GRADE 11 CHEMISTRY 1. Explain why the first ionization energy of magnesium is greater than that of sodium? 2.

Lithium reacts with water. Write an equation for the reaction & state two observations that could be made during the reaction. 3. Explain why the ionic radius of bromine is less than that of selenium? 4. Explain what is meant by the term electronegativity & explain why the electronegativity of Fluorine is greater than that of chlorine. 5. For each of the following reactions, in aqueous ,state one observation that that would be made & deduce the equation : I) The reaction between chlorine & potassium iodide. ii) The reaction between silver ions & bromide ions. Deduce whether or not each of the reactions as above is a redox reaction, giving a reason in each case. 6. What factors determine the size of an atom or ion? Explain them in brief. 7. Explain why the ionic radius of sodium is much smaller than its atomic radius? 8. Explain why the Cations of group1 increase in size with increasing atomic number? 9. Explain why the ionic radius of Mg2+is less than that of Na+? 10. Describe & explain the variation in ionic radius of the elements across period 3 from sodium to chlorine? 11. Give the formula of the chlorides except sulfur of the elements in period 3 of the periodic table .Describe & account for the bonding in these chlorides & their reaction (if any) with water. 12. Explain why compounds of d-block elements are colored? 13. State & explain what would be observed when aqueous ammonia is added to aqueous copper (II) nitrate drop wise until the aqueous ammonia is in excess. 14. The green MnO42- when treated with an acid forms a brown precipitate of MnO2 in a purple solution of MnO4i) Write the balanced equation for this reaction. ii)Deduce the oxidation number of manganese in all the three manganese compounds. What type of behavior does MnO2 exhibit when placed in H2O2 solution? 15. Explain why an aqueous & concentrate solution of Zinc ions is colorless? 16. Describe the bonding between the ligands & the ions of a transition metal in a complex. 17. Prussian blue is made by mixing together aqueous solution of FeCl3 & K4(FeCN6) which contains Fe(CN6)4- ions i) State the oxidation states of the iron ions in each of these solutions. ii) Describe the shape of the Fe (CN6)4- ions iii) Iron is a transition metal. Define the term transition metal. iv) Explain the activity of iron in hemoglobin. 18. Explain at the molecular level why ethanol (C2H5OH) is soluble in water but cholesterol (C27H45OH) & Ethane (C2H6) are not? 19. Draw the electron dot structure for N2& F2 & explain why F2is more reactive than N2 20. Compare the polarity of the bonds N-F & C-F. Are the molecules NF3 & CF4 Polar or nonpolar? In all your answers give your reasons. 21. Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas evolved at 273K and 1atm pressure when 0.623g of magnesium reacts with 27.3cm3 of 1.25mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.22. 2.4g of a compound of

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave, on combustion, 3.53g of CO2 and 1.44g of H2O.The relative molecular mass of the compound was found to be 60.(a). What are the masses of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in 2.4g of the compound?(b). What are the empirical and molecular formulas of the compound? 23.Sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide react together as follows: H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) What volume of 0.250 mol dm-3 NaOH is required to neutralize exactly 25.0cm3 of 0.125 mol dm-3 H2SO4? 24. Aspirin, C9H8O4, is made by reacting ethanoic anhydride, C4H6O3 (Mr = 102.1), with 2hydroxybenzoic acid ( Mr = 138.1), as follows: 2C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 2 C9H8O4 + H2O (a).If 15g of C7H6O3 is reacted with 15g of C4H6O3, determine the limiting reagent.(b). Calculate the minimum amount of aspirin that could be obtained in this reaction.(c). If the mass obtained in the experiment was 13.7g, calculate the percentage yield. 25. Silver is formed when magnesium reacts with aqueous silver nitrate. What mass of silver is formed when 2.43g of magnesium is added to an excess of aqueous silver nitrate? 26. A steel cylinder contains 32dm3 of hydrogen at 4x 105 Pa and 39C. Calculate the volume that the hydrogen would occupy at s.t.p and the mass of hydrogen in the cylinder. 27. 10.4g of a gas occupies a volume of 3.72dm 3 at s.t.p. Determine the molar mass of the gas. 28.(a). 1.86g of lead carbonate is added to 50cm3 (an excess) of nitric acid.What is the concentration of lead nitrate in the resulting solution?(b). What volume of 0.200mol dm-3 nitric acid contains 5x 102 moles of the acid? 29. The concentration of gold in sea water is approximately 10-10 mol dm-3. How many gold atoms will be there in the average drop (0.04cm3) of sea water? 30. A 0.010 mol sample of the barium nitrate formed was heated until it had completely decomposed as follows: 2Ba(NO3)2 (s) + 2BaO (s) + 4NO2(g) + O2 (g) Use the ideal gas equation to calculate the total volume, in cm3, of gaseous products obtained at 387K and 1.12x 105 Pa.

31. Write the complete electronic configurations of: (a). Mn (b) Mg2+ (c). Cu (d). Fe+3 (e). S

32. A particular metal cation M+3 has the electronic structure [Ar] 3d2 .(a). Identify the metal.(b). Write the electronic configuration of the metal atom

33. The first ionization energies of N, O, F, Ne, Na in kJ mol-1 are 1400, 1310, 1680, 2080 and 494 respectively.(a).Explain why neon has a higher first ionization energy than fluorine.(b). Explain why oxygen has a lower first ionization energy than nitrogen.(c). Predict an approximate value for the first ionization energy of carbon and explain your answer. 34. Write equations which represent the first and second ionization energies of magnesium.Explain why the second ionization energy is higher than the first ionization energy. 35. Natural silicon in silicon containing ores contains 92% silicon-28, 5% silicon- 29 and 3% silicon30.Calculate the relative atomic mass of silicon. 36. Sketch a graph to show how would you expect the successive ionization energies of silicon to vary with the number of electrons removed. 37. The relative atomic mass of boron, which consists of the isotopes 5B10 and 5 B11 is 10.8.What is the percentage of 5 B11 atoms in the isotopic mixture? 38. Explain the difference in the atomic radii and first ionization energy of Na and Mg. 39. Describe briefly how in a mass spectrometer: (a). the atoms are converted into ions. (b). the ions of different mass are separated. (c). the ions are detected. 40.Explain why, in the hydrogen spectrum: (a). only light of certain frequencies is observed. (b). different series are observed in different spectral regions.