
41 ! ! + ! !
21
=
2! 4! ! 4! ! 4! !
!
2
=
2! 4! !
!
2
2! ! 4! !
!
2
2! !2!
!
2
2 ! !"
!
2
! ! !"!
!
As!this!cannot!be!proved!graphically!without!the!use!of!the!shadow!function,!which!has!not!
yet!been!determined,!no!examples!were!applied!to!it.!
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!!!
+ !!!
!
!
To!compare!the!roots!of!the!general!shadow!function,!a!general!expression!for!the!real!roots!
of!the!shadow!function!must!be!derived.!As!the!shadow!function!is!a!normal!quadratic!function,!the!
quadratic!function!can!be!used.!This!is!shown!below:!
!
2.2.1 Roots of !!
Let!! ! = !! ! + !" + !!
For!!(!),!its!roots!can!be!determined!using!the!quadratic!formula7:!
!=
! ! ! 4!"
!
2!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
7
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!!!
!
Thus,!for!!! :!
2!
2!
!=
4 1 ! ! ! !
2 1
=
2! 4! ! 4! ! + 4! !
!
2
=
2(! ! ! )
!
2
! ! !!
!
!
To!determine!a!general!statement!linking!the!general!quadratic!polynomial!and!the!general!
quadratic! shadow! function,! another! function! must! be! determined.! It! is! the! function! of! the! line! at!
which!the!general!quadratic!polynomial!is!reflected!to!obtain!the!shadow!function,!hence!its!name:!
the!shadow)generating)function.!This!function!is!determined!overleaf.!
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Let!shadow)generating)function!= !! !
!
!
!
!
!!! !is!parallel!to!the!!!axis,!!!is!constant.!
! = 0!
!=
0
= 0!
!
!! = 0! + !!
!! = !!
!
To!determine!!,!a!point!on!the!line!must!be!
substituted!in!the!equation.!
At!(!, ! ! )![Vertex]:!
! ! = 0! + !!
!
!=! !
!
!! = ! ! !
!
Using! the! general! quadratic! polynomial,! the! general! quadratic! shadow! function! and! the!
shadow!generating!function!determined!above,!a!general!statement!can!be!formed!to!determine!the!
shadow! function!!! !when! provided! with! the! quadratic! polynomial! and! the! shadow! generating!
function.!This!is!shown!overleaf!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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!!!
+ ! ! !!!!!!!!![1]
!! = (! !)! + ! ! !!!!![2]!
!! = ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![3]
!
As! equation! 1 ,![2]!and![3]!must! be! combined! to! determine! the! general! statement,! it! was!
decided! that! equations! 1 !and![2]!would! be! added! to! eliminate! all! terms! involving! the! variable!!,!
thus!making!the!statement!applicable!to!all!quadratic!polynomials!regardless!of!its!coordinates.!
Add! 1 !and![2]:!
!! + !! = ! !
+ !!
+ !! + !!!
!! + !! = 2! ! !
!
But,!!! = ! ! !
!! !! = 2!! !
!
!! = 2!! !! !
!
!
As!all!general!statements!involving!quadratics!have!been!determined,!it!was!decided!that!all!
statements!would!be!tested!by!assigning!random!values!to!!!and!!!to!generate!the!shadow!function!
!! !using! the! general! statement,! and! to! determine! the! real! roots! of! the! shadow! function! using! the!
general!statement!derived!on!page!8.!
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!!!
Value(of(!(
1!
Value(of(!(
1!
2(
1!
2!
3(
2!
1!
4(
1!
5!
5(
10!
1!
Justification(
This!
tests!
the!
statements! for! the!
instance!where!! = !.!
This!
tests!
the!
statements! for! the!
instance!where!! < !.!
This!
tests!
the!
statements! for! the!
instance!where!! > !.!
As! ! !is! squared,!
! ! = 25 .! Because! of!
this,!this!would!test!the!
statements! for! the!
instance! where! ! !!
(i.e.!much!less!than).!
This!
tests!
the!
statements! for! the!
instance! where! ! !!
(i.e.! much! greater!
than).!
Table(1(Test(conception(for(quadratic(polynomials(
Testing! the! statements! using! irrational! numbers! was! decided! against,! as! doing! so! would!
ultimately!give!solutions!that!fall!within!the!5!ranges!specified!above.!
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!!!
Test!1!
Let!! = 1!and!! = 1!
!! = ! 1
+ 1! = ! ! 2! + 2!
!! = 2!! !! = ! ! + 2!!
!
Calculating!the!roots!of!the!real!equation,!!! :!
! = ! !!
! = 1 1!
! = 0!or!! = 2!
Calculating!the!vertex!of!!! !and!!! :!
Coordinates!of!the!vertex!are!(!, ! ! )!
= (1,1)!
!
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Test!2!
Let!! = 1!and!! = 2!
!! = (! 1)! + 2! = ! ! 2! + 5!
!! = 2!! !! = ! ! + 2! + 3!
!
Calculating!the!roots!of!the!real!equation,!!! :!
! = ! !!
! = 1 2!
! = 1!or!! = 3!
Calculating!the!vertex!of!!! !and!!! :!
Coordinates!of!the!vertex!are!(!, ! ! )!
= (1,4)!
!
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Test!3!
Let!! = 2!and!! = 1!
!! = (! 2)! + 1! = ! ! 4! + 5!
!! = 2!! !! = ! ! + 4! 3!
!
Calculating!the!roots!of!the!real!equation,!!! :!
! = ! !!
! = 2 1!
! = 1!or!! = 3!
Calculating!the!vertex!of!!! !and!!! :!
Coordinates!of!the!vertex!are!(!, ! ! )!
= (2,1)!
!
features!calculated!arithmetically!can!be!seen!on!
the! graph.! Therefore,! it! can! be! said! that! the!
functions! for! the! vertex,! the! roots! of!!! !and! the!
shadow!function!remain!true!when!! > !.!
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!!!
Test!4!
Graph(8(General(quadratic(function(with(its(corresponding(shadow(
function(when(a=1(and(b=5(
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Test!5!
Let!! = 10!and!! = 1!
!! = (! 10)! + 1! = ! ! 20! + 101!
!! = 2!! !! = ! ! + 20! 99!
!
Calculating!the!roots!of!the!real!equation,!!! :!
! = ! !!
! = 10 1!
! = 9!or!! = 11!
Calculating!the!vertex!of!!! !and!!! :!
Coordinates!of!the!vertex!are!(!, ! ! )!
= (10,1)!
Graph(9(General(quadratic(function(with(its(corresponding(shadow(function(when(a=10(and(b=1(
!
Therefore,! as! seen! in! the! above! examples,! all! of! the! arithmetic! features! determined!
theoretically!can!be!seen!on!the!graph.!This!shows!that!the!functions!for!the!vertex,!the!roots!of!!! !
and!the!shadow!function!remain!true!when!! !.!
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2.5.2 Evaluation
As!seen!in!all!of!the!above!graphs,!all!features!determined!arithmetically!using!the!general!
statements! derived! above! are! present! in! the! graph.! As! the! ranges! tested! above! encapsulate! all!
possible!combinations!of!values!for!!!and!!,!the!following!can!be!stated:!
!
!
!! = ! !
!! = ! !
+ !!!
+ !!!
!! = ! ! !
Where)!! )is)the)general)quadratic)polynomial,)!! )is)the)general)quadratic)shadow)function)and)!! )is)the)
quadratic)shadow)generating)function.)
!
Thus,!the!general!statement!for!all!quadratic!polynomials!can!be!made:!
!! = 2!! !! !
Where)! )and)! \{0})
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+ ! ! )!
Graph(10(General(cubic(function(when(a=3,(b=2(and(c=Q2(
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!!!
As! the! complex! roots! of! the! general! equation!!! !and! the! real! roots! of! the! shadow! function!
are!to!be!compared,!general!expressions!for!the!complex!roots!of!!! !must!be!obtained.!Additionally,!
an!expression!for!the!single!real!root!must!also!be!derived.!This!is!done!below:!
3.1.2 Roots of !!
!! = 0
!!
!!
+ !! = 0
! = ! !" or!! = !
As! this! cannot! be! proved! graphically! without! the! use! of! the! notKyet! derived! cubic! shadow!
function,!no!examples!will!be!applied!to!it.!
!
!
In! the! case! of! the! cubic! polynomial,! the! general! function!!! !is! a! factorial! product! of! the!
quadratic!polynomial!general!expression.!Due!to!this,!the!rules!for!calculating!the!real!roots!in!the!
quadratic!shadow!function!can!be!applied!to!the!cubic!shadow!function.!By!doing!this,!the!general!
statement!for!the!cubic!shadow!function!can!be!obtained.!
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!!!
+ ! ! )!
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!!!
!
!
!
To! do! this! however,! 2! points! on! the! line! must! be! known.! The! line!!! !passes! through! the!
intersection!points!of!the!!! !and!!! !lines.!The!calculation!of!these!coordinates!are!shown!below:!
+ 4) = (! + 2)( ! 3
+ 4)!
! + 2 ! ! 6! + 13 = ! + 2 ! ! + 6! 5 !
! ! 4! ! + ! + 26 = ! ! + 4! ! + 7! 10!
2! ! 8! ! 6! + 36 = 0!
! ! 4! ! 3! + 18 = 0!
! + 2 ! ! 6! + 9 = 0!
!+2 !3
= 0!
! = 2!or!! = 3!
!
Coordinates!of!intersection!points!are! 2,0 !and!(3,20)!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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!!!
As!the!2!points!have!now!been!determined,!the!equation!of!the!line!can!now!be!calculated:!
!=
=
!
!
!
20 0
!
3 2
=
20
!
5
! = 4!
!! = 4! + !!
To!determine!!,!a!point!on!the!line!must!be!substituted!in!the!equation.!
At!(2,0)![!!intercept]:!
0 = 4 2
+ !!
! 8 = 0!
! = 8!
!
!! = 4! + 8!
!
!
To! further! understand! the! relationship! between! the! complex! roots! of! the! general! cubic!
expression!and!the!real!roots!of!the!shadow!function,!a!general!statement!can!be!formed!linking!!! ,!
!! !and!!! .!This!general!statement!is!derived!overleaf.!
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!!!
!3
!!! = ! + 2 ! 3
+ 4 !!!!!!!!!![1]!
!
+ 4 !!!!!![2]!
!! = 4! + 8!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![3]!
!
As! equation! 1 ,![2]!and![3]!must! be! combined! to! determine! the! general! statement,! as! with!
the! quadratic! statement,! it! was! decided! that! equations! 1 !and![2]!would! be! added! to! eliminate! all!
terms!involving!the!variable!!.!
!
Add![1]!and![2]:!
!! + !! =
!+2
!3
!! + !! = ! + 2
+4
+( !+2 !3
! 3 ! ! 3
+ 4 )!
+4+4 !
!! + !! = 8(! + 2)!
!! + !! = 2(4! + 8)!
!
But,!!! = 4! + 8!
!! + !! = 2!! !
!
!! = 2!! !! !
!
As!all!general!statements!involving!cubic!functions!have!now!been!determined,!it!has!been!
decided!that!the!statements!would!be!tested!for!their!validity.!
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!!!
IBDP!
!! + !!
!
2
The! graphing! software! GeoGebra10)was! used! in! conjunction! with! the! online! computation!
knowledge! engine! Wolfram) Alpha11!was! used! to! determine! and! plot! the! equations! used! in! the!
examples.!
Value(of(!(
3!
Value(of(!(
3!
2(
K1!
2!
3(
3!
1!
4(
K1!
5!
5(
10!
K1!
Justification(
This!
tests!
the!
statements! for! the!
instance!where!! = !.!
This!
tests!
the!
statements! for! the!
instance!where!! < !.!
This!
tests!
the!
statements! for! the!
instance!where!! > !!
As! ! !is! squared,!
! ! = 25 .! Because! of!
this,!this!would!test!the!
statements! for! the!
instance! where! ! !!
(i.e.!much!less!than).!
This!
tests!
the!
statements! for! the!
instance! where! ! !!
(i.e.! much! greater!
than).!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
10
11
!(http://geogebra.org/)!
!(Wolfram!Alpha!LLC)!
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Test!1!
Graph(12(Cubic(statements(test(1(
Test!2!
Graph(13(Cubic(statements(test(2(
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Test!3!
!
Graph(14(Cubic(statements(test(3(
Test!4!
!
Graph(15(Cubic(statements(test(4(
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Test!5!
!
Graph(16(Cubic(statements(test(5(
3.5.2 Evaluation
As!seen!in!all!of!the!above!graphs,!all!features!determined!arithmetically!using!the!general!
statements! derived! above! are! present! in! the! graph.! As! with! the! quadratic! statements,! the! ranges!
tested! above! encapsulate! all! possible! combinations! of! values! for!!!and!!,! the! following! can! be!
stated:!
!! = (! !)( ! !
!! = (! !)( ! !
!! =
+ ! ! )!
+ ! ! )!
!! + !!
!
2
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!! = (! !)!!! ( ! !
+ ! ! )! !!!!!!!!!!![1]!
!
+ ! ! )! !!!!!!!![2]!
!! = ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![3]!
Where)!)is)the)order)of)the)equation.)
!
To!eliminate!the!!!terms,!equation![1]!is!added!to!equation![2]:!
!! + !! = ! !
!!!
( !!
+ ! ! )! + ! !
= !!
=
!!!
!!!
( ! !
+ ! ! )! !
2! !! !
2! !! ! ! !
!
!! !
2 !! ! !
=
!! !
2(!! )!
=
!
(! !)!
!
2(!! )!
!! =
!! !
(! !)!
!
As! the! equation! was! proved! arithmetically,! there! is! no! need! to! apply! number! to! it.! As! it!
incorporates!all!polynomials!of!order!2!or!greater,!it!will!always!function!correctly.!
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!!!
!!
+ !! ! !
+ !!
When)!! = 0,)
! = ! !"!or!! = ! !!
!
!
As!there!are!four!possible!general!statements,!the!different!possibilities!of!shadow!functions!
are!discussed!overleaf!along!with!an!example!for!each.!
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As! with! the! cubic! polynomial,! quartic! polynomials! too! are! products! of! the! basic! quadratic!
general!statement.!This!allows!the!same!methods!for!generating!a!shadow!function!to!be!applied!for!
quartic!equations.!
!! + !!
2
Let!! = 4!and!! = 3!
!
Graph(17(Graph(of(general(quartic(function(with(two(unique(complex(roots(and(its(corresponding(shadow(function(
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
12
!(http://geogebra.org/)!
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!!!
!! = (! !)!!! ( ! !
+ ! ! )! !
+ ! ! )! !
In!the!above!equations,!the!roots!are!as!follows:!
!
When)!! = 0)
! = ! !")!or!! = !!
)
When)!! = 0,)
! = ! !)or!! = !!
!
As!! = !!is! present! as! a! root! in! both! general! statements,! it! can! be! excluded! as! it! does! not!
change!across!the!equations.!
If!the!complex!roots!were!to!be!represented!on!an!Argand!diagram,!they!would!be!as!follows:!
Let!!! = ! + !"!
Let!!! = ! !"!
!
Graph(18(Argand(diagram(with(complex(roots(
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With!the!complex!roots!plotted,!the!real!roots!can!also!be!represented!on!an!Argand!diagram:!
Let!!! = ! + !!
Let!!! = ! !!
!
Graph(19(Argand(diagram(with(both(real(and(complex(roots(
!
Finally,!after!plotting!both!the!complex!roots!and!the!real!roots!on!the!Argand!diagram,!the!
relationship!can!be!seen:!
!
Graph(20(Argand(diagram(showing(relationship(between(real(and(complex(roots(
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7 Bibliography
Buchanan,! J.! Robert.! hComplex! Roots! of! the! Characteristic! Equation.h! 1! 3! 2012.! Millersville!
University.!
24!
6!
2012!
<http://banach.millersville.edu/~bob/math365/ComplexRoots/main.pdf>.!
http://geogebra.org/.!GeoGebra.!19!6!2012.!17!6!2012!<http://geogebra.org/>.!
Oxford! University.! New! Oxford! American! English! Dictionary.! London:! Oxford! University!
Press,!2012.!
Rochester! Institute! of! Technology.! hRoots! of! Quadratic! Equations.h! 29! 4! 2010.! Rochester!
Institute!
of!
Technology:!
Department!
of!
Mathmatics.!
25!
6!
2012!
<http://www.rit.edu/studentaffairs/asc/documents/services/resources/handouts/9Roots%20o
f%20Quadratic%20Equations.pdf>.!
Seward,! Kim.! College! Algebra! Tutorial! 34:! Graphs! of! Quadratic! Functions.! 10! 6! 2010.! 24! 6!
2012!<College!Algebra!Tutorial!34:!Graphs!of!Quadratic!Functions>.!
.! Solving! Quadratic! Equations:! Solving! by! Completing! the! Square.! 5! 3! 2012.! 21! 6! 2012!
<http://www.purplemath.com/modules/solvquad3.htm>.!
Weisstein,!Eric!W.!hPolynomial!Roots.h!20!6!2012.!MathWorld!K!A!Wolfram!Web!Resource.!21!
6!2012!<http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PolynomialRoots.html>.!
Wolfram! Alpha! LLC.! Wolfram|Alpha:! Computational! Knowledge! Enging.! 24! 6! 2012.! 25! 6!
2012!<http://www.wolframalpha.com/>.!
!
!
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