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ADDITIONAL NOTES

DATA COMMUNICATION The process of electrically communicating binary information between two or more points. Devices acting as a source and data sink or both. Devices that provide functions required to establish, maintain and terminate a data transmission connection. Transmission Media The signals are confined to the medium and do not leave it except for small leakage amount. Electromagnetic signals originated by a source radiate freely into the medium and spread throughout the medium. Types of Transmission: One bit is transmitted at a time Eight bits are transmitted simultaneously over eight wires. Concerns with the physical configuration of the devices and the cable that it connects. Consists of nodes strung together in series with each node connected to a long cable or bus; many nodes can tap into the bus and begin communication with all nodes on that cable segment. Uses some form of wideband cable with drop-off points as needed. Features a central controller to which all nodes are connected. Signals are transmitted in a rotating fashion, bucket or token passing.

Data Communications Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Data Communications Equipment (DCE)

Bounded Medium Unbounded Medium

Serial transmission Parallel transmission Network Topology Bus Topology

Tree Topology Star Topology Ring Topology

Network Breath Collection of independent computers which can communicate with one

another over a shared medium, usually confined to a small geographical area, such as a single building or a college campus. Are developed primarily by data carriers response to the demand in response to the demand to interconnect LANs across metropolitan area. Essentially interconnected LANs and MANs, they can be homogeneous (like networks) but are often heterogeneous (different topologies) it can span campuses, cities, or continents. Types of Data transmission Transmission in which time intervals between transmitted characters may be equal length. Transmission in which data are sent at a fixed rate, with the receiver and transmitter synchronized. A combination of asynchronous and synchronous transmission. Categorized and identify the point or number location. Each node in the network is connected to other nodes by individual communication lines. Several nodes in the network will share a communication link. Interface standards Used to avoid incompability between DCE and DTE. Mechanical Connectors, specs, shape, dimensions, pin number, latching and mounting arrangements, assignment of signal to pins. Electrical Electrical characteristics of signal generators, receivers and interconnecting cables. Functional Functions of signals; data, control and timing Procedural Procedures for exchanging information between DCE and DTE, interrelationship between signals. Local Area Network (LAN) Most commonly used interfaces Asynchronous Synchronous Isochronous Network Configuration Point-to-point Multipoint Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)

5. X.21 6. Centronics Parallel Interface 7. IEEE 488 Bus An abbreviation of binary digit which can either be a 0 or a 1. Number of 0s and 1s that pass on a communication channel each second. Number of usable data characters or bits that are received per secondard does not count characters that have to be retransmitted due to errors, characters used for control purposes and so on. Named after the French Data Communication pioneer, Emile Baudot, the number of signal events or signals elements passing a point on the line per second. Grouping of bits and their uniquely assigned symbols. Groups of bits that have special meanings for a particular process. Data Communication Codes Morse Code The first datacom code with three unequal length symbols. Baudot Code The first fixed-length character code, a 5 bit character code, with a start bit and 1.5 stop bits. Character length similar to Baudot code but without start and stop bits. It uses 7 bits of information, an 8th bit for use as parity, a start bit and two stop bits. A 7 bit character set which has 27 or 128 codes. CCITT Alphabet No.2 code ASCII CCITT Alphabet No.5 code Bit Bit Rate Nat Data Throughout (NDT)

Baud

Transmission Codes Control Characters

1. 2. 3. 4.

RS 232 C Standard 20 mA current loop RS 449 Interface RS 366 A

The true 8 level code

Consist of 12 bits information with the 12th bit for parity Device that provides the function required to established, maintain, and terminate a data transmission connection. A device used to convert serial digital data from a transmitting terminal to a signal suitable for transmission over a telephone channel, or to reconvert the transmitted signal to a serial digital data for acceptance at the receiving terminal. Also known as short haul or baseband modem or line drivers, have been designed to overcome the limitations of the data communication interfaces. Also known as analog modem or long haul modem. Refers to the technique of putting two or more lower speed transmission onto a single communication line of higher capacity. Splits the available bandwidth for a given communication link into a number of channels equal to the number of different devices being multiplexed. Splits up the capacity of the line by assigning each user a particular time slot, during which its data is transmitted over the communication link. Two Types of TDM 1. High speed data is divided into frames where each channel has a fixed number of timeslots. 2. Instead of assigning a fixed number of timeslots to each channel, the number of timeslots is determined by how much of the total amount of data to be transmitted each has.

Hollerith Code Data communication equipment Modem

Short-range modem

Long range modem Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing

Synchronous or Statical TDM Asynchronous or Statistical TDM

EBCDIC (Extended Binary Code Decimal Interchange Code)

Accomplished by turning the carrier on for a 1 and turning the carrier off for a 0.

Two binary states are represented by 2 different frequencies. Similar to conventional phase modulation except that the input signal is a binary digital signal and a limited number of output phases are available. Digital information is contained in both the amplitude and phase of the transmitted carrier. Provides a common basis for coordination of standards development for systems interconnection, while allowing existing standards to be placed into perspective. Seven OSI Layers 1. Responsible for the transmission of bit stream over a communication channel. 2. Provide error free transmission between two and stations attached to the same physical cable. 3. Control the operation of the network or subnetwork. 4. Forms the interface between the higher application-oriented layers and the underlying network-dependent protocol layers. 5. Provides the means for two application layer entities to synchronize and manage their data exchange. 6. Formats the data to be presented to the Application Layer. 7. Serves as a window for the application process to access the networking environment. Are standards that allow computers to communicate.

PSK (Phase Shift Keying) QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) OSI Reference Model

Physical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer

Session Layer

Presentation Layer Application Layer Network Protocols

ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)

Exchange of predetermined signals between two devices establishing a connection; usually a part of communication protocols.

Link Control Specifies the rules for data transfer between stations. Error Detection The process of monitoring the received data and determining when a transmission error has occurred. Most Common Technique Redundancy 1. Involves transmitting each character twice. Exact Count Encoding 2. The number of 1s in each character is the same. 3. A single bit (called a parity bit) is added to each character to force the total no of 1;s in the character, including the parity bit to be either an odd no. (odd parity) or an even no. (even parity). 4. An error detection scheme that uses parity to determine if a transmission error has occurred within a character. 5. Most reliable scheme for error detection. Error Correction 1. Symbol substitution 2. Resending a message when it is received in error and the received terminal automatically calls for transmission of the entire message. 3. The only error correction scheme that actually detects and corrects transmission errors at the receive end without calling for retransmission. Hamming Code Developed by R.W. Hamming at Bell Labs Local Area Network (LAN) Is a special, high-speed, dedicated network that provides data communications capability within an office or group of offices in campus environment. Types of Ethernet Media Handshaking Generally used to create large backbones Retransmission Parity

Vertical or Horizontal Redundancy Check Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

Forward Error Correction

Considerably thinner and more flexible than Thick Wire, but it can support 30 nodes, each at least 0.5 m apart. Uses a Star Topology Invaluable for situations where electronic emissions and environmental hazards are a concern. LAN Terms An active device connected to the network, such as a computer or a piece of networking equipment like a repeater, a bridge or a router. Relatively simple LAN devices which allow longer transmission distances along a given LAN medium and operate at a physical layer only. Connect separate Ethernets together. Used to connect nodes to the various Ethernet media. A central connection point for cables radiating out to multiple stations.

Thin Coax or 10Base2 Unshielded Twisted Pair or 10BaseT Fiber Optic or 10BaseFL

Node

Repeater

Bridges Transceiver Hub Router

Its primary purpose is to find the best path from one network to another and forward packets between them. Gateway A LAN device which is used to interconnect networks that may have entirely different architectures. LAN Protocols TCP/IP Used by the Internet. DECNetTM Digital Equipment Corporation propriety network architecture. Apple Talk A communication protocol developed by Apple Computer to allow networking between Macintoshes. A DEC propriety network communication protocol based on the idea of a relatively small, known no. of hosts on a local

Thick Wire or 10Base5

networking sending small network packets at regular interval. No single station is intended to control all LAN operations or resources. One computer will have control of the network, running the network operating system software. LAN Hardware 1. Provides the physical and electronic connection between the computer and the network. 2. Cabling 3. Servers A network computer with a large hard disk drive where files or applications are saved for the entire LAN. Could be physically implemented in the same way as a file server, but with the specific responsibility of serving a database application and database files to the LAN. A networked PC or other computer connected to one or more communication devices such as a modem, multiplexer, or other transmission equipment. Print Server A networked PC connected to a printer. 4. Repeaters 5. Hubs and Concentrators A transmitting station uses the entire capacity or bandwidth of the transmission medium. Provides relatively higher capacity transmission technique in which one cable can simultaneously carry signals from several devices. Strikes a good balance between speed, price and ease of installation LAT (Local Area Transport) Baseband Transmission Broadband Transmission File Server Database Server Network Adapter Board Per-to-peer LAN Client Server LAN

Communication Server

Ethernet

A computer that centrally stores the data to be shared. The software that runs on the file server and provides the functions for data equipment sharing. Devices installed in the computer that provide the physical connection to the LAN through the cabling. A global computer network that connects thousands of networks together, allowing them to exchange files, send messages, download graphics and text, and share other resources. Computer network which broke information into small chunks known as packets. A menu based search tool that enables users to access Internet resources worldwide by using links embedded documents. A term coined by Wililiam Gibson in his fantasy novel, Neuromancer to describe theworldof computers and the society that gathers around them. A program that allows Internet nodes to login and access program and data on another Internet node. A menu based program used to explore and access the Internet resources. Basically an interface circuit connected to the personal computer. Essentially a tool or program that makes Internet surfing a lot easier. Send messages back and forth between computers that are electronically connected. A switched data communication network similar to PSTN except that a PDN is designed for transferring data only. Adds value to the services or facilities provided by a common carrier to provide new types of communications services. File Server

Network Operating System Network Interface Cards Internet

ARPANET World Wide Web (WWW)

Cyberspace

Telnet Gopher Modem Netscape Navigator Electronic Mail (E-mail) Public Data Network

VAN Value Added Network

Involves dividing data messages into small bundles of information and transmitting them thru communications network to their intended destination. Used for making a standard telephone call PSTN

Circuit Switching (Transparent switch) Message Switching (Transactional switch)

A form with store and forward network. X.25 Defines the structures contents and sequencing procedures for the transmission of data among DTE, DCE and public data network. Permit communications between distinct network elements through any number of intermediate node without the dedication of portion of the physical circuits. Logically equivalent to a 2-point dedicated private line circuit except that it is slower. Logically equivalent to making a telephone call thru the DDD network except that no and-to-end connector is made. Assembles and disassembles data packets for X.25 network communications. A wide area network technology that uses fast packet switching technique to meet the demands of high-speed bursty traffic. The average rate (in bps) at which the network guarantees to transfer information units over a measurement interval. The maximum number of information units that can be transmitted during the time interval. The maximum number of uncommitted information units that the network will attempt to carry during the same time interval. A cell-based, connection oriented, switching and multiplexing technology that allows voice, video and data to be sent along the same network. Packet Switching Committed Information Rate (CIR) Committed Burst Size (Bc) Be Packet Assembler/Disassembl er (PAD) Frame Relay

Virtual Circuit

Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) Switched Virtual Circuit

Asynchronous transfer Mode (ATM) ATM media

3. fiber optic cables ATM Layers: Physical layer Responsible for the electrical or optical transmission and reception along the physical media two devices. Deals with moving cells from source to destination Adapts user traffic to a cell format. ATM Interface Boundary between a host and an ATM network A line between two ATM switches A digital telecommunications technology that can simultaneously transmit voice and data over the same pair of telephone lines. ISDN Channel 1. Used to carry the digital information 2. Used to carry signaling and supervisory information to the network. 3. Provided for user information at higher bit rates. Types of ISDN Access Interfaces 1. 2 B + D 2. For business with larger data needs 3. For future HDTV projects Broadband ISDN Draws the demarcation line between the ISDN network and your equipment. Allows a non-ISDN equipment to be connected to the ISDN line. 1. coaxial cable 2. twisted pair Network Termination Equipment NTE Terminal Adapter - TA Basic Rate Interface (BRI) Primary Rate Interface(PRI) B-channel (Bearer Channel) D Channel H Channel User to Network Interface (UNI) Network to Network Interface (NNI) Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) ATM Layer (Network Layer) ATM Adaptation

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