BIOLOGY 212: HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ***************************************************************************************************************************** Endocrine Anatomy and Physiology *************************************************************************************************

Reference: Saladin, KS: Anatomy and Physiology, The Unity of Form and Function. 5 or 6th ed. (2010, 2012) On the male cadaver identify the pancreas (looks very granular or like really compacted cottage cheese). The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. The exocrine functions are associated with digestion. The endocrine portion is involved in blood glucose regulation. Name two of the five endocrine hormones that are produced here which regulate blood glucose levels. Which hormone causes an increase in blood glucose levels and which causes a decrease in blood glucose? What is the anatomical difference between the exocrine and endocrine cells of the pancreas (or of any gland)? FEMALE (Not available for Fall 2013) On the female cadaver identify the bladder and ureters that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Identify the thick-muscular uterus that lies beneath the bladder. What endocrine hormone of the posterior pituitary causes uterine contractions during parturition, delivery at the end of a pregnancy? What carries this hormone to the uterus from the pituitary? While both right and left uterine tubes are present on the uterus, look mostly at the uterine tube on the right side of the body where it is easier to see. The uterine tube ends at what pinkish structure? This woman was in her 80s at death, would you expect to find follicles ready for ovulation of ova from this ovary? Part III. Endocrine Histology Make drawings for this section. Please draw what you actually see on the slide, not what is pictured in the textbook. Also, some slides may be missing details or may just be of poor quality, so look at more than one slide. Borrow the slide from another tray, but be sure to return it to the other tray when you are done. It will help to have this section visible on your computer as you look at the microscope. Click on the blue underlined words to see labeled pictures of the slides. Also have a textbook open to the right page to view the diagrams. It may work best from a space point of view if each student has a microscope and you share a computer and a textbook. Pituitary gland slide #34 (Text p. 643-644; Fig.17.4 and Fig. 17.5) Find this slide in your tray and look at the slide first with your naked eye. Put it on a piece of white paper and notice that it has two distinct parts. The darker part is the anterior portion of the pituitary gland called the adenohypophysis. (The hypophysis is another name for the pituitary gland). The prefix adeno- means glandular, so this is the glandular, epithelial, secreting part of the pituitary and is formed embryologically as an involution of tissue from the roof of your mouth). The bulk of the anterior pituitary is called the pars distalis. There are three distinct cell types
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Part I. Torso Model, Skull and Brain Torso model: All the structures may not be visible on all the torso models, but you will find all of them on at least one or more of the models. Find these structures: Pituitary gland, pineal gland, pancreas, kidney, adrenal gland, testes, ovaries, liver, mammary glands, thyroid gland and parathyroid glands. Skull: Locate the sella turcica on the floor of the sphenoid bone. What two-part endocrine organ lies in this recliner-shaped pocket (sella turica means Turkish chair)? Heart: Locate the heart. Name an endocrine hormone produced by the heart when the blood pressure is too high. Part II. Endocrine Glands of the Male and Female Cadaver MALE On the male cadaver identify the thyroid gland proper, the isthmus of the thyroid gland, and the potential location of the parathyroid glandsyou will not be able to see these superficially. Where would you expect to locate the thymus if you could find the vestige that remains in an adult? What is the function of each of these three glands (thyroid, parathyroid and thymus)? Identify a hormone produced from each gland mentioned above. On the male cadaver identify the kidneys. What hormone of the posterior pituitary increases water permeability of the collecting ducts of the nephron (i.e., small functional unit of the kidney) when you are dehydrated? Name an endocrine hormone produced by the kidney that stimulates the formation of erythrocytes (i.e., red blood cells). What gland would be located on the superior aspect of each kidney? (Look at the right kidney of the cadaver for a fragment of this gland which remains after the dissection.) Name two catecholamines and three steroid classes produced in this gland. While the regions of the adrenal gland on this cadaver cannot be identified, which of these five hormones are produced in the cortexouter bark, and which are produced by the medullamarrow or middle? On the male cadaver locate a testicle. Large quantities of what anabolic hormone are produced here? [Just something to think about: The adrenal cortex produces a precursor for the production of this hormone, what is the name of the precursor? [Hint: This precursor has been controversially used by many professional baseball players and may have helped increase systemic testosterone level, muscle mass and performance (consider the home run hitting record of Mark McGuire or Barry Bonds given what we know about steroid use).]

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recognized by histologists. Use your textbook to find out which six hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis. The lighter colored part of the pituitary gland is the neurohypophysis (.e., pars nervosa), containing lighter colored nervous tissue. Again this tissue develops embryolically from neural tissue. It stores and releases two hormones made in two of the brain nuclei (i.e., the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei) within the hypothalamus. (Brain nuclei are collections of neural cell bodies similar to ganglia in the peripheral nervous system.) Again using your book, identify the hormones produced by the neurohypophysis. Can you see a difference in the cells that make up the two halves of the pituitary? The gland is suspended from the brain proper by a stalk (i.e., infundibulum). Now under the microscope, scan the whole slide at low power of magnification (text: Fig. 17-5). Note the adenohypophysis has a cuboidal ET-like appearance ( right side of picture above), while the neurohypohysis has more open spaces and stringy-looking, fibrous structures (left side of picture). That is because the neurohypophysis is composed of tracts from the hypothalamus. Remember that a tract is a collection of nerve axons traveling together in the brain, similar to a peripheral nerve. Draw a picture of the overall appearance of a section through the pituitary gland. Shade the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis different colors and label them. Remember the pituitary is connected by the stalk to the hypothalamus and that hypothalamic nerves release oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin) from nerve endings in the posterior pituitary. Also remember that anterior pituitary activity is controlled by a set of releasing hormone that are dumped into a portal system of blood vessels at the hypothalmus (e.g., Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone). These releasing hormones diffuse into the blood in the hypothalamus and then out of fenestrated capillaries in the anterior pituitary. These releasing hormones tell the anterior pituitary to release its specific hormones (i.e. growth hormone) into the blood for delivery to the body. The releasing hormones are called tropic hormones. Thyroid gland slide #4 (Text p. 651; Fig.17.9) Find this slide in your slide tray as slide number 4. Examine it under the microscope at low power. The thyroid gland helps control your metabolic rate and this tissue has a distinctive appearance in that it consists of numerous round "sacs" containing a clear, pink or purple substance. Each sac is called a thyroid follicle and the colored substance inside is called a colloid. (Can you name a common fluid, probably in your refrigerator that is a colloid?) As you look at the slide under higher power notice that the outer border of each follicle is made up of a single layer of round cells called follicular cells (i.e., principal cells). This layer of tissue is simple cuboidal ET. (Recall that simple cuboidal e.t. has cells that are fairly round-cubical in their 3d shape and have a large central nucleus. Be sure and go back and review what an epithelial tissue is and where it is found in the body.) The follicular cells make two of the hormones produced by the gland that regulate body heat. These hormones are abbreviated based on the number of iodide molecules attached to them and one is a precursor to another one. What are they? Look carefully at the junction between some of the follicles. You may see cells in-between the follicles that are not part of any follicle. These in-between cells are parafollicular cells because they are between, and next to, the follicular cells. Some of these cells are also called C-cells because they produce the hormone involved in calcium regulation. Can you name that hormone? Draw a picture of the histology of the thyroid gland. Draw a circle around and label a single follicle. Draw a box around and label a small piece of simple cuboidal ET. Also individually label follicular cells, colloid and C-cells. The pattern of follicle cells in association with interstitial cells is similar in several other tissue sections. Parathyroid glands (Text p. 652; Fig. 17.10) are ovoid glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid. There are typically 4 glands embedded in the body of the thyroid, but about 5% of the human population has more than 4. These glands are responsible for secreting PTH (parathyroid hormone), one of the primary hormones responsible for plasma calcium homeostasis in the adult. You will not be responsible for identifying these particular structures in a slide. Adrenal gland slide #36 (Text p. 652; Fig. 17.11). Find this slide in the tray labeled number 36. As you did with the pituitary slide, look first at this slide with your naked eye. Put it on a piece of white paper and notice that it has a thicker, darker outer region around a thin, lighter inner region. The outer part, the adrenal cortex (cortex means "bark") surrounds an inner adrenal medulla. It is divided into several layers/zones that can be distinguished histologically. The zona glomerulosa is the very small outer layer and is where aldosterone (a minerocorticoid) is secreted. The zona fasiculata is the majority of the gland and the cells are arranged in parallel cords. This zone secretes the glucocorticoids. The zona reticularis is the innermost zone and is where there is a branching cell network. This is where the androgens and some estrogens are secreted. See if you can distinguish the zones on the slide. Draw this in your diagram. The histological/ embryological situation for the adrenal gland is similar to that of the pituitary gland. The darkercolored cortex is derived from an epithelial tissue and produces many different hormones all of which belong to the same major chemical type (i.e., steroid, peptide, monoamine). What chemical type are these hormones? The lighter-colored adrenal medulla is modified nervous tissue innervated by sympathetic fibers (for the autonomic nervous system) that secretes several different hormones. What are

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the two most familiar hormones of the medulla? They are also called the catecholamines. Draw a picture of a section of the adrenal gland. Shade the cortex and medulla different colors. Label them clearly. Attempt to identify the three layers of the adrenal cortex. With arrows identify the hormone of each layer. Describe how you would distinguish between each layer. (See fig. 1711 in your text, p. 652. Probably the most prominent feature is between the zona reticularis and medulla where one sees numerous capillaries and venules with blood cells.) Pancreas slide #20 (Text p. 654; Fig 17.12). Find this slide in your slide tray as slide number 20. The pancreas is a double organ in the sense that it has both exocrine parts and endocrine parts. The exocrine part of the pancreas makes up most of the organ. It has a clumpy appearance of small units, or collections of cells called exocrine acini -- most of the cells on the slide (1). It supplies digestive fluid through the pancreatic ducts to the digestive system. (Recall that exocrine glands still have ducts and secrete their products out to a surface of a structure through these ducts as per the definition.) The endocrine part consists of small islands of tissue that secrete hormones into the blood. The endocrine parts are called pancreatic islets. Scan the slide on low power looking for lighter-colored pancreatic islets (2) among the exocrine acini. Some slides do not show the pancreatic islets well. If yours does not, borrow a slide from another tray. You might also see interlobular septa (labeled 4) and blood vessels (labeled 3) scattered throughout the slide. What are the two major glucose-controlling hormones that the pancreatic islets secrete? Discuss individual cell types in islets. Draw a picture of a small section of the pancreas showing both of the above features (exocrine acini and pancreatic islets). Draw a circle around a pancreatic islet and a square around an exocrine acinus. Label the pancreatic islet and exocrine acinus. Ovary slide #40 (Text p. 655 and 1091; Fig. 17.13a and Fig. 28.12), find this slide in a tray at the front of the room. The ovaries used to make these slides came from cats that were mature and ready to produce eggs. Scan the slide at low power. In the outer part of the ovary you will find a number of round structures called ovarian follicles. They will range in size from small to large, primary follicle to tertiary follicle
Generate a check list for the lab. Skull sphenoid bone Pituitary gland

respectively. The larger tertiary follicles have a fluid-filled space. In many of the follicles you will be able to see a developing ovum or egg cell. At the time of ovulation the follicle ruptures and releases the mature ovum. The wall of the ovarian follicle consists of granulosa cells. After a mature follicle releases its ovum it develops into a yellow structure called a corpus luteum. What is the main hormone produced by the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle? (This hormone belongs to the estrogen group of hormones and is typically abbreviated as E2.) These slides do not show corpus lutea (pleural form of corpus luteum) on them, but note its scalloped structure in the textbook. What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum? Hint: this hormone is produced after ovulation and is involved in maintaining a pregnancy? Draw a picture of a whole ovary. Show small and large ovarian follicles. Draw a circle around one and label it. Label granulosa cells and an ovum. On this diagram, only, "cheat" and draw a picture of a corpus luteum out of the textbook. Use an arrow and identify the hormones of each structure. Testis (YouTube connection) slide #12 (Text p. 655; Fig. 17.13b), it consists of many tiny, coiled structures called seminiferous tubules. Most of the tubules are cut in cross section. The tubules produce sperm cells from primodial stem cells (primary spermatocytes) by meiosis located at the outer part of the structure and push the developing sperm into the lumen (cavity) of the tubule. You might also see the sertolic cells. http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/mr/himrp3.htm You may be able to see some of the sperm cells with very small heads and long flagella for tails in the center or lumen of the slide. The endocrine cells we want to look at are in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules. They are called interstitial cells (i.e., leydig cells). (Is this cellular arrangement similar to that of any other organ? Which one?) What hormone do these interstitial cells of the testis produce? Draw a picture of a section through the testis. Draw a circle around and label a seminiferous tubule. Also label developing sperm cells and interstitial cells. Note that all organs in the body appear to be endocrine structures, we have just spent some time looking at a few.

Pituitary gland Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis Pancreas Exocrine acini Pancreatic islets

Adrenal Gland Cortex Zona glomerulosa Zona fasiculata Zona reticularis

Thyroid Gland Thyroid follicles filled with colloid Follicular cells cuboidal E.T. Parafollicular cells = C cells Ovary Ovarian follicles Ovum Granulose cells of follicle Corpus luteum

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Medulla Testes Seminiferous tubule Primary spermatocytes Sertoli cells Interstitial cells = leydig cells

PREGNANCY TESTS AND HOW THE MOTHERS BODY KNOWS A FETUS IS PRESENT. Endocrine glands are dispersed throughout the human body and carry out diverse actions from the regulation of blood glucose levels by the pancreas to controlling reproduction and pregnancy by the pituitary and gonads. Hormones really do participate in all aspects of human physiology. Today our focus will be on hormonal participation in reproduction and will specifically address how a womans body is signaled when a developing embryo is present. This laboratory exercise will focus on home pregnancy tests and how hormones in the woman's body change with pregnancy. Some of you may have watched old television shows where the wife whispers on the phone "The rabbit died." The husband instantly knew this encrypted message meant that he was going to be a father sometime within the next 8 or so months. This euphemism originated in the 1920's-1930's to mean a positive pregnancy test. What was the origin of this saying? Urine from a pregnant woman, injected into a female rabbit, was found to cause ovarian hyperplasia (i.e., corpora hemorrhagica), proliferation of ovarian tissue detectable under histological examination. Although all rabbits used for pregnancy determination died from this procedure, animals that were exposed to the compounds in a pregnant woman's urine were the only ones that had bulging hemorrhages on the ovaries. The euphemism became a way of sharing confidential information without being overly specific about the nature of the information -- remember it implied someone had sexual intercourse. Today the life of rabbits are safe when it comes to pregnancy tests. Estrogen is the female hormone associated with development of secondary sex characteristics and mate attraction. In particular, but also in very simplified terms, estrogens are the hormones that get the body ready to be impregnated and advertise this availability. In order for conception to occur, ovulation must take place and be synchronized with intercourse. Humans are not spontaneous ovulators that is to say women do not ovulate when they have intercourse. Women do ovulate when endogenous hormones signal the ovum to be released from the follicle, during the menstrual cycle. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days long and functions to prepare the uterus for welcoming the ovulated egg; the fertilized egg implants in the uterine wall (note the

development of the endometrium in the 5 panel of diagram). Each menstrual cycle is divided into three phases: 1) menstrual phase, 2) follicular phase, and 3) luteal phase. By convention, the first day of the menstrual cycle is designated as the first day of menstruation. Review of the menstrual cycle. (The image was copied from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/menscyc3.htm accessed Jan. 10, 2004). SEE ALSO FIGURE 28.14, p. 1094 OF SALADIN.) During the menstrual phase, part of the lining of the uterus degenerates and begins sloughing away. This is removing old tissue in preparation for the growth of new materials (panel 5). As illustrated in panel 2 and 4 of the included diagram, day 1 is when all hormone levels are low. At this time the ovaries contain a small number of tertiary follicles, some atretic follicles and several thousand smaller follicles. By day 3 some of the tertiary follicles have enlarged as FSH and LH levels rise. As these tertiary follicles in the ovary grow they secrete estradiol (the most potent estrogen) and that hormone level rises in the bloodstream. This marks the beginning of the

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follicular phase of the cycle. The uterine endometrium begins to thicken and become vascularized. By day 13, only 1 large follicle (maybe two) persists and is called a Graafian follicle, while the other large follicles degrade. The rise in estradiol from the maturing follicles creates a positive feedback mechanism to the hypothalamus and promotes enhanced GnRH secretion (this is a long-loop feedback mechanism). Estradiol levels peak about day 13 and promote an LH surge. This LH surge facilitates ovulation in about 9-12 hours. Ovulation marks the end of the follicular phase. It is also the time in the menstrual cycle when a woman is most fertile most likely to become pregnant if she engages in unprotected intercourse. The luteal phase is really all about thickening the endometrium and preparing the uterus for pregnancy. In the ovary, the follicle wall collapses and differentiates into the corpus luteum (CL) and this structure begins to secrete progesterone and some estrogens. Elevated progesterone levels act synergistically with the high estrogen levels to provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus that in turn shuts off GnRH secretion and suppresses LH and FSH. (This feedback mechanism suppresses follicle development -- and if you think about it, you really do not need a follicle maturing when there is a potential pregnancy.) From Ovulation to Conception: Usually ovulation occurs 13 to 15 days after the first day of the last menstruation. Once ovulated, the egg remains viable only about 6-24 hours. Sperm is viable about 28-48 hours. So calculate how long a woman is fertile during the month. Fertilization of the egg typically happens in the uterine tube. From there the conceptus travels to the uterus and implants in the uterine wall. Fetal and maternal tissues jointly make the placenta. It will take several weeks for the placenta to fully form. Back at the ovary, the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone to sustain the uterus. Progesterone is the hormone responsible for maintaining pregnancy in the woman. Without adequate progesterone levels present, pregnancy will be terminated spontaneously. However, it takes a short while for the cells of the corpus luteum to differentiate and become progesterone-machines and to respond given a pregnancy ensues. It also takes several weeks for the placenta to develop. (Remember, not every ovulation results in a pregnancy.) So how do these endocrine machines -- the corpus luteum-- know a pregnancy has occurred? What is the simplest way to signal the female's body that she has conceived? (Law of parsimony.) The best way to determine if conception has occurred is for the woman's body to recognize a signal directly from the fetus and/or fetal tissues. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is that chemical hormone signal. The trophoblast cells of the placenta (a collection of fetal and maternal cells) secrete hCG. Human chorionic gonadotropin is a trophic hormone and as such stimulates the corpora luteum to differentiate and grow, ultimately augmenting the progesterones and estrogens the ovary normally produces. This facilitates maintaining a uterine environment suitable for pregnancy. Let's take apart the name -- human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). We are dealing with humans, so that takes care of the human designation. This is a gonadotropin. Trophic hormones are hormones that cause the release of other hormones from a distant endocrine tissue. The site of production for the second hormone is the gonads specifically the ovary. In this case, hCG is stimulating the production of progesterone from the corpus luteum. Chorion is a fetal/placental tissue where the hCG is derived from. Figure 28.18 (p. 1100) illustrates how hormone levels change in the blood of a pregnant woman. Clinically, hCG can first be detected in serum or urine of approximately 5% of the pregnant women by 7-8 days after conception, and in virtually all women by day 11 (classically prior to the first missed period). These tests can detect as little as 5 mIU (IU = International Units and is the units of measure used for hormone concentrations) and are considered very sensitive. (Not all home pregnancy tests are this sensitive.) In general, hCG levels double about every 2-3 days in early pregnancy. Human chorionic gonadotropin levels rise and peak at about 43-64 days. Most over the counter, home pregnancy tests typically detect approximately 25mIU and are usually used after the woman misses her first menstrual periodabout 10-15 days after ovulation. This is late enough in the pregnancy for sufficient hCG levels to be present. How do commercial pregnancy tests work? Antibodies are plasma proteins of the globulin class (specific blood proteins) that your body produces in response to an antigen (molecule capable of inducing an immune response). Antibodies will bind and react with antigens. (These are standard immunological terms that are frequently used in a clinical setting.) Pregnancy tests are called ELISA (enzymelinked immunosorbent assay) "sandwich assays" meaning that two antibodies, collected from the serum of different test animals in the lab, capture hCG between them and in doing so change color creating a positive test. One antibody, the capture antibody, is permanently attached to a membrane like the absorbent paper inside the pregnancy test strip. The second antibody, the tracer antibody, is labeled with a dye and is in the liquid phase (or at least can dissolve into liquid phase). Urine, or blood, is added to the assay system; incubated a short time and if hCG is present it will bind to both the capture and tracer antibodies linking them together. In this way, the hCG is sandwiched between the two antibodies. So the capture antibody is attached to the membrane in a given pattern (sometimes as a + sign), the hormone attaches to that antibody, and grabs the tracer

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antibody that has the label and shows a positive line. This entire procedure will concentrate the tracer antibody into a very limited area over the membrane and typically reveals the conformation of pregnancy. Examine a test strip in detail. Note that there is a spacer (pillshaped structure in the inferior portion of the strip). It is primarily designed to control the humidity of the strip. There is a sheet of absorbent paper that runs the middle portion of the strip. This is where the stationary -- capture antibody is attached. The tracer antibody will dissolve in the urine and bind to hCG if present. If hCG is present, it will bind to the stationary capture antibody and the second color antibody will be concentrated with the hCG and form a line. If no hCG is present, the positive line (pink) will not show up. (An additional line is present on the strips indicating if the test was successful. No line on the test strip indicates no information is present -- the test did not work, so you do not know anything.) A false negative reading typically means that the test was done too early in a pregnancy. Most false negatives are due to procedural/experimental error. In a few cases a false positive signal can occur. Again the most common reason is procedural/experimental error although there are some medical conditions that can produce elevated hCG levels that will be detected by the test. For example some liver cancers can produce high levels of hCG even in men. Citations: 1. 2. 3. Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago. http://www.advancedfertility.com/earlypre.htm. Quidel Corp. Quick Vue -- one step hCG combo test. San Diego, CA 92121. 800-874-1517. Rhodes, S. J. and L. R. Banner. 2001. Are your cells pregnant? Relating biology laboratory exercises to everyday life. The American Biology Teacher 63 (7): 514-517. University of New Mexico. Health Sciences Center and School of Medicine. Womens Health Research. http://www.hcglab.com/hcgtest.htm. Weiss, R. L. 2001. The rabbit died! The history of pregnancy test from rabbits to hCG. http://pregnancy.about.com/library/weekly/aa0909 01a.htm.

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5.

Test Procedure for Qualitative Detection of hCG: 5 volunteers will be asked to donate urine . The lab instructor will randomly select 3 samples from all samples available (the positive control urine was donated by a pregnant woman, the negative control was donated by Dr. Wilson, who is not pregnant.) As a demonstration three drops of sample urine will be added to each round sample well on the pregnancy test strip. What result will you expect for the Positive and Negative control? Samples are allowed to incubate 3 minutes to dissolve the liquid phase antibody and allow the assay to work. Be sure not to move or shake the kits while incubation. Each sample will be assessed as to being a positive indication or a negative response. A positive response will be a bar (either red, pink, pale peach) across the T designated area. The blue bar across the C area will always be present if the test works correctly.

Torso Models/Brain Model/Skulls (check-off list) Pituitary Gland Kidney Adrenal Gland Testicles Ovary Liver Mammary Gland Thyroid gland heart Pineal gland Sella turcica

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Histology In-class Questions and Exercise Sheet When you make drawings of tissues and organs in this section, please draw what you actually see on the slide, not what is pictured in the textbook. Also, some slides may be missing or of poor quality. If so borrow a slide from another tray, just remember to put them back. A. Pituitary gland slide (# 34 for human hypophysis). Use your textbook to find out which six hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis? List the hormones: ___________________________________, _________________________________ ___________________________________, __________________________________ ___________________________________, __________________________________

The lighter colored part of the pituitary gland is the neurohypophysis, containing lighter-colored nervous tissue. It stores and releases two hormones made in the hypothalamus. What are they? _____________________________________ and ________________________________________ Draw a picture of the overall appearance of a section through the pituitary gland. Shade the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis different colors and label them.

B. Thyroid gland slide (slide #4). The follicular cells make two of the hormones produced by the gland. What are they?________________________________ . According to the readings in your text, these hormones are responsible for what action in the body? _____________________________________________________________________________ There are some cells located between the follicles and are called parafollicular cells. These cells are called C-cells because they produce the hormone:___________________________. Is the function of this hormone different from the ones above? Explain your answer.

Draw a picture of the histology of the thyroid gland. Draw a circle around and label a single follicle. Draw a box around and label a small piece of simple cuboidal ET. Also label follicular cells, colloid and C-cells.

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C. Adrenal gland slide (slide # 36). The darker-colored adrenal cortex is ET and produces many different hormones all of which belong to the same major chemical classification. What is this classification type? ___________________________ The lighter-colored adrenal medulla is modified nervous tissue which secretes two different hormones. What are they? __________ ________________________________ Draw a picture of a section of the adrenal gland. Shade the cortex and medulla different colors. Label them clearly.

D. Pancreas slide (slide #20). What are the two major glucose-regulating hormones that the pancreatic islets secrete? _________________________________________ and ______________________________________________ Draw a picture of a small section of the pancreas showing pancreatic islets and the surrounding exocrine acini. Draw a circle around a pancreatic islet and a square around an exocrine acinus. Label the pancreatic islet and exocrine acinus.

E.

Ovary slide (slide up at front of lab). What is the main hormone produced by the granulosa cells of the ovarian

follicle? (This hormone belongs to the estrogen group of hormones.) _________________________ If you look at the graph associated with the physiology instructions you will see that this hormone is the dominant one during the follicular phase of the menstral cycle and is responsible for causing the LH surge. What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum? ____________________________ . This is the hormone of pregnancy. hCG from the physiology exercise is responsible for keeping these endocrine structures functional during the first weeks of pregnancy while the placenta is growing. Later the placenta will secrete most of the hormones associated with pregnancy. Draw a picture of a whole ovary. Show small and large ovarian follicles. Draw a circle around one and label it. Label granulosa cells and an ovum. You will not see any corpus luteum. On this diagram, only, I want you to "cheat" and draw a picture of a corpus luteum out of the textbook.

F. Testis slide (slide # 12). The endocrine cells you need to focus on are between the seminiferous tubules. They are called interstitial cells. What hormone do these cells produce? ________________________________

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Draw a picture of a section through the testis. Draw a circle around and label a seminiferous tubule. Also label developing sperm cells and interstitial cells.

Questions for Human Pregnancy Tests: 1) What hormones from the anterior pituitary cause follicles to begin to mature and lead to ovulation?

2)

By day 13 the maturing follicles produce estradiol that promotes a spike in _______________ called the _______surge and ovulation follows about 9-12 hours later. To create this spike, estradiol causes a positive feedback loop so that ___________________ released from the hypothalamus causes the anterior pituitary to create a spike in ___________________which triggers ovulation.

3)

Ovulation and conception typically occur on 13 to 15 days after the ________________day of the last menstruation. Conception occurs within the uterine tube prior to implantation of the conceptus on the thick endometrium of the uterine wall. The follicle where the ova originated becomes the _________________or the pale yellow body and it MUST produce adequate amounts of the hormone _______________ or the endometrium is not properly developed.

4)

5)

After implantation, it is a race against time, the fetus must produce massive amounts of the hormone __________to ensure that the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone and maintain the uterine lining. If sufficient progesterone is not produced, the blood vessels that supply the endometrium constrict so the endometrium is no longer supplied with blood flow and nutrients. In the absence of nutrients, tissue necrosis occurs and menstruation begins again and the fetus embedded in the endometrium is sloughed off (the fetus is aborted) wit the menstrual discharge.

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Supplies: Urine Samples in sterile urine containers: Male sample Female sample Pregnant sample Pregnancy Tests 12 tests per section Cadaver Slides and Microscopes Pituitary Gland Thyroid Gland Adrenal Gland Pancreas Ovary Testis

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Websites for images and animations: http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/jpeg4/ENDO092.jpg pituitary gland magnified http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/38_01.jpg low power pituitary http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab24/IMAGES/PITUITARY%20REGIONS.jpg (pituitary regions) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/histologyreference/imagesco/thyroid4F.jpg&imgrefurl=http: //instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/histologyreference/hrendo.htm&h=326&w=426&sz=20&tbnid=LFXlgndbAvToM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=126&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhistology%2Bof%2Bthyroid%2Bgland&usg=__lvDQWeM8_AokCZ9mK2rNf4uthl4=&ei=0_48 S566K9OjnQf7ipj4Cg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=2&ct=image&ved=0CAwQ9QEwAQ (thyroidparathyroid), (thyroidcolloid), (thyroidcells) http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/histologyreference/hrendo11.jpg (adrenal gland) http://www.histology-world.com/photoalbum/albums/userpics/adrenaldog3F.jpg (zonesofadrenal) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.histology-world.com/photomicrographs/pancreas1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.histologyworld.com/audioslides/pancreas.htm&h=267&w=400&sz=41&tbnid=hQcsapIRaURTOM:&tbnh=83&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhistology% 2Bof%2Bpancreas&usg=__cXbPFtSSKPtd16k0z3u2umtEGzE=&ei=EwM9S4urHMWEnQeA07CCCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image&ve d=0CAcQ9QEwAA (pancreas 1.jpg) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/images/digestive/pancreas-04l.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/atlas-en/digestive-03en.htm&h=393&w=450&sz=53&tbnid=Cmx5Z_2hpwMoqM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhistology%2Bof%2Bpancreas&usg=__3 5yyBVtny7XSlheFr360QhUuqQ0=&ei=EwM9S4urHMWEnQeA07CCCQ&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=2&ct=image&ved=0CAkQ9QEwAQ (pancreaslabeled) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/images/female/ovary-05l.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.histol.chuvashia.com/atlas-en/female-01-en.htm&h=346&w=370&sz=52&tbnid=aOcpQr2OaHVVM:&tbnh=114&tbnw=122&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhistology%2Bof%2Bovary&usg=__nUoXPogtt70lngO4YheqyCAxTU=&ei=wwQ9S_SkDs2AngehpenqCA&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=4&ct=image&ved=0CA0Q9QEwAw ovary http://tw3a.siuc.edu/431ovhst.htm (felineovary), (feline2) http://instruction.cvhs.okstate.edu/histology/mr/himrp3.htm testes (seminiferous tubule with magnification) http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/pregtest.html Pregnancy Test animation