CONJUNCTIONS (Conjunciones) Una conjuncin es una palabra que une dos palabras, frases u oraciones.

Las hay de tres tipos: CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) COPULATIVAS (copulative conjunctions) DISYUNTIVAS (Disjunctive conjunctions) ADVERSATIVAS (Adversative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions) Causales (of cause) Comparativas (of comparison) Concesivas (of contrast) Condicionales (of condition) Consecutivas (of result) De lugar (of place) De modo (of manner) De tiempo (of time) Finales (of purpose) COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (Conjunciones coordinantes) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions) Las conjunciones coordinantes siempre unen dos palabras, frases u oraciones con el mismo valor sintctico (sujeto + sujeto / verbo + verbo / oracin + oracin) CONJUNCIONES COPULATIVAS and and ... as well. as well as CONJUNCTS furthermore moreover besides in addition adems adems adems adems y y... tambin. DISYUNTIVAS or o ADVERSATIVAS but pero

CONJUNCTS o si no all the same (and) yet /still however a pesar de todo (y) sin embargo sin embargo

adems de or else

otherwise de lo contrario

notwithstanding no obstante, a pesar de nevertheless nonetheless no obstante a pesar de todo, an as

Cuando se usa una conjuncin para unir dos oraciones, hay que poner una coma (,) antes de la conjuncin.

COORDINANTES COPULATIVAS (copulative conjunctions) Enlazan palabras, frases u oraciones aadiendo un concepto al anterior. I took her home, and I went back at once. (La acompa a casa, y volv inmediatamente.) She is beautiful as well as sensible. (Ella es guapa adems de inteligente.) I don't like the play, furthermore / moreover / besides / in addition I'm tired. (No me gusta la obra; adems estoy cansado.)

La diferencia entre estos ltimos es tan sutil que muchos anglosajones los utilizan indistintamente. Digamos que vamos del ms literario o formal (furthermore) al ms comn (in addition).

COORDINANTES DISYUNTIVAS (Disjunctive conjunctions) Enlazan palabras, frases u oraciones sealando una eleccin entre los dos trminos. He can come or he can call. (Puede venir o puede llamar.) Wait for a while, or else you won't see him. (Espera un rato; si no, no lo vers.) I'm interested, otherwise I wouldn't call. I'm interested, I wouldn't call otherwise. (Me interesa, de lo contrario no llamara.) COORDINANTES ADVERSATIVAS (Adversative conjunctions) Enlazan palabras, frases u oraciones indicando una oposicin entre los dos trminos. Tom is coming on Tuesday, but we're seeing him on Thursday. (Tom viene el martes, pero lo vemos el jueves.) She has already seen the film, however / yet / still she's coming with us. (Ella ya ha visto la pelcula sin embargo ella viene con nosotros.) He is angry, however / nevertheless / nonetheless / all the same I don't think he will tell you. (Est enfadado, sin embargo / no obstante / a pesar de todo no creo que te lo diga.) CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS (Conjunciones correlativas) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions)

Lo mismo que las conjunciones coordinantes, unen elementos similares pero estn compuestas por dos trminos. both... and not only... but ... also ... - not only... but ... too. / as well. either... or neither... nor no slo ... sino tambin; tanto ... como no slo ... sino tambin ... - no slo ... sino ... tambin. o ... o ni ... ni

We visited both London and New York. (Visitamos tanto Londres como Nueva York.) We visited not only London but also New York. We visited not only London but New York too/as well. (Visitamos no slo Londres sino Nueva York tambin.) He both loves and respects her. (La ama tanto como la respeta.) He not only loves her, but also respects her. Not only does he love her, but also respects her. (No slo la ama, sino que tambin la respeta.) He not only loves her, but respects her too / as well. Not only does he love her, but respects her too / as well. (No slo la ama sino que la respeta tambin.)

Observa que cuando NOT ONLY va delante, se produce una inversin en el orden de la oracin: Not only does he love her, but also respects her. Not only does he love her, but respects her too / as well. Tonight's program is either Mozart or Beethoven. (El programa de esta noche es (o) Mozart o Beethoven.) We could either fly or go by train. (Podramos (o) volar o ir en tren.) She is neither friendly nor co-operative. (No es ni simptica ni colaboradora.) They will neither confirm nor deny the news. (Ni confirmarn ni negarn las noticias.)

Cuando se unen dos sujetos, el verbo lleva la persona del sujeto que tiene ms cerca: Neither he nor his friend is ready. Neither his friends nor he is ready. Neither he nor his friends are ready.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS (Conjunciones subordinantes) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions)

Unen dos oraciones en una oracin compleja, subordinando una a otra. Las oraciones subordinadas (introducidas por el conjuncin) no tienen autonoma propia. Cuando desempean la funcin de adverbio o locucin adverbial, pueden ser: Causales (of cause) Comparativas (of comparison) Concesivas (of contrast) Condicionales (of condition) Consecutivas (of result) De lugar (of place) De modo (of manner) De tiempo (of time) Finales (of purpose)

CLAUSES OF CAUSE (Oraciones subordinadas causales) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions): causales (of cause) -> comparativas (of comparison) -> concesivas (of contrast) -> condicionales (of condition) -> consecutivas (of result) -> de lugar (of place) -> de modo (of manner) -> de tiempo (of time) -> finales (of purpose) Las subordinadas adverbiales causales (Adverbial clauses of reason) expresan el motivo de la accin principal. because as since for porque como puesto que, ya que puesto que, porque, por para contestar directamente preguntas con Why posicin inicial posicin inicial formal (lenguaje escrito sobre todo)

He was angry because we had lost our keys. (Estaba enfadado porque habamos perdido las llaves.) As it was a sunny day, we went out for a walk. (Como haca sol, fuimos a dar un paseo.) Since you ask me, I'll tell you what happened. (Puesto que / Ya que me lo preguntas, te contar lo que ocurri.) I called him at work, for I had to tell him something important. (Lo llam al trabajo, porque /puesto que tena que decirle algo importante.)

CLAUSES OF COMPARISON (Oraciones subordinadas comparativas) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions): causales (of cause) -> comparativas (of comparison) -> concesivas (of contrast) -> condicionales (of condition) -> consecutivas (of result) -> de lugar (of place) -> de modo (of manner) -> de tiempo (of time) -> finales (of purpose) Las subordinadas adverbiales comparativas (Adverbial clauses of comparison) expresan el segundo trmino de una comparacin que se inicia en la proposicin principal. as + adjective / adverb + as tan + adjetivo / adverbio + como

not as / so + adjective / adverb + as as much + uncountable noun + as as many + countable noun + as the same + noun + as more + adjective / adverb / noun + than adjective / adverb + -er than less + adjective / adverb / uncountable noun + than fewer + adjective / adverb / countable noun + than as + adjective / adverb + as not as / so + adjective / adverb + as

no tan + adjetivo / adverbio + como tanto / tanta + sustantivo no contable + como tantos / tantas + sustantivo contable + como el/lo/la/los/las mismo/a/os/as + sustantivo + que ms + adjetivo / adverbio / sustantivo + que menos + adjetivo / adverbio / sustantivo no contable + que menos + adjetivo / adverbio / sustantivo contable + que tan + adjetivo / adverbio + como no tan + adjetivo / adverbio + como

She is as intelligent as her sister. (Ella es tan ingeligente como su hermana.) She is as wise as her brother is foolish. (Ella es tan sensata como su hermano es insensato.) He doesn't run as / so fast as the other players. (No corre tan rpidamente como los otros jugadores.) as much + singular noun / uncountable noun + as as many + plural noun / countable noun + as tanto / tanta + sustantivo singular / no contable + como tantos / tantas + sustantivo plural / contable + como

He always spends as much money as he earns. (Siempre se gasta tanto dinero como gana.) We didn't invite as many friends as (we did) at our last party. (No invitamos a tantos amigos como (hicimos) en nuestra ltima fiesta.) the same + noun + as el / lo / la / los / las mismo/a/os/as + sustantivo + que

He hasn't the same temper as his brother. (No tiene el mismo carcter que su hermano.) He gave us the same old excuses as he always did. (Nos vino con las mismas viejas excusas como siempre haca.) more + adjective / adverb / noun + than adjective / adverb + -er than ms + adjetivo / adverbio / sustantivo + que

He isn't younger than I (am) / me (colloquial). (No es ms jven que yo.) We'll travel more comfortably than we expected. (Viajaremos ms cmodamente de lo que esperbamos.) They had to buy more expensive tickets than they intended. (Tuvieron que comprar billetes ms caros de lo que tenan pensado.) Dentro de las subordinadas comparativas cabe destacar las construcciones correlativas. The more he heard, the angrier he got. (Cuanto ms oa, ms se enfadaba.) The more you explain it to him, the less he'll understand it. (Cuanto ms se lo expliques, menos lo entender.) less + adjective / adverb / no contable noun ... than menos + adjetivo / adverbio / sustantivo no contable + que

fewer + adjective / adverb / contable noun ... than

menos + adjetivo / adverbio / sustantivo contable + que

We had less time than we had asked. (Tuvimos menos tiempo del que habamos pedido.) If he had worked less slowly than he did, he would have finished the report. (Si hubiera trabajado menos lentamente de lo que lo hizo, habra acabado el informe.) He had fewer reliable friends than he thought. (l tena menos amigos de confianza de lo que pensaba.) The less funny his jokes were, the fewer people laughed. (Cuanto memos divertidas eran sus bromas, menos gente se ra.) CLAUSES OF CONTRAST (Oraciones subordinadas concesivas) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions): causales (of cause) -> comparativas (of comparison) -> concesivas (of contrast) -> condicionales (of condition) -> consecutivas (of result) -> de lugar (of place) -> de modo (of manner) -> de tiempo (of time) -> finales (of purpose) Las subordinadas adverbiales concesivas (Adverbial clauses of reason) expresan una objecin o dificultad para el cumplimiento de lo dicho en la oracin principal, sin impedir ese cumplimiento. although / though even if / even though for all (that) in spite of / despite however + adj. / adv. much as no matter how, when, where... whatever whether ... or not whereas while / whilst although though aunque aunque aunque aunque / an cuando a pesar de a pesar de por muy... por mucho no importa cmo, cuando, donde, ... cualquiera que sea (tanto) si ... como si no mientras (que) mientras (que) slo al principio de la oracin en cualquier posicin y sobre todo al final de la oracin.

Although (/ though) Jim smiled, he was upset. (Aunque Jim sonrea, estaba disgustado.) I won't be able to go, though (/ although) I have the ticket, . (Aunque tengo la entrada, no podr ir.) It was an enjoyable show, I won't see it again, though (although). It was an enjoyable show, though I won't want to repeat it. (Era un espectculo agradable; aunque no lo ver otra vez.) After this experience I'm wiser though (although) poorer. (Despus de esta experiencia soy ms sabio aunque ms pobre.) even if + indicative even though + indicative aunque + subjuntivo aunque, an cuando + indicativo caso hipottico un hecho cierto

Even if I am tired, I'll go out with you.

(Aunque est cansado, saldr contigo.) Even though I am tired, I'll go out with you. (Aunque / An cuando estoy cansado, saldr contigo.) Even if I have enough money, I won't buy that computer. (Aunque tenga bastante dinero, no comprar ese ordenador.) Even though I have enough money, I won't buy that computer. (Aunque / An cuando tengo bastante dinero, no comprar ese ordenador.) for all (that) + indicative a pesar de (que) + subjuntivo expresa duda, posibilidad

For all the work you've done, your project may be turned down. (A pesar del trabajo que has hecho, puede que tu proyecto sea rechazado.) She won't convince her for all that you keep on trying. (No la convencers a pesar de que sigas intentndolo.) in spite of + verb with -ing / noun in spite of the fact that + sentence despite + verb with -ing / noun despite the fact that + sentence a pesar de + verbo en infinitivo / sustantivo a pesar de que + oracin a pesar de + verbo en infinitivo / sustantivo a pesar de que + oracin

La nica diferencia entre ambos no es de matiz, sino el OF: in spite of + sustantivo / verbo en -ing despite + sustantivo / verbo en -ing En realidad ambos son preposiciones y slo se pueden utilizar como conjunciones aadindoles "the fact that": in spite of the fact that + oracin despite the fact that + oracin In spite of (A pesar de In spite of (A pesar de In spite of (A pesar de / Despite our lack of time, we listened to them. nuestra falta de tiempo, los escuchamos.) / Despite lacking time, we listened to them. la falta de tiempo, los escuchamos.) / Despite the fact that we lacked time, we listened to them. que nos faltaba tiempo, los escuchamos.)

however + adjective / adverb

por muy + adjetivo / adverbio

The Lakers won't call you however tall you are. (Los Lakers no te llamarn por muy alto que seas.) However friendly it looks, this dog bites. (Por muy simptico que parezca, este perro muerde.) However fast you run, I'll catch you. (Por muy rpidamente que corras, te coger.) However carefully you think your answer, you may be wrong. (Por muy cuidadosamente que pienses la respuesta, puede que te equivoques.) much as a pesar de lo mucho que, por mucho que

She won't listen to you much as you insist. (Ella no te escuchar por mucho que / a pesar de lo mucho que insistas.) Much as you have done for them, you can't ask them for that favour. (Por mucho que / A pesar de lo mucho que hayas hecho por ellos, no les puedes pedir ese favor.) no matter + how + adjetive no importa + lo + adjetivo

no matter + where, when, whose...

no importa + dnde, cundo, de quin...

No matter how tired you feel, keep on walking. (No importa lo cansado que te sientas, sigue caminando.) Call me before coming, no matter how many friends you'll take home, . (Llmame antes de venir, no importa cuantos amigos traigas a casa.) No matter what you do, don't touch this switch. (No importa lo que hagas, no toques este botn.) He always did what he wanted no matter where he was. (Siempre haca lo que quera no importa donde estuviera.)i whatever cualquiera que sea que , sea cual sea que...

Tell me the truth whatever it is. (Dme la verdad cualquiera que sta sea.) Whatever they said, I didn't pay attention to them. (Dijeran lo que dijeran, no les haca caso.) whether... or not (tanto) si ... como si no

You'll have to meet Tom whether you like it or not. (Tendrs que encontrarte con Tom tanto si te gusta como si no.) Whether you tell it to her or not, she'll know it. (Tanto si se lo dices como si no, ella lo sabr.) I'm not sure whether I feel like going or not. (No estoy seguro si me apetece ir o no.) whereas while whilst mientras (que) (formal) mientras (que) mientras (que) - forma antigua. Se usa sobre todo en UK.

I love skiing while / whilst / whereas my wife doesn't like it at all. (Me ecanta esquiar mientras (que) a mi esposa no le gusta en absoluto.) She's got a lot of friends, while / whilst / whereas her brother doesn't. (Ella tiene muchos amigos mientras (que) su hermano no.) I won't borrow you any money while / whilst / whereas you don't pay me back what you owe me. (No te prestar dinero mientras (que) no me devuelvas lo que me debes.) CONDTIONAL CLAUSES (Oraciones subordinadas conditionales) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions): causales (of cause) -> comparativas (of comparison) -> concesivas (of contrast) -> condicionales (of condition) -> consecutivas (of result) -> de lugar (of place) -> de modo (of manner) -> de tiempo (of time) -> finales (of purpose) Las subordinadas adverbiales condicionales (Conditional clauses ) expresan una condicin para el cumplimiento de lo dicho en la oracin principal. Las hay de TIPO I, TIPO II, TIPO III if unless condiciones necesarias (= only if) provided (that) providing (that) as / so long as con tal que con tal que siempre que si a menos que

on (the) condition (that) but for + noun condiciones imaginarias assuming (that) in case supposing (that)

a condicin de que de no ser por

suponiendo que por si suponiendo que

Si la oracin principal va delante, se separa la subordinada con una "coma". No se pone coma si la principal va despus de la subordinada. (Igual que en espaol, como puedes observar.) Hay tres tipos principales de oraciones condicionales: TIPO 1 Es posible, probable o seguro que se cumpla la condicin. If + present Si + presente , , future (will + infinitivo sin to), imperative, present futuro, imperativo, presente

If you call your brother, I'll call mine. (Si llamas a tu hermano, llamar al mo.) I won't tell anybody if there is no trouble. (No se lo dir a nadie si no hay problemas.) If you can come to the party, don't tell Peter. (Si puedes venir a la fiesta, no se lo digas a Peter.) TIPO 2 Es posible pero improbable que se cumpla la condicin. If + past Si + pretrito imperfecto de subjuntivo , , conditional (would / could / might / should + bare infinitive) condicional

If she won the lottery, would she travel around the world? (Si ella ganara / ganase la lotera, viajara por todo el mundo? If dogs could talk, they could tell us a lot of secrets. (Si los perros pudieran / pudiesen hablar, podran decirnos muchos secretos.) Bob would be ready if we needed him. (Bob estara listo si lo necesitramos / necesitsemos.)

Podemos expresar la posibilidad remota con: ("Haber de") if + were + to + verbo , o if + should + verbo

If she were to see them, she could ask them. (Si ella hubiera de verlos, les podra preguntar.) She could ask them if she should see them. (Podra preguntarles si se encontrara con ellos.) Con estas expresiones se puede quitar el "if" recurriendo a la "inversin" Were she to see them, she could ask them. should she see them, she could ask them. Para los consejos se prefiere la expresin If I were ... aunque de forma coloquial se pueda or If I was ... If I were your mother, I wouldn't let you go. (Si yo fuera tu madre, no te dejara ir.) TIPO 3 Es imposible que se cumpla la condicin porque ya est en el pasado. If + past perfect (had + Past Participle) Si + pretrito pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo , , perfect conditional (would have / could have / might have / should have + Past Participle) condicional compuesto

If I had had the money, I wouldn't have sold my car. (Si hubiera / hubiese tenido el dinero, no habra vendido el coche.) If he had paid more attention, could he have avoided the accident? (Si hubiera / hubiese tenido ms cuidado, podra haber evitado el accidente? ) We might have won the match if we had played a little better. (Pudiera ser que hubiramos ganado el partido si hubiramos jugado un poco mejor.) UNLESS + oracin afirmativa = IF + oracin negativa You'll fail unless you start studying. (Suspenders a menos que empieces a estudiar.) You will fail if you don't start studying. (Suspenders si no empiezas a estudiar.) Unless he was very upset, he would call. (A menos que estuviera muy enfadado, llamara.) If he wasn't very upset, he would call. (Si no estuviera muy enfadado, llamara.) We would have gone unless he had arrived late. (Habramos ido a menos que hubiera llegado tarde.) We would have gone if he hadn't arrived late. (Habramos ido si no hubiera llegado tarde.)

En las oraciones negativas e interrogativas se prefiere la construccin "if + not" a "unless": You'd be happier unless you lived in a cottage. (Seras ms feliz a menos que vivieras en una casa de campo.) You'd be happier if you didn't live in a cottage. (Seras ms feliz a si no vivieras en una casa de campo.) What shall we do unless he comes? (Qu hacemos a menos que venga?) What shall we do if he doesn't come? (Qu hacemos si no viene?) CONDICIONES NECESARIAS (= only if)

provided (that) providing (that) as / so long as on (the) condition (that) but for + noun (preposition)

con tal que con tal que siempre que a condicin de que de no ser por

The program will work provided (that) you follow the instructions. (El programa funcionar con tal que sigas las instrucciones.) Providing (that) you had been in time, you could have joined us. (Con tal que hubieras llegado a tiempo, te podras haber unido a nosotros.) He could come as long as he kept quiet. (Podra venir siempre que se quedara tranquilo.) I'd have lent you the money on (the) condition (that) you had paid it back by the next month. (Te habra dejado el dinero a condicin de que lo hubieras devuelto para el mes siguiente.) Para expresar la condicin necesaria para algo que ocurri en el pasado (Tipo 3) en negativo se usa: but for + noun = if it hadn't been for + noun if there hadn't been + noun if there had been no + noun

He could have got hurt but for his fast reflexes. He could have got hurt if it hadn't been for his fast reflexes. (Podra haber sido herido de no ser por su reflejos rpidos.) I would have been home on time but for the traffic jam. I would have been home in time if there had been no traffic jam. (Habra llegado a casa en punto de no ser por el atasco.) CONDICIONES IMAGINARIAS assuming (that) in case supposing (that) suponiendo que por si suponiendo que

Assuming (that) you had met him, you should have talked to him. (Suponiendo que lo hubieras conocido, deberas haber hablado con l.) She gave me her phone number in case I needed it. (Me dio su nmero de telfono por si lo necesitaba) Supposing (that) he asked you to do it, would you agree? (Suponiendo que te pidiera que lo hicieras, estaras de acuerdo?) CLAUSES OF RESULT (Oraciones subordinadas consecutivas) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions): causales (of cause) -> comparativas (of comparison) -> concesivas (of contrast) -> condicionales (of condition) -> consecutivas (of result) -> de lugar (of place) -> de modo (of manner) -> de tiempo (of time) -> finales (of purpose) Las subordinadas adverbiales consecutivas (Adverbial clauses of result ) expresan el resultado de la accin de la oracin principal. so + adjective / adverb + that so much ... that tan + adjetivo / adverbio + que tanto, tanta ... que

so many ... that such a + adjective + singular noun + that such + adjective + plural noun / uncountable noun + that so + adjective / adverb + that

tantos, tantas ... que sustantivo singular + tan + adjetivo+ que sustantivo plural / no contable + tan + adjetivo + que

tan + adjetivo / adverbio + que

The ice cream was so good that we had another (one). (El helado era tan bueno que tomamos otro.) She spoke so fast that I can't understand her. (Ella hablaba tan rpidamente que no la entiendo.) He works so much that we hardly see him. (Trabaja tanto que apenas lo vemos.) There are so many people that we should leave. (Hay tanta gente que deberamos marcharnos.) They were paying so little attention that their father told them off. (Estaban haciendo tan poco caso que su padre les reprendi.) There were so few chairs that we kept on standing up. (Haba tan pocas sillas que seguimos de pie.) such a / an + adjective + singular noun + that sustantivo singular + tan + adjetivo + que

She's such a nice girl that she's got a lot of friends. (Es una chica tan agradable que tiene muchos amigos.) It's such an amazing record that I can't believe it. (Es un rcord tan asombroso que no puedo creerlo.) Does he walk at such a fast pace that nobody can follow him? (Camina a un ritmo tan rpido que nadie puede seguirle?)

En el lenguaje literario la construccin, such a(n) + adjective + noun se puede sustituir por: so + adjective +a(n)+ noun He is such a good man that anybody takes advantange of him. He is so good a man that anybody takes advantange of him. (Es un hombre tan bueno que cualquiera se aprovecha de l.) such + adjective + plural noun / uncountable noun + that sustantivo plural / no contable + tan + adjetivo + que

There were such loud noises that he shut the window. (Haba ruidos tan fuertes que cerr la ventana.) He is in such bad mood that I daren't talk to him. (Est de tan mal humor que no me atrevo a hablarle.) such a lot of + uncountable noun / plural noun + that tanto(s), tanta(s) + sustantivo no contable / sustantivo plural

The boy was seeing such a lot of toys that he couldn't choose one. (El chico estaba viendo tantos juguetes que no poda elegir uno.) There's such a lot of smoke that I must leave. (Hay tanto humo que tengo que irme.)

Aunque esta forma es gramaticalmente correcta, se prefiere la

construccin con so much / so many en estos casos: The boy was seeing so many toys that he couldn't choose one. There's so much smoke that I must leave. CLAUSES OF PLACE (Oraciones subordinadas de lugar) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions): causales (of cause) -> comparativas (of comparison) -> concesivas (of contrast) -> condicionales (of condition) -> consecutivas (of result) -> de lugar (of place) -> de modo (of manner) -> de tiempo (of time) -> finales (of purpose) Las subordinadas adverbiales de lugar (Adverbial clauses of place ) indican el lugar donde se realiza la accin de la oracin principal. where wherever donde, dnde donde quiera que

Jenny always forgets where she leaves her keys. (Jenny siempre se olvida donde deja las llaves.) Do you know where he's gone? (Sabes dnde ha ido?) Wherever I go, I see them. (Donde quiera que vaya, los veo.) He could go wherever he felt like when he was working there. (Poda ir donde quiera que le apeteciera cuando trabajaba all.) CLAUSES OF MANNER (Oraciones subordinadas de modo) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions): causales (of cause) -> comparativas (of comparison) -> concesivas (of contrast) -> condicionales (of condition) -> consecutivas (of result) -> de lugar (of place) -> de modo (of manner) -> de tiempo (of time) -> finales (of purpose) Las subordinadas adverbiales de modo (Adverbial clauses of manner ) indican el modo en que se realiza la accin de la oracin principal. as as if as though like (US) He prepared the dish as I told him. (Prepar el plato como le dije.) He hasn't called as he promised. (No ha llamado como prometi.) como, lo mismo que como si como si como si (en EE.UU.) (informal)

No hay ninguna diferencia entre as if y as though

as if / as though + indicative (except past)

como si + subjuntivo

para decir lo que algo nos parece y puede ser REAL

she looks as if / as though she has had an argument. (Ella tiene aspecto de haber tenido una discusin.) y probablemente la ha tenido It sounds as if / as though someone is crying. (Suena como si alguien estuviera llorando.) Y probablemente alguien est llorando He was tired as if / as though he hadn't gone on holiday. (Estaba cansado como si no se hubiera ido de vacaciones.) y probablemente s ha ido En estilo informal, norteamericano sobre todo, estas mismas frases se pueden hacer con "like": she looks like she has had an argument. It sounds like someone is crying. He is / was tired like he hasn't gone on holiday. as if / as though + past como si + subjuntivo para decir lo que algo nos parece y puede ser IRREAL

En este caso el verbo be ser "WERE" a todas las personas. She talks / talked to us as if / as though she were angry with us. (Nos habla / hablaba como si estuviera enfadada con nosotros) Pero no lo est / estaba o creemos que no lo est / estaba He is talking / was talking as if / as though he knew everything. (Habla / Hablaba como si lo supiera todo.) Pero no es / era as He wastes / wasted his money as if / as though he were as rich as Croesus. (Malgasta / Malgastaba el dinero como si fuera tan rico como Creso.) Pero no es / era tan rico

OBSERVA: El tiempo de la oracin principal NO INFLUYE en el tiempo de la subordinada . Tanto as como as if / as though pueden introducir oraciones abreviadas en -ing o participio pasado He hasn't called as promised. (No ha llamado como prometido.) She looks / looked as if / as though having had an argument. (Ella tiene / tena aspecto de haber tenido una discusin.) He is talking / was talking as if / as though knowing everything. (Habla / Hablaba como si lo supiera todo / como sabindolo todo.) CLAUSES OF TIME (Oraciones subordinadas de tiempo) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions): causales (of cause) -> comparativas (of comparison) -> concesivas (of contrast) -> condicionales (of condition) -> consecutivas (of result) -> de lugar (of place) -> de modo (of manner) -> de tiempo (of time) -> finales (of purpose)

Las subordinadas adverbiales de tiempo (Adverbial clauses of time ) indican el momento en que se realiza la accin de la oracin principal. after as as soon as before now that once since till / until when whenever while / whilst (UK) despus que cuando (simultaneidad) tan pronto como, en cuanto antes que ahora que una vez que desde que hasta que cuando siempre que mientras que

Bill phoned after / before you called. (Bill telefone despus que / antes que llamaras.) He told it to me as soon as he knew it. (Me lo dijo tan pronto como / en cuanto lo supo.) Now that we have finished, let's have a coffee. (Ahora que hemos acabado, tomemos un caf.) I'll tell you once I have done it. (Te lo dir una vez que lo haya hecho.) I haven't seen him since we graduated. (No lo veo desde que nos licenciamos.) I'll wait till / until you help me. (Esperar hasta que me ayudes.) I'll come whenever you call me. (Vendr siempre que me llames.) Don't disturb me while (whilst) I am working. (No me molestes mientras trabajo.)

NO se utiliza el futuro detrs de una conjuncin de tiempo. Cuando queremos referirnos al futuro utilizamos una oracin en presente detrs de la conjuncin. Well send you a postcard when we arrive in Italy. (Te enviaremos una postal cuando lleguemos a Italia.) As soon as you finish, well leave. (En cuanto acabes, nos iremos.) Cuando nos referimos al pasado, utilizamos una oracin en pasado simple detrs de la conjuncin. We opened all the windows when we saw the smoke. (Abrimos todas las ventanas cuando vimos el humo.) Podemos emplear el pretrito perfecto (have + participio pasado) o pluscuamperfecto (had + participio pasado) con after, as soon as, till / until y when para enfatizar que la accin temporal estar totalmente acabada antes de que empiece la otra accin . Dont leave you desk until you have done your homework completely. (No dejes la mesa hasta que hayas acabado los deberes completamente.) He prepared dinner when he had finished talking on the phone. (Prepar la cena cuando hubo acabado de hablar por telfono.)

Con before estos tiempos (pretrito perfecto o pluscuamperfecto) indican que la accin NO est concluida antes de que empiece la otra accin. She closed the door before he had talked to her. (Ellal cerr la puerta antes de que l hubiera hablado con ella.) He met this girl before he had finished university. (Conoci a esa chica antes de acabar la universidad.) as when cuando cuando indica que la accin de la oracin principal ocurre simultneamente a la de la subordinada indica el momento en que ocurre la accin de la oracin principal; accin acabada

She left the room as I entered. (Ella se march de la habitacin cuando yo entr.) al mismo tiempo que yo entraba, simultaneidad She left the room when I entered. (Ella se march de la habitacin cuando yo entr.) en el momento; accin acabada

CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (Oraciones subordinadas adverbiales finales) CONJUNCIONES (Conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES (Coordinating conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES CORRELATIVAS (Correlative conjunctions) CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES (Subordinating conjunctions): causales (of cause) -> comparativas (of comparison) -> concesivas (of contrast) -> condicionales (of condition) -> consecutivas (of result) -> de lugar (of place) -> de modo (of manner) -> de tiempo (of time) -> finales (of purpose) Las subordinadas adverbiales finales (Adverbial clauses of purpose ) indican el propsito, la finalidad de la accin de la oracin principal. para + verbo en infinitivo (SOLO en oraciones AFIRMATIVAS e INTERROGATIVAS) para (no) + verbo en infinitivo para (no) + verbo en infinitivo para que + oracin para que + oracin tan + adjetivo / adverbio ... que + oracin por miedo a que + oracin (anticuado) por miedo a + verbo / sustantivo por miedo a que + oracin

to + verb in infinitive in order (not) to + verb in infinitive so as (not) to + verb in infinitive in order that + sentence so (that) + sentence so + adjective / adverb + that + sentence lest + sentence (old fashioned) for fear of + verb with -ing / noun for fear that + sentence

He called to / in order to / so as to remind me our meeting. (Me llam para recordarme nuestra reunin.) Will he lend you any money to / in order to / so as to buy the tickets? (Te dejar dinero para comprar las entradas?) He shut the window in order not to / so as not to hear the noise of the street. (Cerr la ventana para no oir el ruido de la calle.)

Da igual utilizar cualquiera de las formas en afirmativa o interrogativa (aunque in order to y so as to son ms formales); sin embargo, en la forma negativa SLO se puede utilizar in order not to / so as not to: He came in quietly in order not to / so as not to wake the child. (Entr en silencio para no despertar al nio.) He is leaving the room in order not to / so as not to have a row. (Sale de la habitacin para no discutir / tener una discusin.) for someone to do something para que alguien haga algo

I've bought this watch for your father to fix it up. (He trado este reloj para que tu padre lo arregle.) Did she bring her results for us to finish the report? (Ella trajo sus resultados para que nosotros acabramos el informe?) Aunque es igual que decir: I've bought this watch so that / in order that your father will / can fix it up. Did she bring her results so that / in order that we could finish the report? so that / in order that + sentence with "will / would / can / could" para que + oracin en subjuntivo

I light / am lighting / have lit / will light the fire so that / in order that the house won't be cold. (Enciendo / he encendido / encender el fuego para que la casa no est fra.) I am giving / have given / will give her a key so that / in order that she can get into the flat at any time. (Le doy / he dado / dar la llave para que pueda entrar en el piso en cualquier momento.) I left the note on the pillow so that / in order that he would (could) find it. (Dej la nota encima de la almohada para que la viera / para que pudiera verla.) so + adjective / adverb + (that) + sentence tan + adjetivo / adverbio + que + oracin

The bus was so fast (that) we were twenty minutes early. (El autobs era tan rpido que llegamos veinte minutos antes.) He drove so fast (that) we were twenty minutes early. (Condujo tan rpido que llegamos veinte minutos antes.) lest + should + bare infinitive lest + bare infinitive por miedo a + oracin por miedo a + oracin

Es una forma anticuada que se utiliza en lenguaje literario. Se puede utilizar indistintamente cualquiera de las dos formas. I don't / didn't let him climb trees lest he (should) get injured. (No le dejo / dejaba subirse a los rboles por miedo a que se haga dao.) He doesn't / didn't come lest he (should) meet her. (No viene / vino por miedo a encontrarse con ella.) for fear of + verb with -ing / noun for fear (that)+ sentence por miedo a + verbo / sustantivo por miedo a que + oracin

He didn't ask the results for fear of having failed. (No pregunt los resultados por miedo a haber suspendido.) Did he not report them for fear of reprisals? (No los denunci por miedo a represalias?) For fear that I forgot it, I wrote it down. (Por miedo a olvidarlo, lo apunt.)

for fear that se utiliza obligatoriamente cuando el sujeto de las dos oraciones es el mismo: For fear he forgot, Jim wrote it down. (Por miedo a que se le olvidara, Jim lo apunt.) Pero: Lest I forgot, remind it to me. (Por miedo a olvidarlo / Por miedo a que se me olvide, recurdamelo.) In case I forgot, remind it to me. (Por si me olvido, recurdamelo.) CONJUNCTIONS LIST after all the same although and ... as well. and as (time) as ... as (comparison) as if as long as as many ... as as much ... as as soon as as though as well as as (cause) as (manner) assuming (that) because Before besides both but despite either... or -er ... than even if even though fewer ... than for all (that) for furthermore however (contrast) however (adversative) if in addition in case in order (not) to in order that in spite of less ... than lest like more ... than moreover much as neither... nor nevertheless no matter how nonetheless not as / so ... as not only... but also not only... but....too / as well notwithstanding now that on (the) condition (that) once or or else otherwise provided (that) providing (that) since (cause) since (time) so (that) so ... that (purpose) so ... that (result) so as (not) to so long as still such ... that such a ... that supposing (that) the same ... as though till to unless until whatever when where whereas wherever whether... or not / or whehter while whilst yet

Ingls after Play after although Play although and Play and as Play as as, as Play as...as as long as Play as long as as soon as Play as soon as as well as Play as well as because Play because before Play before both and Play both...and but Play but either or Play either...or even if Play even if even though Play even though however Play however if

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