Applicability of The Competition Concept in Determining The Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Austenitic Stain (51300-97191-Sg)

Paper No.
191
CORROSION07
Peter Che-Sheng Chen, Tadashi ShinoharA
Shigco Tsujikawa
Department of Metallurgy, school of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Butrkyo-ku
Tokyo, JAPAN, 113
ABSTRACT
The competition concept states that stress corrosion cracking (SCC) can only occur when the crack growth rate exceeds the dissolution ratq moreover, based upon this concept, there also exist a
critical temperature for SCC of austenitic stainless steels in chloride solutions where SCC can not occur at or below this temperature. @ential The objectives of this study are to explain both the observed SCC
region and the SCC critical temperature obtained for 18Cr-14Ni steels by referencing to the range was found to be the potential range between the
competition concept. The SCC ~tential crevice repsssivation
potential and the potential where the crack growth rate equals the dissolution
rate. The SCC critical temperature was found to be the temperature where the crack growth rate and the dissolution rate intercepts in an Arrhenius plot.
Keywords:
phosphorus,
stress corrosion cracking, crevice corrosion,
stainless steel, alloying effect, copper.
dissolution rate, crack growth rate, repassivation potentiaf, critical temperature,
Copyright 01997 byNACEInternational. Requests forpermission topubbsh thismanuscript inanyIorm,in pad or in whole must be made in writing to NACE
International, Conferences Oivision, PO. Box 218340, Houston, Texas 77218-8340. The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the Association. Printed in the U.S.A.
Gabriel Dionicio - Invoice INV-721871-LP855T, downloaded on 10/29/2013 1:47:04 PM - Single-user license only, copying and networking prohibited.
INTRODUCTION
Chloride stress corrosion aqueous environments cracking (SCC) has been a problem for austenitic chlorides, p~icularly in the chemical stainless steel in 1. Previous it
containing
industry
investigations
have shown that SCC can only initiates from a dissolving surfaces 2; and, moreover,
initiates more readily from crevice than pits 3,4. To systematic~ly initiates from a crevice,
study the SCC behavior that
a new testing method using spot welded specimens was developed ] 5.
Empirical data of the studies using this testing method reveaf that SCC can only occurs at ptentirds more noble than the crevice repassivation ptential,
ER I I; an~
if SCC does not occur at a ptential
just atroveER, SCC will not occur for a specific steel 6. Moreover, for steelsthatsuffer SCC, it w~ found that a potential exists above which the steel will not experience SCC, thus, SCC can only the existence of a
occurs at potentials within this potential region 6,7. Empirical studies also indicate
Tc, belowwhichsteels will notsuffer SCC 7. This Tc was demonstrated SCC critical temperature,
to be an effective indicator for evaluating the resistance of steels to SCC, for instance, a high SCC
resistance steel would have a higher Tc than a low SCC resistance steel 8. Thus, the alloying effects of various elementson SCC susceptibilityof steels can be systematicallyevafuated in terms of this
SCC criticaltemperature8.
Tsujikawa
et af. have postulated
a competition
concept which states that SCC can only occur rate, V, at the dissolving surfacq thus,
when the crack growth rate, C,
exceeds the dissolution
making the condition V c C the prerequisite for SCC initiation S%lo. The ~nceptud
representation
of this competition concept is exhibited in Figure 1. Since crevice corrosion can only develop at a
potential morenoble than ER 11, scc

By arbitrarily defining a ptential
morenoble than h. cm therefore only occurred ata potential
Ev as the potential where C equals to V, the competition concept
postulates that the potential range where SCC can occur is limited to potentials between E~ and Ev Studies have shown that C is mostly influenced by temperature and far less by electrode ptential
1
and
experimentis performed by immersinga spot-welded specimen with both a crevice and residuat stresses in the NaCt solutions, and kept Potentiostatically at the desired temperature and electrode potential for 72 h with no additional applied stress. After tbe experiment, the specimen is examined for cracking using a sunning electron micmscope.
* the ~passivation potential is obtained by cyclic polarization which should be sufficiently slow that a quwi-steady state in the mass transfer process exists between the inside and outside of the crevice at every potential, especi.dly near the repassivation potential, ER,CREV.
191/2
bulk Cl- concentration on temperature.
12,13 whereas V depends strongly on the electrode ptential
and ordy slightly
From these, the V < C criteria proposed by the competition concept can be satisfied The competition concept suggests that the observed the steel will not as the temperature
by raising C through the increase temperature.
Tc is the temperature where the Arrhenius plots of C and V interswt.
Therefore,
subject to SCC at temperatures below Tc because V is greater than C. However, is increased,
C will eventually exceeds V when the temperature is raised above Tc, satisfying the the steels will suffer SCC. behavior of crevice corrosion with of a typical crevice Stage I, where
criteria advocated by the competition concept, and consequently, Moire technique has been applied to study the dissolution
great success a) . Previous studies has shown that the in-depth development corrosion location can be categorized crevice corrosion dissolution
into three stages when monitored over time
initiates but does not reach the critical depth;
a transient stage where crevice
is impeded or even stopped,
and the final steady growth stage, stage II, where the
penetration steadily grows 4.
The dissolution rate in stage II, Vn, was reported to strongly depend while the dissolution rate in stage I, VI, does not exhibit this behavior of crevice
on the potential and steel composition, strong dependency .
Previous studies of rdloying effects on dissolution
that a relationship corrosion also reveal a strong positive correlation between Tc and %[[, indicating
exists
between the two . To further explore this observed correlation and examine the applicability VII was chosen as
of the competition concept in determining the SCC behavior in chloride solutions, the dissolution rate referred to in the competition concept. The objectives of this study is three-fold.
The first is to compare the measured SCC potential range estimated by plotting
VII
range obtained using spot-welded specimens with the SCC ptential against C as postulated by the competition
concept for different concentrations
of NaCl solutions.
This paper then investigate the observed Tc by comparing measured Tc values with those estimated by intersecting measured C and V of steels. ppm phosphorus This study concludes by examining the effects of 300
and 1% copper on both C and V and discussing the effects of these two afloying
elements on improving the SCC resistance of steels.
8 Combination of illuminating light with a grating over the specimen, the Moire fringes of the specimen when presented tn a TV camera consisted of bright and dark fringes. By pressing the specimen to an optical glass, a gfass/metd-crevice is formed. By analyzing the intensity variation for each pixel or specific location, the depth development of this glass/metal-crevice corrosion can be in-situ determined as the distance required to Each the center of fixed dark fringe.
191/3
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Steels Used
High-purity 18%Cr-14%Ni austenitic stainless steels sheets were heat-treated at 12004C for 30 The chemical compositions of the three steels used are shown in Table min before water quenching. 1.
Measurement ofDissolution Rate via Moire Technique

The 3 mm thick steel sheets were machined to a dimension of 20 mm X 5 mm before being wet polished to #1200 finish and used as the specimens. The metal/glass-crevice was formed by pressing
the specimen against a 0.5 mm thick optical glass on top of the insitu cell. The cell was then placed
on top of a Z axis moving stage powered by a high precision stepping motor and the circulation systemwas turnedon to circulatethe NaCl solution at the desired temperature.
The specimen was set
to the desired potential with reference to a SCE (saturated ealomel electrode) at room temperature.
The entire specimen was measured with the100pm X 100pm/pixel resolution thus the total number ofpixels was 10,000.The development ofmetalfglass crevice corrosion was monitored in-situ via
the Moire system at 30 minute intervals for 25-50 hours depending on the potential. Previous studies have shown that the dissolution rate in stage II, VII, should be selected as the dissolution rate
to
compare with the crack growth rate in determining The dissolution analyzed, rate of pixels entering
whether SCC will initiate from a dissolving stage was calculated

stage,
crevice. statistically dissolution
the steady growth
and
the mean was used as the dissolution immediately
rate in the growth potential,
VII. The
rate at a potential
above the repassivation
V*II, Was fin~ly
determined from the electrode ptential
dependency of VII.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Corrosion
Effects
of Chloride
Concentration
on Dissolution
Rate
of Crevice
The dissolution rates of the 4M-1 steel in 3%, 0.3%, and 0.03% NaCl solutions at 80C were measured with the results displayed in Figure 2. First, the E~ moved toward the noble direction as the chloride concentration in solution was decreased, from -390, to -325 and then to -300 mV vs.
191/4
SCE for 3%, 0.3% and 0.03% NaCl solutions, respectively.
As observed in the figure, was decreased.
the electrode The figure
potential dependency of VII was lowered when the chloride concentration showed that for ptentials diluted but for ptentials diluted. Thus, more noble than -220 mV vs. SCE,
V,, decreased as the solution was
less noble than -220 mV vs. SCE, VII instead increased as the solution was for 4M-1
this potential of -220 mV vs. SCE seemed to act as a transitional ptential
steels because VII is the same regardless of solution concentration. from the electrode ptential dependency of V,, and were
The V*II value were determined to increase as the chloride
found
concentration in solution was reduced.
The results ofmessored VII for the 4M-3 steel inboth 3% and0.3% NaClsolutions at80Care exhibited h Figure 3. The measured ER for 31%and 0.370 NaCl solutions were -310 and -220 mV vs.
SCE respectively; it is shown again that E~ has the tendency to move toward the noble direction Nevertheless, unlike 4M- 1 steels, the
when the chloride concentration
in solution was decreased.
measured VII value all markedly decreased as the solution concentration noble region.
was reduced particularly in
The electrode potential dependency of VII was also lower but not significantly lower The V*II values were then determined and it was found that V*ll decremed
than that of 4M-1 steels.
when solution concentration was decreased.
The moke measurements of VII for the 4M-13 steel in both 3% and 0.03% NaCl solutions at
80C are presented in Figure 4. The ~ solution to -330 mV vs. SCE for
o.l)s~o
was observed to move from -410 mV vs. SCE for 3% NaCl NaC1. Again, decreasing the solution concentration was
found to have the effect of moving ~ 4M-13

was
toward the noble region.
The observed behavior of VII for
similar to that of 4M-3. Tfre VII above E~ decreased as the solution was diluted from 3%
to 0.03% NaCl . The electrode potential dependency of VII afao lower th~ that of 4M-1 steels but the decrement was not significant. 0.03% NaCl solutions. Whereas V[l values were basically
the ssme in boths% Nacl Srtd
Verification
of
the SC(7 Potential
Range for Different Chloride Concentrated
Solutions
the crack
Since the crack growth rate was found to be unaffected by chloride concentration,
191/5
growth rates measured in IN H#04
+ 0.5M NaCl solution at 80C using the pterrtisl
method were
used as C to apply the competition concept 2. Thus, measured C for the 4M-1 steel 7was plotted in Figure 2 together with the results of VII for the 4M-1 steel. As shown in the figure, the VII value for
both 0.39t and 0.0390NaCl solutionswere higher than C at d] potentialsabove E~, competition concept would suggest no SCC patential region and thus, the
for these two solutions because the
potential Ev where C equals V must be less noble than ER The results of the SCC tests conducted using a spot-welded specimens were afso plotted in Figure 27. No SCC were observed with the spotwelded specimens for all measured poterrtiafs for both 0.370 and 0.03% NaC1. This observation
correlated precisely with that suggested by the competition concept as V exceeds C for all potentials. The Ev for the steel immersed in 3% NaCl snlutions was estimated as the potential where C equals to V, an~ equal to -345 mV vs. SCE. Thus, the competition concept would said the SCC potential
region for the 4M-1 steel immersed in 3~o NaCl snIution at 80C lies between -380 and -345 mV vs. SCE. The spot-welded specimens showed no occurrences of SCC at -330 and -280 mV vs. SCE, but SCC at -370 mV vs. SCE which is written in the range suggested by the competition concept. this cross examination ptential region. Thus,
confirms the applicability of the competition concept in determining the SCC
Ilre C for the 4M-3 steel measured in IN H2S01 + 0.5M NaCl solution at 80C is shown in the
Figure 3 together with the measured
results
of
VII 12. The Ev values werecalculated tobe -215 andA@ thus, the SCC ptential
s~o
40 mV vs. SCE for 3% and 0.3% NaCl solutions respectively. was determined to be between -310 and -215 mV vs. SCE for and -40 mV vs. SCE for lowered for 0.3%NaCl
().q~o
region
NaCl solution and between -220
NaCl solution. Since the electrode potential dependency of V,l was concept would have predicted the SCC potential the estimated potential region expended by
solution, the competition
region to expand for 0.3% NaCl solution an~ indee~ almost 100% when solution concentration
was decreased from 3% NaCl to 0.3% NaCL The results SCC was
of the spot-welded specimens are afso plotted in the same figure 7. For 3% NaCl solution,
reported to occur at both -280 and -260 mV vs. SCE but it was not observed at -220 and -160 mV vs. SCE. The competition concept suggested that the SCC region is located between -310 and -215 mV vs. SCE and, indeed, 0.3% NaCl solution, only the specimens held at the ptentials within this range exhibited SCC. For
previous research reported SCC for specimens helded at -190, -160, -110 and Again, by comparing
60 mV vs. SCE but no SCC for specimens maintained at -30 mV vs. SCE.
191/6
these measured SCC results to the estimated SCC potential region, mV vs. SCE, it is demonstrated
which is between -220 and -40 These comparisons not only
that both results coincided perfectly.
verified the correctness strongly
of the SCC potential range predicted by the competition concept in determining
concept but also
support the vsfidity of the competition
SCC behavior for steels
immersed in chloride environments.
Finally,
the C for the 4M-13 steel in IN H$04
+ 0.5M NaCl solution at 80C is shown in
Figure 4 with the measured vafues of VII 2. Because V,, values for the 4M-13 steel in both 3% ~d
0.03% FJaCl solutions were higher than C at rdl ~tentisls above ER, the SCC criteria, C > V, as
postulated
by the competitionconcept can not be satisfied and thus no SCC region for 4M-13 steels
can be identified at 80C.
By cross examination of the results of spot-welded specimens 7, it can be
concluded that no SCC occurred at afl measured potentisfs as predicted by the competition concept. This is an additional evidence supporting the applicability of the competition concept in determining the SCC potential region for steels immersed in chloride environments.
Effects of Temperature
on Dissolution
Rate of Crevice Corrosion
The measured
VII vsfues of 4M-1 steels in 3% NaCl solution
at 40, 50, 60 and 80C are
displayed in Figure 5. decreased,
The E~ were found to be displaced in the noble direction as temperature As
from -390, -380, -360 to -310 mV vs. SCE for 80, 60, 50 and 40C respectively. the electrode potential dependency of VII remains practiall y mtsff@ed However, as the temperature decreased, VII also decreased
reduced
observed in the figure, changes in temperature.
by the ~d the
magnitude of the decrease in VII was greater when the temperature The V*I1vsfues were then determined from the electrode ptential markedly significant
at
wss
from 50 to 40C.
dependency of VII. Afthough VII on V*II was not so at 80C to 1.2 Pnt~r
decreased with decreasing
temperature,
the effect of temperature
the V*II was found to decrease only by 0.2 WWhr, from 1.4 pmh
40C.
The VII values of 4M-3 steels in 3% NaCl solutions measured at 40, 60 and 80C are shown exhibited in Figure 6. The ~ was -380 mV vs. SCE at 40C and -390 mV vs. SCE at both 60 and
191i7
80Q
thus,
the E~ remained
basically
unaffected
by the increase
in temperature.
As the
temperature increased,
the VII also increased and this increment increased as the electrode potential Consequently, the electrode @ential dependency of VII increased
move towards the noble region. with increasing temperature.
The V*U, as determined from the dependency of electrode ~tential,
were calculated to be 1.4 pm/hr for 40C, 1.4 ~m/hr for 60C and 1.5 ~m/hr for 80C. Despite of a sharp increment observed in both V,, and its electrode potential dependency when the temperature was raised, the temperature dependency of V*lI was found to be almost negligible.
The VII values of 4M-13 steels for 3% NaCl solution at 40, 60 and 80C were measured and the results are presented in Figure 7. The ~ was observed to increase from -410 mV vs. SCE for 80C
to -380 mV vs. SCE for 60C and -310 mV vs. SCE for 40C. The behavior of VII for 4M-13 steels was basically similar to that of the 4M- 1 steels except that the magnitude of the change in VII with temperature changes was greater in the 4M-13 steel. While increasing the temperature have an effect on VII, it had no effect on the electrode ptential determined from the electrode potential dependency for 40C. dependency of VIP The V*lI v~ues were also and estimated to be 2.3pmihr for 80C, 2.2 the effect of
pmilrr for 60C and 2.1 pmh temperature is not very significant.
Although V,, is increme in temperate,
Applicability
of TC as Measurement
of
SCC Susceptibility
The Vu values determined above andthe C values measured for the 4M-1 steel in lN HZS04 +
0.5M NaCl solution at both 25C and 80C from previous resesrch7 are plotted in Figure 8 in an Arrhenius plot format. As shown in the figure, atthough a strong temperature dependency was
observed for C, the temperature dependency for V*I1was insignificant.
The Tc was evaluated as the The Tc
intersecting temperature between V*II and C plots as suggested by the competition concept.
for the 4M-1 steel was calculated to be 69C and, as listed in Table 2, the Tc memured using the spot-welded specimens in a previous investigation7 was reported to be 70C suggesting that Tc is
indeed the temperature where C and V intersects in the Arrhenius plot..
191/8
Figure 9 shows the V[[ values reported above and the C value for both the 4M-3 and 4M-13 steels in IN H2S04 + 0.5M NaCl solution7 at both 25C and 80C in the Arrhertius plot against the inverse of temperature. Similar to that observed for the 4M-1 steel as shown in Figure 8, a strong
temperature dependency is only observed for C and not for V*II, which is unaffected by temperature. The Tc was again evaluated by determining the temperature where C and V*II intersects in the
Arrhenius plot shown in Figure 9. The Tc was calculated to be 61C for 4M-3 steel and 112C for 4M-13 steel. The vafues measured in the spot-welded specimens from a previous study7 were 50C for 4M-3 steel and 130C for 4M-13 steel, as listed in Table 2. The fact that these two measured Tc values were relatively close to those calculated for both steels clearly demonstrated the validity of the prediction put forth by the competition concept that Tc is the temperature where C and V intersects. when the crack growth rate is accelerated by increasing
Thus, as stated by the competition concept, the temperature,
the dissolution rate was less affected by this increase of temperature and therefore Tc, where the crack growth rate will exceed the dissolution rate and Baaed upon these findings, Tc can be used as an
there will exist a temperature,
consequently will lead to the occurrence of SCC.
effective indicator for the SCC susceptibility of afloyed stainless steels.
Effects of P and Cu on Improving

Phosphorus are inevitably
the Resistances
of SCC
It is well
introduced
in as impurity into steels during production. of steels to SCC 7.
known that phosphoms
cart increase the susceptibility
Since a eontent of 300
ppm P is commonly introduced into Type 304 steels, in this paper.
the effect of 300 ppm P was therefore studied this
Because ample literature is available detailing the effect of phosphorus on SCC,
study focused on investigating the effect of 300 ppm P on both C and VII to examine the ~mpetition concept in relation to the susceptibility previous investigation
12 ~d the V*II v~ue5
to SCC.
c~culated
Figure 10 displays the C value measured in a

in lftis
study for the 18%Cr-14%Ni b~e steel
(4M-1) and the 300 ppm P steel (4M-3) in 3%NaCl wlution at 80C. As shown in the figure, addition of 300 ppm P was found to increase C from 1.7 pmh
from 1.4 pmmr
the V*U
to 2.6 Pmh
while d~reasing
to 1.2 pm/hr.
Since phosphorus
will increase C and decrease Vn,
the C > V
criterion for SCC based upon the competition
concept can be satisfied easier with the addition of
191/9
phosphorus.
In summary,
an increase in phosphorus
content is
detrimental
to SCC resistancein
accordance with existing knowledge. Previous research haa revealed that alloying with 1% copper can significantly increase the SCC
resistance of stainless steel 16. The alloying effect of l% copper on both C and V*II in 3%NaCl at 80C is afso shown in Figure 10. The figure showed that copper alloying has the opposite effect of phosphorus addition. Copper was found to increase V*II considerably, from 1.4 pmhr to 2.9 pm/hr, the
while decreasing C, from 1.7 p,mlu to 1.4 pm/br.
Again, based upen the competition concept,
afloying of copper will make it more difficult to satisfy the SCC susceptibility
criterion, C > V, and The beneficial
therefore copper is an effective alloying element in improving the SCC resistance. effect of copper is also in agreement with reported results 7.
Finally,
the effects of phosphorus
and copper on both C and V*I1 for 3%NaCl
at various
temperatures are showninFigure 11.Datanot measured between 25cto140C weredetermined by extrapolating themeasured datato the specific temperature before plotted alsoin the figure.
Similarly to the data shown in Figure
10, the addition of phosphorus was found
to increase C and
decrease V whereas copper afloying was found to decrease C and increase V for all observed temperatures. From the plotted figure, the temperature where C equals V can be estimated for the
three steels. These temperatures were 74C for the base steel, 42C for the 300 ppm P alloyed steel and 123C for the l% copper afloyed steels, respectively. it is again confirmed Thus, based upon the competition concept, to SCC resistance but alloying of Cu
that an increase of P is detrimental Moreover,
improves SCC resistance.
a good agreement was found by comparing these temperatures
to the Tc measured using the spot-welded specimen listed in Table 2, which were 70C, 50C and
130C, respectively. This examinination of the temperaturesindicated that Tc k the temperature
where C and V intersects in an Arrhenius indeed applicable for determining
plot and as a consequence of austenitic
the competition stainless
concept is
the SCC behavior
steels in chloride
contained solutions.
CONCLUSION
It haa been shown that the competition concept is applicable for explaining the observed SCC
191/10
ptentiaf
range and SCC criticaltemperaturefor austeniticstainlesssteelsincluding thosecontaining
P and Cu additions.The SCC potentialrange is indeed the range between thecrevice repassivadon potential,ER and the potentialwhere the crack growth rate equals to the dissolution rate, Ev
The
SCC critical temperature, Tc, k the temperature where the crack growth rate equals the dissolution
rate in the Arrhenius plot against temperature.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was partially supported by NIDI (Nickel Development Institute). We also would
like to express our gratitude to H. Abe, of Nippon Steel Co. for preparation of the steel specimens.
1. 2. 3.
T. Takekawsj Boshoku Oijutsu 31, 9(1982) p.537.

T. Shinohar% S. Tsujikawa, Y. Hkamatsu, Boshoku Gijutsu 34, 5(1985): p.283. S. TsujikawA Roles of Localized Corrosion on Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracks for
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
10. 11. 12. 13.
Austenitic Stainless Steels in Chloride Environment, Stainless Steels 91, page. no.48, (Tokyo, Japan: ISIJ, 1991). S. Tsujikawa, T. Shinohsra, Y. Hisamatsu, The Role of Crevices in Comparison to Pits in Initiating Stress Corrosion Cracks of Type 310S Steel in Different Concentrations of MgC12 Solutions at 80C, Corrosion Cracking 85, page. no.35, (Metafs Park, Ohio, USA ASM, 1986). K. Tarnski, S. Tsujikawa and Y. Hisarnatsu, Development of a New Test Method for Chloride Stress Corrosion Crackirw of Stainless Steels in Dilute NaCI Solutions, Proc. 2nd Intern. Conf. on Localized corrosi~n, page. no.207, (Houston, Texas: NACE, 1987). S. Tsujikawa, T. Shinohsra, L. Wen, Spot-welded specimen maintained above the crevicerepaasivation potential to evaluate stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of stainless steel in NaCl solutions, Proc. of the ASTM Symp. on Application of Accelerated Corrosion Tests to Service Life Prediction of Materiafs, ASTM STP 1194, page. no.340, (Philadelphia PA USA: ASTM, 1994). C. Liarrg, T. Sinohara, S. Tsujikawa, Boshoku Gijutsu 39, 5(1990): p.238. S. Tsujikawa, T. Shinohara, C. Liang, Development of Improved Type 304 Stainless Steel Resistant to Stress Corrosion Cracking in Chloride Environments, stainless steels 91, page no.196, (Tokyo, Japan: LSIJ, 1991). S. Tsujikawa, Critical Depth for Initiation of Orowing Crevice Corrosion, Proceedings of the Symposium on Critical Factors in Locafized Corrosion, (Pennington, NJ: ECS, 1992). O. Ando, S. Tsujikaw~ T. Hisarnatsu, Boshoku Oijutsu 27, 11(1978) p.580. S. Tsujikawa, Y. Hisarnatsu, Boshoku Oijutsu 29, 1(1980): p.37. Y. Ataraahiya, T. Shinohara, S. Tsujikawa: Proc. of 42nd Japan Cor. Conf., p.283 (1993) T. Shinohara, Y. Atsraslriya, S. Tsujikawa: Proc. of 45nd Japan Cor. Conf., A202 (1995)
191/11
14. 15. 16.
T. Shinohara,S. Tsujikawa, N. Masuko, Boshoku Gijutsu 39, 5(1990): p.238. P. Chen, T. Shinohar%S. Tsujikaw% Zairyo-to-Kankyo 45, 7(1996) p.420. P. Chen, T. Shinohara,S. Tsujikawa, Afloying Effects on Dissolution Rate of Crevice Corrosion For AusteniticStainleasSteelsin 3% NaCl Solution at 80C, Proc. of Corrosion 96, paper no.436, (Houston, USA NACE, 1996). H. J. Grabke, Steel Res. 58, 10(1987): p.477. N. Matsuur% N~pponStainlessTech. Rep., 23, 1(1988): p.109
17. 18.
Table.1
0,019 0,018 0,019 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0,10 <0.10 0.13
Composition of Steels Used

0.002 0.030 <0,002 0.001s 0.0097 0.0099 13.77 14.29 14.15 17.05 18.00 18.14 <0.05 <0.05 0.98 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.003 0.003 0.004
Table.2 Comparison of Tc (C)
191/12
1) Crevice Corrosion 2) No Localized Corrosion
+ v,,
Scc
No SCC
4 (2)
(1)
Electrode
Figme.1
20 I
Potentiai
Conceptual Representation of the Competition Concept
4M-I
10
; 80t
)
c
s q 39w4acl 0.3%NaCl 0.03%NaCl
E
v
SCC Test
,x
) o
3%NaCl 0.3%NaCl 0.03%NaCl ,
0.1
-500
R
-400
c 00 00 0
-303 .200 -1OQ
100
Electrode Potential (mV vs. SCE)

Figure.2 SCC Electrode Potentiaf Range for 4M-1 Steel. 191/13
20
4M-3
10
80t
z x ~ 2
s, .g 3 3 .;
:
A A v
xx (
SCCTest
R
xxx
1 1
-200
Xo
t
-100
0.3%NaCl
0.1 -400
1
0
1
100 200
-300

Figuzw.3 SCC Electrcde Potential Range for 4M-3 Steel.
20
4M-13
10
3%NaCl,
8&C
c n
s
A
39tNaCl 0.03%NaCl
$CCTest
00
0 00
-300
3%NaCl
0
-2CX3
0.03%NaCl
R 0.1
-500 -4!93 -lcm 0

Fig32m.4 SCC Electrode Potenthf Range for 4M-13 Steal. 191/14
20
10
4M-1 3% NaCl
0.1 -500
L
V*ll at 80T 60
ER
+,
1
q 6LTC
5crc A o 4rYc
s 8WC
J
-20a
I
0
-400
-300
-100
20
10
0.1 -432
. L
Figure.5
I

Dissolution Rate for 4M-1 Steel in 3%NaCL
4M-3 3% NaCl
v 11 at 80T 60T 4
ER
u
s
WC
60C
4WC
-300
-Zca
-100
Electrode
Potential
(mV vs. SCE)
Figure.6
Dissolution Rate fot 4M-3 Steel in 3%NaCL
191/15
20
4M-13
10
0.1 -500
434
.3W
.200
-100
Figure.7 Dissolution Rate for 4M-13 Steel in 3%NaCL
Temperature
(~)
0-
2.6
2.s
3.0 l/TX 1000 (K
3.2 -1)
3.4
3.6
Figrud
Determination of Tc for 4M-1 Steel.
191/16
10,
Temperature (~) &l 40 150 120 100 80 II 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I I 1 1
20
1 I
3% NaCl
2.2
\ &
. . .
18Cr- 14N1 . . 2.4 2.6 2.8
3.0 l~X1000 (K
~*
. \
3.2 3.4 3,6 -1)
Figure.9 Determination of T, for both 4M-3 and 4M-13 Steels.
Figrrre.10 Effect of P and Cu on C and Vn in 3%NaCl at 8WC.
191/17
Figure.11
Effect of P and Cu on C and V*II in 3% NFICI.
191/18

Applicability of The Competition Concept in Determining The Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Austenitic Stain (51300-97191-Sg)

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Applicability of The Competition Concept in Determining The Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of Austenitic Stain (51300-97191-Sg)

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Paper No.

Peter Che-Sheng Chen, Tadashi ShinoharA

Tokyo, JAPAN, 113

competition concept. The SCC ~tential crevice repsssivation

stress corrosion cracking, crevice corrosion,

stainless steel, alloying effect, copper.

dissolution rate, crack growth rate, repassivation potentiaf, critical temperature,

study the SCC behavior that

a new testing method using spot welded specimens was developed ] 5.

if SCC does not occur at a ptential

et af. have postulated

when the crack growth rate, C,

exceeds the dissolution

potential morenoble than ER 11, scc

morenoble than h. cm therefore only occurred ata potential

Ev as the potential where C equals to V, the competition concept

bulk Cl- concentration on temperature.

12,13 whereas V depends strongly on the electrode ptential

and ordy slightly

by raising C through the increase temperature.

Tc is the temperature where the Arrhenius plots of C and V interswt.

subject to SCC at temperatures below Tc because V is greater than C. However, is increased,

into three stages when monitored over time

initiates but does not reach the critical depth;

a transient stage where crevice

is impeded or even stopped,

penetration steadily grows 4.

on the potential and steel composition, strong dependency .

Previous studies of rdloying effects on dissolution

concept for different concentrations

elements on improving the SCC resistance of steels.

Measurement ofDissolution Rate via Moire Technique

The specimen was set

whether SCC will initiate from a dissolving stage was calculated

crevice. statistically dissolution

the steady growth

the mean was used as the dissolution immediately

rate in the growth potential,

above the repassivation

V*II, Was fin~ly

determined from the electrode ptential

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SCE for 3%, 0.3% and 0.03% NaCl solutions, respectively.

As observed in the figure, was decreased.

the electrode The figure

V,, decreased as the solution was

this potential of -220 mV vs. SCE seemed to act as a transitional ptential

The V*II value were determined to increase as the chloride

concentration in solution was reduced.

when the chloride concentration

in solution was decreased.

was reduced particularly in

than that of 4M-1 steels.

when solution concentration was decreased.

found to have the effect of moving ~ 4M-13

toward the noble region.

The observed behavior of VII for

the SC(7 Potential

Range for Different Chloride Concentrated

growth rates measured in IN H#04

+ 0.5M NaCl solution at 80C using the pterrtisl

for these two solutions because the