Power System Protection

Dr. Ibrahim El-Amin

Chapter Three

Current and Voltage Transformers

3.1 Introduction
z

z z

Function of Current Transformers (CT) & Voltage Transformers (VT) is transform power system quantities to lower magnitudes. They provide isolation between relays and the power system Both the CT & VT are referred to as transducers.

3.1 Introduction (contd.)

z

Secondary of CT is either 5A (US) or 1.0 A Europe). Secondary of VT is 120-V line-to-line (or 69.3V phase to neutral).

3.1 Introduction (contd.)

CT are Designed to withstand very high currents for short times.

VT are required to withstand power system overvoltages for longer times..

3.1 Introduction (contd.)

z

CT are magnetically coupled, multi-winding transformers. VT may be are magnetically coupled, or capacitive voltage divider. Such VT is called Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CCVT).

3.1 Introduction (contd.)

z

Both CT an VT may be freestanding or inside devices. They provide Current & Voltage to relays representing actual primary quantities

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

z

Metering CT: accurate normal working conditions not necessary accurate during fault. Relay CT: not accurate during normal conditions - accurate during fault

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

z

The primary winding is connected in series with the power system

I 11 n
m

I 11 = dicated by primary Z x1 neglected

I1 =

Z m = n2 Z 1

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

z

The load impedance Zb includes impedance of relays, meters, lead wires etc. It is referred to as the CT burden. CT burden is referred to in Ohms (Zb) or I2 Zb in Voltampere.

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

E =E +I Z
m b 2

x2

Zm I =I +I
m 1 2 m

I = Em

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

z

The per unit current transformation ratio is

I1 I 2 I m = I1 I1

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

z

The per unit current transformation ratio is small for low values of Zb The CT error is presented as Ratio Correction Factor, R.

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

z

Ratio correction factor R = constant with which name plate n is multiplied to get effective Ratio.

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

I
1

1 =

I I

I
2 1

+ + I I

2 1

(1 ) = I I
1

1 (1 ) 1 I1 = (1 ) n I 2 1 I1 n = I 2 (1 ) 1 n = Rn =
2 1

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

z

Example 3.1

Example 3.2

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

z 1. 2.

Standard Class Designations: ANSI / IEEE definition: Two integer parameters separated by a letter: C or T. First Integer defines maximum error when voltage at secondary equal to the second integer. while current in 20 times its rated value .

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

z

Standard Class Designations: The CT secondary current is normally 5A. For example 10C400 will have maximum error of 10 % when voltage at secondary equal to the 400-V while current in 100 A.

1. 2.

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

Example 3.3

3.2 Steady State Performance of CTs

z

Polarity markings on CT
1.

If a current is flowing into a marked terminal, the second current should be flowing out of the marked terminal.

2. Both currents are now in phase. 3. The measured voltages are also in phase

Example 3.4

3.4 Special Connections of CTs

z

Auxiliary CT a. Used to provide adjustment to overall current transformation ratio. b. As Main CT are standardized, auxiliary CT provide means to achieve desired turns ratio. c. Burden of auxiliary is reflected with main CT. If burden is Z1 then it becomes Z1/n2.

Example 3.6

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3.4 Special Connections of CTs

z

Wye Delta Connections Y & Delta connections are used to obtain phase shift and magnitude change between secondary currents and relay currents.

3.4 Special Connections of CTs

z

Wye Delta Connections 1. In Y connection the current in the phase burden Zf is proportional to phase currents. 2. The current in Zn is 3I0 3. No phase shift is

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3.4 Special Connections of CTs

z

Wye Delta Connections 1. In Delta connection the current in Zf is proportional to (Ia-Ib) etc. 2. For balanced current the line current is (sqrt(3))* Ia current in Zn is 3I0 3. phase shift is 30 degrees.

3.4 Special Connections of CTs

z

Zero Sequence Current Shunt 1. Sometimes the Zero sequence currents need to be bypassed from burden of CTs. 2. Auxiliary CTs may used to provide a path for the zero sequence currents. 3. The neutral of the main CT is connected to the burden neutral. 4. Auxiliary CT are connected in Y and secondary in delta. 5. The neutral of the auxiliary CTs is connected to the neutral of the main CT through Zn 6. Secondary winding of auxiliary CT provide a circulating path for zero sequence current.

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3.4 Special Connections of CTs

z

Flux Summing CTs

1. Three phase conductors are passed through the CT window. 2. The secondary current is proportional to (Ia+Ib+Ic=3I0) 3. Only used in low voltage circuits (Clip-on Ammeters) 4. If conductors are enclosed in a metallic sheath, sheath may carry some zero sequence current. 5. This is compensated by threading the grounded sheath through the core window.

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3.6 Voltage Transformers

z z z z

The primary winding is connected to high voltage apparatus. Secondary voltage is 120-V line-line. Equivalent circuit is similar to power transformer. Considered to be error-free.

3.6 Voltage Transformers (VT or PT)

z z

Some problems arise if used in ungrounded system. If a fault occurs , VT connected to healthy phase may be subjected to phase-phase system voltage. Transformer may be driven into saturation. Excessive magnetizing current will flow. Some fuses can blow .

z z z

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3.7 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers

z

A string of capacitors are used as voltage divider between high voltage system and ground. A tap provides low voltage to equipment through a transformer and in series with inductance. The transformer turn ratio is such that the secondary voltage is 120-V line-line.

3.7 Coupling Capacitor Voltage Transformers

z z z

The burden is Zb and Zf is is used for damping ferroresonance The Thevenin voltage Eth is equal to (EpriC1)/(C1+C2). The Thevenin source impedance is (C1+C2).

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The secondary voltage is given by

E 2 = Eth I1[ jwL + 1 ] jw (C1 + C )

L=

1 w 2 (C 1+ C 2 )

z z z z

The Thevenin impedance is capacitive The magnetizing current can cause ferroresonance oscillations Voltage of multiple frequencies and subharmonic (w/3) may appear. Zf is as damping impedance (R, L, C)

Winding of CCVT can be connected Y, Delta or even open Delta.

Open delta is used to three phase voltage from two single phase transformers.

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Example 3.7

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