The Battle of Harrah

A historic account of the invasion and horrific plunder of the Holy City of Medina by the army of Yazd b. Mu !iyah
Project and Research: Muhammad Ali Chenarani Edition and Analysis: Ahmad Turabi

Translation into English: Ahmad "ez!ani

#slamic "esearch $oundation Astan %uds "azavi Mashhad & #.". #ran
'reface History is a mirror that reflects the past events and happenings to the inquisitive eyes of the researchers who, years and centuries later, an iously and eagerly try to scrutini!e the past generations in order to recogni!e among them the forgotten figures, their roles, and their 1

decisive historical impact" #t teaches lessons of $enevolence, honesty, and righteousness from the good among them and creates a strong disli%e for the evil ones so that their footsteps are not followed" &evertheless, the mirror of history is not as transparent and e hilarating as it should $e' for, instead of illustrating the $irth of stars and the sunrise, it has crammed the long and tortuous memory of ages and epochs with $itter recollections, sad views of sunset and horrendous scenes of dar%ness( Then, are the historians to $e $lamed to have witnessed most of the sorrows, $attles, %illings, wailings, and captivities, overloo%ing the $eautiful $lossoms and flowerings' or else, since the historians aspired to record something attractive and unique, to witness a smile, and to profile %ind and rela ing moments of history and there were few of them to $e found, and such moments were overshadowed $y the onslaught of $rutalities and opressions( #n any case, we are now opening another page from the early history of #slam that has perhaps remained hidden from the eyes of majority of )uslims across the world" However, the magnitutde of oppression and aggression committed against innocent human $eings and $rutalities reported in the pages of history against the inha$itants of the holy city of )edina still sha%es human conscience, and mournfully $ereaves souls and $itterly torments fair*minded people" The $attle of Harrah, which should $e rightfully called the +tragedy of Harrah+ occured just ,- years after the migration of the Holy Prophet .s/ to )edina and 01 years after his sad demise" #t too% place in )edina, a city that was named as the city of the Prophet .s/ whose people were from the generation of the men and women who formostly esta$lished the foundations of amity, compassion, $enevolence, honesty and great #slamic culture throughout the violently hostile Ara$ lands, and with their self*sacrifice removed the pagan Ara$ customs of murder, plunder, and transgression and promoted the divine culture of %nowledge and insight, and respect for human dignity" However, within this short historical period of ,- years, especially after the sad demise of the Prophet of 2od .s/, the )uslim community witnessed certain adverse and unanticipated events which eventually led the 3mayyid rule over them" 4anu 3mayyah .the 3mayyids/ that was the polytheist tri$e, and among the most aggressive ones against the Prophet .s/ and the )uslims, too% the reign of 5aliphate and command of the )uslims6 lives, property, and honor just within -7 years of the demise of the Prophet .s/" 8esterday6s re$els and polytheists now returned triumphantly and sat on the Prophet9s .s/ pulpit and proclaimed to $e the commanders of the faithful( Those freed at the conquest of )ecca and those who enjoyed the Prophet6s clemency and compassion .%nown as :tulaqa9/, were resolute to ta%e his Ummah as prisoners( #t was thus that after the $attle of Harrah +Those among the children and descendents of Ansr .Helpers/ and Muhjirin .Emigrants/ who survived this tragedy had to formally admit in front of the

commander of the ;h<mi .;yrian/ army that they were the slaves of 8a!=d .the leader of the 3mayyid/ and that he is allowed to do with them whatever he wished to(+ Achievements of this "esearch This research does not intend to call the uprising of the inha$itants of )edina against the oppressive 3mayyid rule of 8a!id as great socio* religious $ravery, although it can neither ignore the e istence of religious, humanistic, and reformative motivations in that uprising" However, it can definitely arrive at the conclusion that the trend of #slamic 5aliphate transformed into an anti*#slamic and anti*human trend in which 8a!=d6s hereditary monarchy represented the pea% of this deviation" The foundation of every government, its goals, its treatment of su$jects and policies in general and its performance in particular are the most self*evident indicators of its rightfulness, legitimacy, and humanness, and the clearest evidences of its illegitimacy as well" +Harrah tragedy+ is only second to the +great tragedy of >ar$al<+ and the martyrdom of the descendents of Prophet .s/ at the hands of 8a!=d6s army that was caused $y the incompetence and oppressive nature of the 3mayyid rule" #t evidently showed that if the government of a )uslim soceity gives up the religious and human standards, how disastrous it can $e to the religion and the )uslim ummah" ?e have attempted, in the following pages, to illustrate as much of the Harrah tragedy and issues related to some of its important aspects that have $een recorded in history6s memory, and to ma%e a critical review and analyse them whenever necessary" Among other achievements of this research that were not $rought up in the main $ody of the $oo% are $riefly listed as follows: A. Although the tragedy of >ar$al< in ,@ A"H" .,A7 5"E"/ and the study of its different ideological and socio*political aftermaths could $y itself $e a vivid testimony to the $rutality of 8a!=d6s and 3mayyid6s monarchy and an indication of the social degradation under the illegitimate political administrations of that era, the $attle of Harrah that too% place two or three years after the event of >ar$al< showed that the latter, too, had not $een a casual event perpetrated $y the 3mayyid ruling system" #t showed that the essence of 3mayyid monarchy demanded involvement in open onslaughts of murder and pillage of the household of Prophet .s/, forcing such great men as #mam Husayn $" :Al= .:a/, who refused to recogni!e their rule, to pay for his religiosity and no$le*spiritedness $y his own $lood and that of his loved ones" The Harrah tragedy was in fact confirmatory evidence to the 3mayyid6s re$ellious attitude towards religion of #slam and its humanistic values" B. #n the process of the )adinans6 revolt and among various figures who lost their lives, were e ecuted, fled from )edina, or had to swear allegiance to 8a!=d out of degradation and humiliation and to call themselves his slaves, there were those who in the earlier years of the formation of deviation in political leadership of the #slamic community

refused to ta%e even the smallest steps in the reformation and correction of the deviated politico*religious trends' and when they happened to do so and stand against such perversions, it was to late too $e of any avail" ;u$sequently, those who from the outset merely surrendered to the anti*#slamic trends and viewed religion as a means of power and polity, too% up the rule, recruited a powerful and equipped army of newly converted )uslims who were unfamiliar with the $asic teachings of the #slam, and $y means of forged traditions of the Prophet .s/ and ostensi$ly religious justifications persuaded them to slaughter and plunder the )uslims( #t is truly admonitory that such men as :A$d All<h $" :3mar who, according to the historical reports regarded such high status and authenticity for themselves and were so cautious and o$sessive during the 5aliphate of :Al= $" A$= T<li$ .:a/ that they would say, +?e should $e the last ones to swear allegiance to :Al=@(+ ?hereas in order to prevent people from opposition to 8a!=d and to encourage them to pledge allegiance to him, they proclaimed, +The one who dies without a pledge of allegiance Bto 8a!=dC will die similar to the one who dies in a state of ignorance"+D 8et, what is more admonitory is that these people who did not pledge allegiance to :Al= .:a/6s mighty hands, mind, and faith or when they did they did it hesitantly, hastened $y night to pledge allegiance to such persons as Hajj<j $" 8Esuf Thaqaf= F the historically notorious savage F not $y sha%ing his hand as it was common $ut $y vilely %issing his feet( C. Grom whatever aspect that is considered, the tragedy of >ar$al< and the massacre and plunder of )adinans are too massive and shameful' $ut what ma%es the resonance of those tragedies more painful and agoni!ing is that the perpetrators of such cruelities have introduced their inhuman actions as $ased on faith and religious foundations, to the e tent that the commanders of 8a!=d army in order to spur the troops to fight would shout at them +y khail Allh F H Army of Allah(+1 Hr, in the $attle of Harrah, )uslim $" :3q$a F the commander of ;yrian army F wishes that $efore dying he would $e a$le to suppress the revolt of )edina and to terminate 8a!=d6s opponents in order to have enough spiritual provision in his $oo% of deeds when meeting Allah on the day of Resurrection( &o dou$t, such slogans, statements and tactics are more of a devilish and political nature than $eing rooted in ignorance and misunderstanding of religion" 3nfortuneately these policies and practices rapidly influenced the hearts and minds of the newly converted naIve )uslims and the wea% in faith and %nowledge of #slamic teachings at that time" #t is for these reasons that the true scholars and the guardians of ideological $oundaries of religion have always $een concerned with such
@

#$n A$= al*Had=d, Sharh-i Nahj al-Balgha, vol" -, p"@@"

D

Jhaha$=, Siyar Alm al-Nubal, vol" 1, p" 1D0"

1

Al*)uf=d, Al-Irshd, vol" D, p" KD"

misapplications and misunderstanding of religion $y the $egrudged and spiteful and the fee$leminded" #n addition, whenever possi$le, they have tried to represent the humane and rational essence of religion so that no counter human and imprudent movement might $e a$le to disguise its deviated and detrimental face under superficially religious slogans and $anners" Hoping that report of this crucial period of early #slamic history may $e a step towards further appreciation of the real nature of the 3mayyid9s Rule and its $ac%ground, $rutal policies and devellish tactics, its distortion of the #slamic teachings and the grievous aftermaths" #t may provide lessons from this painful incident for distinguishing truth from falsehood and also serve as admonitions for avoiding wrong, inhumane, and anti*religious ways and as motivation for moving toward justice, fairness, and righteousness" Ahmad Tur<$= April D77A

The Battle of Harrah The $attle of Harrah was a $itterly disastrous and painful event that too% place in ,1 A"H" .,AD 5"E"/ during the reign of 8a!=d $" )u:<wiyah $etween the ;yrian troops and the people of )edina" #n Ara$ic le icon, Harrah means a roc%y and rough terrain that is difficult to pass"@ This event has $een named as such $ecause the invasion of the state army of ;h<m .;yria/ too% place from the east of )edina, i"e", from the roc%y region of the city"D
@

#$n )an!Er, Lisn al-Arab; Lu$ayd=, Tj al-Ars, #$n :A$d al*Haq 4aqd<d=, Marsid alI il, under !arar"

#t has also $een called +The 4attle of Harrahtu ?<qim+ in some historical sources since the roc%y terrains around )edina have $een e tensive and protracted, covering various sections of its surrounding among which only the roc%y terrains of the east side have $een called +Harrahtu ?<qim+"@ The historians have recorded the distance $etween Harrahtu ?<qim and )asjid al*&a$= as to $e one m"l"D A (reat )isaster The $attle of Harrah that is rightly called to $e one the great catastrophies of history and rated as one of the most cruel events perpetrated $y the 3mayyids has $een so frustrating and un$eara$le that some historians have tried to alleviate the lasting painful memories of the 3mayyid6s reign $y mentioning its marginal aspects and covering up the inhumane dimensions of this event" However, this human catastrophe has $een so e tensive in its emotional and ethical dimensions that it has pained the hearts of the fair*minded and justice loving and prompted the unprejudiced pens to $itterly lament and complain" A$E :Al= )is%awayh puts it as follows: +The $attle of Harrah is one of the most formida$le and harshest events"+1 Another historian wrote: +The $attle of Harrah has had a terrifying impact on the )uslim world' it sounded as if the 3mayyids had decided to pay off their de$t to faith( ?hen the Prophet .s/ forgave them upon the 5onquest of )ecca and treated them with compassion, in response to this magnanimity of the Prophet .s/, the 3mayyids massacred the $est of )edinan young men"+The $attle of Harrah was one of the outcomes of 3mayyid9s reign, especially the imposed monarchy of )u:<wiyah $" A$E ;ufy<n6s heir apparent which according to a had=th, the Holy Prophet .s/ e pressed strong disli%e in and called it the government of children: +H Allah, would it $e that # would not witness the year ,7 A"H" and the rule of the children(+0
D

#$n Mutay$a, Uyn al-Akhbr, vol" @, p" D1A' Al-Mari#, p" D-7' #$n >ath=r, Al-Nahya, vol" @, p" 1,0' #$n Ath=r, $mi al-Usl, vol" @7, p" -A7"
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;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @D-' #$n >halla%<n, %a#iy al-Ayn, vol" ,, p" DN,"

1 0

According to astronomers one m"l has $een calculated as three thousand dhir .cu$it O P 07 cm/ and according to traditionists as four thousand dhir which is equal to D %m" #$n )is%awayh, Tajrib al-Umam, vol" D, p" NK"

Muraysh=, !ay al-Imm Msa b' $a#ar, vol" @, p" DK@, as quoted in Am=r :Al=, Mukh asar Ta&r"kh al-Arab, p" N0" ;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @D-

The year ,7 A"H" .,NK 5"E"/ was the year when caliphate was formally and openly recogni!ed as royal hereditary monarchy and 8a!=d, the son of )u:<wiyah, a hedonist and characterless young man, rose to the throne $y the contrivance of his father" #n his four years of rulership, i"e", from ,7 A"H" to ,- A"H" .,A1 5"E"/, 8a!=d perpetrated numerous tragedies, the most formida$le of which was the Taff .>ar$al</ event F martyrdom of Husayn $" :Al= .:a/ F then, the $attle of Harrah in which the sanctity of the mosque of Prophet .s/ in )edina was violated and after that his invasion of )ecca and desecrating the House of 2od .Holy >a9a$a/" #n the holy month of )uharram of the year ,@ A"H" .,A7 5"E"/, 8a!=d martyred the mem$ers of the household of the Holy Prophet .s/ in >ar$al< in the cruelest and the most tyrannical way possi$le and enslaved his household" #n JhE6l Hajja ,1 A"H" .August ,A1 5"E"/, he masterminded the second grand tragedy of his rulership $y allowing the ;yrian army to transgress over the lives and properties of the people of )edina and the female mem$ers of their families" Causes of the "evolt The revolt of the people of )edina in ,1 A"H" .,A1 5"E"/ against the monarchy of 8a!=d, and the rule of the 3mayyids, represented, among other things, people6s widespread disli%e and hatred against the state6s politics and plans" There seems to $e no evidence in historical records and documents indicating that this social uprising was ascri$ed to any particular intellectual or political faction or leadership' rather, the communal and tri$al diversity of the participants in this popular movement suggests that various social, religious, political, and emotional factors have prompted harmonious sentiments among the people of )edina that culminated in a widespread uprising, and cutting off the hands of 8a!=d6s agents and administrators from that city" H$viously, upon empathy and solidarity in rejecting the 3mayyid rule and in order to coordinate its defensive force, this spontaneous social uprising chose a commander in chief" According to the historical reports, the Ansr had selected :A$d All<h $" Han!ala@ and the Muraysh had chosen :A$d All<h $" )ut=:D as their military commanders"1 Therefore, if in :AshEr< .>ar$ala/ tragedy and #m<m Husayn .:a/6s movement, the goals, plans, and motives were a$ove all centered in a perfectly recogni!ed leader, i"e", #mam Husayn $" :Al= .:a/ with his holiness $eing considered as the pivot of the movement, in the $attle of Harrah and the social movement of )adinans, religious, political, historical, and emotional grounds must $e sought on which the movement, without enjoying an outstanding leadership, had $een a$le to $ring the scattered tri$es and various clans settled in )edina to a
@

8a:qE$=, Ta&r"kh, vol" D, p" D0@' )as:Ed=, Murj al-(hahab, vol" 1, p" ,K' #$n Ath=r, Al)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@0"
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#$n ;a:d, Taba* al-)ubr, vol" 0, p" @7K' #$n Ath=r, Usd al-+hba, vol" 1, p" 1K1"
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Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1N-' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@0"

similar conclusion and integrate their power and capa$ilities toward rising up against 8a!=d and his agents" Evidently, it would $e impossi$le for the history researchers to have access to all those causes and grounds, with such long interval and scarcity of historical documents" However, a considera$le portion of these causes can $e recognised on the $asis of what has $een recorded or stated" A. *entiments and "eli+ious ,eal #n #slamic culture, two cities have $een recogni!ed as the early $ases where the religious thought of the Qast of the Prophets .s/ $egan to propagate' )ecca, as the land of the Prophetic )ission and the ,ibla to the )uslims' and )edina, as the city of the Prophet .s/ and the land of e pansion and e port of the Revealed )essage" )ecca, as a Jivine ;anctuary, overrates )edina, $ut the latter is significant in that the development of religious %nowledge, e position of the Prophetic traditions, and the understanding and interpretation of the Revealed ?ord of Allah, all too% place in that city" The companions of the Prophet .s/ F $oth Muhjirin and Ansr F lived there and most of them preferred staying in that city over other cities after the demise of the Prophet .s/" Thus, it is evident that )adinans6 pro imity to the Prophet6s legacy and traditions and his companions and successors had made their inclination toward #slam to $e stronger than that of the ;yrians and thus leading them to more quic%ly o$serve inappropriateness of the policies and actions adopted $y the rulers and governors" Hence, they were more openly motivated to fight against the political and moral corruptions and perversions in the ruling $ody of #slam" Gurthermore, it was these people who e pressed their early political dis*satisfaction and protested to 3thm<n $" :Aff<n and reprimanded him for the discriminations and incompetence of his administrators and went so far as to put an end to his life( &ow, the same people were witnessing the ruling of a crude young man who neither %nows anything a$out politics and civility nor is familiar with the religious sanctities of #slam and its laws, nor even tries to hide his moral corruptions from the people" ?hen the people of )edina ran out of patience due to the 8a!=d6s countless tyrannies and $loodsheds and his openly $latant transgression of the #slamic laws, they $egan to air their protest against the ;yrian government" :3thm<n $" )uhammad $" A$E ;ufy<n F the governor of )edina F pretended to show his competence $y trying to ma%e the dignitaries of )edina pleased with himself, the rule, and 8a!=d and to calm down his own jurisdiction" He sent some of the youths of Ansr and Muhjirin to Jamascus so that they could meet with young ruler 8a!=d in person and discuss their complaints with him' perhaps he would $e a$le to give them convincing answers and avail them with his gifts and $ounties"@
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Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1,A' #$n :A$d Ra$ah, I*d al--ar"d, vol" 0, p" @1,' A$E al*Garaj al*#sfah<n=, Al-Aghn", vol" @, p" D1"

#n this meeting, 8a!=d not only was una$le to attract the attention of the emissaries of )edina and redress their grievances, rather on the other hand, he further proved their previous $eliefs and impressions of his incompetence $y showing frivolous and foolish $ehavior"@ There is difference of opinion in historical sources as to the num$er of the emissaries dispatched from )edina to ;yria in ,D A"H" .,AD 5"E"/" ;ome have recorded their num$er to $e tenD, others have reported more"1 Historians have recorded this meeting as follows: :A$d All<h $" Han!ala 2has=l al*)al<9i%a, :A$d All<h $" A$= :Amr $" )ughayra )a%h!Em=, )undhir $" Lu$ayr and a group of the no$lemen of )edina accompanied them"?hen the emissaries came to visit 8a!=d, he paid homage to them $y giving them generous gifts" He even gave a hundred thousand dirhams to one of them, :A$d All<h $" Han!ala $" A$= :Rmir, who had come along with eight of his children, and gave some gifts to others, too"0 Jespite all this, his mean $ehavior was not hidden from the guests" These guests scrutini!ed all the conducts and life style of 8a!=d for which they had originally traveled to ;yria", ?hen they returned to )edina, they narrated to the people what they had seen of 8a!=d" They were soon shouting in the Prophet6s .s/ mosque: ?e are coming $ac% from someone who is faithless, drin%s wine, plays lute, spends nights with mean people and singing maids, and a$andons prayers"N People as%ed :A$d All<h $" Han!ala: +?hat news have you $roughtS+ He said: +# am coming $ac% from a man with whom # would have fought, # swear $y Allah, if my children were not with me"+ People said: +?e heard that 8a!=d has given you money and other gifts"+ :A$d All<h said: +That is true" # accepted it only for preparing forces against him"+ This way :A$d All<h went on to instigate people against 8a!=d and they followed him"A A$E al*Gid<9, one of the historians, puts it this way:

#$n A:tham >Ef=, Al--u h, vol" 0, p" @NK' Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1,A' &uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" ,, p" D@N"
D

>hwand )=r, !ab"b al-Siyar, vol" D, p" @DN"

-

&uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" ,, p" D@N" "#$id, vol" ,, p" D@N' #$n :A$d Ra$ah, I*d al--ar"d, vol" 0, p" @1,
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Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1,A' #$n :A$d Ra$ah, I*d al--ar"d, vol" 0, p" @1,' &uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" ,, p" D@N' #$n >ath=r, #sm<:=l, Al-Bidya .a al-Nihya, vol" ,, p" D11" Gor further information a$out 8a!=d6s de$aucheries see: Philip Hitti, Ta&r"kh al-(u.al al-Islmiyya, p" @@1' #$n Taghr= 4ird=, Al-Nujm al-/hira, vol" @, p" @,1' ;uyEt=, Ta&r"kh al-)hula#, p" D7K' #$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -A' T<h=!, Al-Tj #" Akhl* al-Mulk, p" D0A' Mumm=, Sa#"na al-Bihr, vol" @, p" 0A1' Mumm=, Ta imma al-Mun ah, p" 1," Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1,A' #$n :A$d Ra$ah, I*d al--ar"d, vol" 1, p" K-' &uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" 0, p" @1,' #$n >ath=r, #sm<:=l, Al-Bidya .a al-Nihya, vol" ,, p" D11"
A N ,

Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1,A' #$n :A$d Ra$ah, I*d al--ar"d, vol" 0, p" @1,' &uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" ,, p" D@N'

?hat fuelled the $attle of Harrah was that a group of people went to Jamascus to visit 8a!=d $" )u:<wiyah" 8a!=d honored them, gave them gifts, and granted a$out a hundred thousand dirhams to :A$d All<h $" Han!ala $" A$= :Rmir, a dignitary from )edina" ?hen the group returned to )edina, they tal%ed to the people a$out what they had seen of 8a!=d F drin%ing wine, vices, and other sins and injustices and immoralities, the greatest of which were a$andoning prayers due to $eing drun%"@ Ta$ar= puts it in this way: +3pon returning to )edina, the group reproached 8a!=d among themselves, cursed him, and said: ?e come $ac% from someone who does not have faith, drin%s wine, plays lute and the maids sing for him' he plays with dogs and %eeps company with the mean people and the slaves" 4ear witness that we vow to dethrone him"+D The author of Ta&r"kh-i -akhr" wrote: +People were distur$ed $y the 3mayyids, especially $y 8a!=d for committing many for$idden and sinful acts and $eing notorious for vices and iniquities"+1 +The cause of )ad=nans6 revolt against 8a!=d was his wea%ness of faith"+#$n >haldun has opined as follows: +A$out #mam Husayn .:a/ and the $attle that too% place, it ought to $e said that since the vices and crimes committed $y 8a!=d were %nown to general pu$lic of his era, the followers and the ;h=6as of the Prophet9s .s/ household in >ufa dispatched a delegation to #mam Husayn .:a/ to invite him to >ufa in order to revolt under his command" The #mam .:a/ reali!ed that standing up against 8a!=d was a duty, for the latter was openly committing injustices and immoral acts, and that this uprising was a duty for those who were a$le to revolt"+ )as:Ed= has put it this way: +?hen tyrannies of 8a!=d and his functionaries $egan to mount up, his de$aucheries $ecame disgracefully manifest' he %illed grandson of the Prophet .s/ and his companions' went on drin%ing sprees' and too% on Pharaoh*li%e manners, even worse than Pharaoh in his injustice to the high and low" Thereof, it so happened that the people of )edina e pelled his governor, 3thm<n $" )uhammad $" A$E ;ufy<n, together with )arw<n $" Ha%am and other mem$ers of 3mayyid clan"+0 #n addition to o$serving 8a!=d6s moral corruption, the representatives of the )ad=nans witnessed at close quarter that someone $y the name of ;erjohn was wor%ing in 8a!=d6s court as his Roman counselor and that )ansEr $" ;erjohn F or ;ergius F from a
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#$n >ath=r, #sm<:=l, Al-Bidya .a al-Nihya, vol" ,, p" D11"

D

Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1,A"

1 -

#$n Taqtiq<, -" al-0db al-Sul niyya .a al-(u.al al-Islmiyya, %nown as Ta&r"kh-i -akhr", p" @@,"
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;uyEt=, Ta&r"kh al-)hula#, p" @,," )as:Ed=, Murj al-(hahab, vol" 1, p" ,A"

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renowned 5hristian clan had $een 8a!=d6s close companion from days of his youth" #$n 3th<l@, 8a!=d6s personal physician was also 5hristian who was in charge of the financial affairs of the province of Hims"D A%htal1, the 3mayyid court6s poet, was also one of the Ara$ 5hristians who frequently visited the 5aliph6s palace with a cross hung around his nec%, would read his poems to the 5aliph, and was highly praised and reawrded $y him"4ac%ground %nowledge of these unusual affairs stan% of deep conspiracy and when com$ined with 3mayyid6s un#slamic and inhumane rule, would ma%e any )uslim6s !ealous $lood $oil and incite severe reactions against the 3mayyid monarchy" B. The Tra+edy of -arbal and the Martyrdom of #mam Husayn b. Al .a/ As someone who had $een a$le to acquire for himself the garment of the 5aliphate and monarchy over the )uslim lands, )u:<wiyah had quite learned that in the )uslim community, particularly among the Sahba .companions/, Tbi"n .their successors/, Muhjirin, and Ansr, the issue of Ahl al-Bay .:a/ enjoys a special status that could not $e easily violated" Hn the other hand, more than any$ody else, he had tried :Al= $" A$= T<li$ .:a/ and his progeny6s ro$ustness and perseverance in respect to religious values and human principles, and found out that confronting this household would cost too high for the 3mayyids to afford" Therefore, he had given necessary instructions to his crown prince as to avoid confronting the household of the Prophet .s/" However, 8a!=d was not such a person to comprehend the meaning of politics and reali!e his father6s $itterly tasted state policies and e periences' rather, he saw
#$n 3th<l, a 5hristian physician, was a contemporary to )u:<wiyah $" A$E ;ufy<n" #$n A$= 3say$i:a says: +He was sufficiently insightful in the properties of spices, particularly poisons, from whom )u:<wiya would as% for assistance for poisoning the #slamic dignitaries"+ According to ?<qid=: +#mam Hasan .a/, )<li% Ashtar, and :A$d al*Rahm<n $" >h<lid $" ?al=d who opposed the crown*princeship of 8a!=d, were poisoned $y his .)u:<wiya6s/ order" Eventually, >h<lid $" )uh<jir, :A$d al*Rahm<n6s nephew went to ;yria to ta%e revenge for his uncle6s $lood and %illed #$n 3th<l .Jeh%hoda Jictionary vol" D, p" DK7, under the entry UVW/" #$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" @--* @-,' #$n A$= 3say$i:a, Uyn al-Abn& #" Tab* al-A ibb, p" @N@" #$n :As<%ir, Ta&r"kh-i (amish*, vol" 0, p" A7' A$E al*Garaj al*#sfah<n=, Aghn", vol" 0, p" @D' Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" D, p" AD' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" 1, p" 1NA"
D @

#$n :As<%ir, Ta&r"kh (amish*, vol" 0, p" A7' Hadram=, Mu.iya .a Ta&r"kh, p" @@@"

A%htal, whose full name is 2hiy<th $" 2hawth $" al*;alt $" T<riqat $" :Amr of the 4an= Taqli$ tri$e, nic%named as A$E )<li%, was an eminent poet who gained his famous during 3mayyid reign in ;yria and most of whose eulogy poems are a$out the 3mayyid 5aliphs" He went to the 3mayyid and $ecame their poet" He was $orn in @K A"H" .,-7 5"E"/ and died in K7 A"H" .N7A 5"E"/, and grown up among the 5hristians around H=ra" .Lir%il=, Al-Alm, vol" 0, p" 1@A' A$E al*Garaj al*#sfah<n=, Al-Aghn", vol" A, p" DA7' #$n Mutay$a, Al-Shir .a al-Shuar, p" @AK' 4aghd<d=, )ha1na al-Adab, vol" @, p" D@K X DD@/"
-

Philip Hitti, Ta&r"kh al-Arab, vol" @, p" D0- .Trans" A$E al*2h<sim P<yandeh/"

11

himself as the heir to the power that he himself had no role in acquiring, and li%e a traditional prince he spent his carefree adolescence and early youth on the )uslims6 pu$lic treasury without any care for their plight and sufferings and now was ruling over the ummah of #slam whose men, in his own thin%ing, were his freed slaves and their women, his handmaidens who will su$mit themselves to him whenever he wished( This fanciful thin%ing, inflated $y flatteries, once again set the descendents of 4an= H<shim against those of 3mayyid and prompted the sons of A$E ;ufy<n to fight another $attle with the household of the Prophet .s/, creating a tragedy in >ar$al< which was the greatest of all the $attles $etween truth and falsehood in entire human history" 8a!=d wanted to ta%e the revenge of all those %illed in the $attle of 4adr and all the polytheists and un$elievers of history from the household of the Prophet .s/ in half a day6s time and he truly did so( Qi%e all the 5ains of history, he did not reali!e the gravity and e panse of that horrendous tragedy the moment he was perpetrating it" However, it did not last long, that, $efore a half day6s time with the short speech $y Layna$*i >u$r<, the daughter of :Al= .:a/, he dismounted his throne of triumph and power and proceeded to apologi!e' $ut it was too late, as the $lood of the Prophet6s .s/ household was already shed and would not $e washed out $y any means" #n this tragedy, the decapitated heads of the descendents of :Al= .:a/ turned to unsetting stars that directed people toward the way to deliverance in the dar% night of the 3mayyid rule' and the people of )edina were the most deserving to find out these telling clues and to show proper reactions in the face of the unjustly shed $lood of the Prophet6s descendents" #t was also $ecause #mam Husayn $" :Al= .:a/ and his companions and family mem$ers had come from their homeland and #mam Ali $" al* Husayn .Layn al*:A$id=n/ .:a/, the son of #mam Husayn .:a/, had $rought them the message of their martyrdom" Those who failed to accompany and help the Prophet6s grandson were now ashamed of their past and considered compensating that great damage( Even if the newly converted )uslims of ;yria had not yet considered the ayah +;ay, 6# do not as% of you any reward e cept the affection for BmyC relatives6+@ while reciting the Mur6an, and could not distinguish $etween the descendants of A$E ;ufy<n and the household of the Prophet .s/" The people of )edina had frequently heard from the Prophet .s/ that: +Y Al-!asan and al-!usayn sayyid shabb ahl al-janna .Hasan and Husayn are the two leaders of the youth of paradise/+"D Thus, such deep injuries to the souls, faith, and sentiments of the )ad=nans would inevita$ly end up in an overall uprising and $loody confrontation" Jhaha$= wrote:

@ D

Al*Mur6an, -D: D1"

>hat=$ 4aghd<d=, Ta&r"kh-i Baghdd, vol" @@, p" K@, and vol" D, p" @A@' Jhaha$=, Ta&r"kh al-Islm, vol" 1, p" 0"

12

+?hen the tyrannies of 8a!=d and his functionaries $ecame widespread, he %illed the )essenger of Allah6s .s/ grandson and his companions, and the people revolted"+1 Ta$ar= wrote: +?hen #mam Husayn .:a/ was martyed, $" Lu$ayr tal%ed to the people' he regarded the #mam6s martyrdom as important, reproached the people of #raq, and said: The people of #raq are criminal and evildoers' they invited Husayn .:a/ Bto #raqC $ut as soon as he arrived, they attac%ed him and demanded him to either surrender to the son of ;umayya .#$n Liy<d/ or fight" Husayn .:a/ %new that his companions were few in num$er $ut preferred dignified death to a degraded life" )ay 2od $less Husayn .:a/ and de$ase his %iller"+D Hne of the writers of Ara$ history wrote in an analysis on the tragedy of >ar$al< that Husayn $" :Al=6s $lood was more than anything else effective in the development of ;h=:= thought to the e tent that ;h=:=sm may $e said to $e re$orn on the tenth of )uharram" As the later events revealed, this issue was among the factors that undermined the foundations of the 3mayyid6s government"1 C. )escription of the -arbal Tra+edy by the Ahl al-Bayt .a/ #t is li%ely that if the >ar$al< tragedy did not have narrators li%e #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ and Layna$*i >u$r< .the daughter of #mam :Ali .:a// and the Ahl al-Bay .:a/ had not ta%en measures for preserving and safeguarding it, the 3mayyid ruling system could have easily distorted the event for the uninformed masses and offered justification to cover up their crimes" 4ut what prevented the distortion of event of :RshEra and its justification $y the ruling 3mayyid6s government were the very influential and at the same time su$tle ways of propagation adopted $y the surviving messengers of >ar$al<, that would $urn the hearts and infuriate the spirits of the )uslim masses" #t was not a proper time for #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ to start an open campaign against the 3mayyids to inform the pu$lic of their true face' and the historical e perience indicated that the people of )edina, despite their good past records in assisting the Prophet .s/ and defending the religion, never had the required vigilance and solidarity to support the household of the Prophet .s/" That was possi$ly $ecause yesterday6s Ansr and Muhjirin .i"e", Helpers and Emigrants/ who were regarded as simple and untainted )uslims, after the demise of the )essenger of Allah .s/ and with the city of )edina turning into the #slamic capital, the seat of the 5aliphate of the )uslims, and the centre of distri$ution of social and political positions, had over the years, acquired some status and reputation so as to view themselves as companions and narrators of had" h as opposed to the household of the Prophet .s/"
1

Jhaha$=, Ta&r"kh al-Islm, vol" 1, p" 0"

D

Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" D,-"

Am=r :Al=, Mukh asar Ta&r"kh al-Arab, vol" @, p" D-N"

13

&evertheless, #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ would constantly whisper his messages in $etween his supplications and intimate conversations .munaja / with Allah, driving them deep down into one6s soul' whenever he saw drin%ing water, he would passionately remem$er the moments of the martyrdom of martyrs of >ar$al< with their parched lips" Thus, words, e perssions and gestures of the #mam .:a/, who in spite of $eing su$jected to the harshness and cruelty of the age, was still %nown as the most distinguished religious figure of his time, were communicated from heart to heart to the farthest areas of city of )edina via gatherings" Historians have descri$ed the early hours of arrival of the survivors of >ar$al< 5aravan at the gates of )edina as follows: ?hen 4ash=r $" Ta!lam declared the news of #mam Husayn6s .:a/ martyrdom and the return of the Ahl al-Bay .:a/ to the people of )edina, it sounded as if it was the Trumpet6s 4last that turned )edina to a scene li%e the morning of Resurrection" ?omen of )edina rushed out of their houses and too% to the gate of )edina, so that no man or woman remained home e cept that all were running $are*footed and raising the cries of +?< )uhammad<( ?< Husayna(+.Alas H )uhammad, Alas H Husayn(/, just li%e the day when the Holy Prophet .s/ departed from the world" &o day ever passed $y for the )uslims more $itter and no cries of mourning and lamentation more severe than that day"@ After the people left town and went to #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ and others who were returning with them, the #mam delivered a very moving sermon" ;ome people, such as ;awh<n $" ;a:sa:a, apologi!ed for not assisting #mam Husayn .:a/ and #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ accepted their apologies"D #mam Layn al*:A$id=n6s .:a/ words left deep impact on the people of )edina and made them feel that they had neglected to defend the sanctity of the )essenger of Allah .s/( A$= )i%hnaf wrote: #t was Griday that the caravan of the Ahl al-Bay .:a/ arrived near )edina" #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ sent 4ashir $" Ta!lam towards )edina to inform the people" He entered )edina and informed the people of the arrival of Ahl al-Bay 2a3 $y his poem" ?ith this news, even the women who were $ehind the veils came out of their houses, wearing $lac% garments and weeping with cries" # saw no man or woman e cept that they were weeping, lamenting and reprimanding' all the Hashemite and non*Hashemite women were weeping" Hn Griday, the Ahl al-Bay 2a3 arrived in )edina and the Griday preacher was delivering his sermon, mentioning what had $efallen Husayn .:a/ and his companions and adding even further to the lamentations and sorrows of people so that some were weeping and some moaning" That day all the people of )edina went toward Ahl al-Bay .:a/ just li%e the day when the Prophet .s/ had departed from this world" The poets among them were reciting their poems and elegies, and the people of )edina held pu$lic mourning
@ D

#$n T<wEs, Al-Lahu#, p" @17' A$= )i%hnaf, Ma* al p" D77' )uqarram, Ma* al al-!usain, p" 1N0" TEs=, Al-Aml", p" ,,' )uqarram, Ma* al al-!usain, p" 1N0' )ajlis=, Bihr al-An.r, vol" -0, p" @-N"

14

and sorrowful gatherings for fifteen days for #mam Husayn 2a3 and the martyrs of >ar$ala" Hn the other hand, Layna$*i >u$r< .sa/ and the mothers of the martyrs of >ar$al<, each one of them created their own impressive gathering in the widely span social milieu of )edina $y individually narrating their e periences of events of the :RshEr< tragedy and what they had seen on the way to >Efa and ;yria and in 8a!=d6s court" Gollowing are the words of !adra Layna$ .sa/, the daughter of :Al= 2a3, addressed in the early hours of her arrival in )edina to a mass gathering of mourning women who had encircled and accompanied her into the city" ;he too% advantage of the poetry to penetrate deep into the hearts and minds of her listeners, as she %new very well that the Ara$ women6s memory would readily preserve them and recite them li%e their soothing cradlesongs to their $a$ies" Those lines are rendered as follows: %ha ans.4r .ill y5u gi64 .h4n h4 7r58h4 asks y5u9 %ha did y5u d5 as my las Ummah a# 4r my d4mis4 T5 my 8r5g4ny and my h5us4h5ld: S5m4 ha64 b44n ak4n ;a8 i64s and s5m4 .4r4 imm4rs4d in h4ir bl55d< Is i my r4.ard #5r guiding and l4ading y5u 5 h4 %ay 5# +5d: Tha y5u 588r4ss my h5us4h5ld 5 su;h an 4= 4n :@ ). 'olitical 0nrests and $allacies Among other factors that played important role in )edinan6s revolt against the 3mayyid government were the morally corrupt actions and politically aw%ward decision*ma%ings that were witnessed $y the )uslim community, especially $y the people of )edina, that $egan with the 5aliphate of 3thm<n $" :Aff<n .who was from 3mayyid clan/, and reached their e tremes during the reign of 8a!=d $" )u:<wiyah" The previous 5aliphs usually had at their disposal some consultants from among the companions and the erudite for administering the )uslim community" 8a!=d, however, had gathered around him some of his jo%ers and drun%ard cronies, who were of his age, as consultants and administrators" This action was o$viously intolera$le to those who were foremost on the path of faith at that time and to the Ansr and Muhjirin and their descendents" The nearest in mindset to 8a!=d for the people of )edina was li%ely to $e the governor of )edina a$out whom Ta$ar= wrote: +:3thm<n $" )uhammad $" A$E ;ufy<n, who was appointed as the governor of )edina after ?al=d, was regarded as an ine perienced teenager"+D 4efore :3thm<n $" )uhammad $" A$E ;ufy<n, another person %nown as ?al=d $" :3qa$a had $een appointed $y 8a!=d as the governor
#$n Mutay$a, Uyn al-Akhbr, vol" @, p" D@D' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1,' Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 10N' 4=rEn=, 0 hr al-B*iya, p" 1DK' >hw<ri!m=, Ma* al al!usain, vol" D, p" A-' #$n Taw!=, ;i$t, Tadhkira al-)ha.s, p" D-7"
D @

Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 10N"

15

of Hij<! who was strongly critici!ed $y people and a$out whom $" Lu$ayr sent the following letter to 8a!=d: +8ou have sent over us a rough and harsh man who does not care at all a$out justice and truthfulness and pays no attention to the well* wishers and the wise' whereas if you had sent a mild*mannered person, we hoped that he would ma%e the hard and complicated tas%s much easier"+@ #t was after such remar%s and complains that 8a!=d discharged ?al=d $" :3q$a from office and appointed :3thm<n $" )uhammad $" A$E ;ufy<n, who was an arrogant, ine perienced, and heedless youth, as the governor of Hij<!D, and the tragedy of Harrah too% place while he was the governor of )edina"1 ;urprisingly enough, :3thm<n $" )uhammad $" A$E ;ufy<n was simultaneously shouldering two heavy posts, i"e", the governorship of )edina and the )ecca which 8a!=d had entrusted to this raw and ine perienced youth(All these factors were in fact creating impulses and su$tle reactions that were adding together and awaiting a proper moment to $urst out li%e an e plosion" That moment came up when $" )=n<, the fully authori!ed representative of )u:<wiyah .and who continued wor%ing in that position in 8a!id9s reign/, for collecting ta es and properties in )edina, tried to deliver the collected possessions out of Harrah to the governor of Hij<!" #t was at this point that the )edinan protesters $loc%ed his way and told him: +This much property that you are ta%ing out of )edina does not $elong to you and )u:<wiyah' we confiscate this property"+0 #$n )=n< reported the confiscation to :3thm<n $" )uhammad $" A$E ;ufy<n who was then the ruler of )ecca and )edina" :3thm<n summoned some representatives from )edina for negotiations" A num$er of Ansr and Muraysh met :3thm<n and stated that the property $elonged to the people of )edina and that +)u:<wiyah had purchased our property at a low price during the time of our poverty and economic pressure and he had not paid our due rights during his reign"Z The dispute dragged on to the e tent that the governor of )edina threatened the representatives and said: +This action of yours is rooted in internal grudges and there is no end to it" # will report the issue to 8a!=d himself"+, The governor of )edina reported the story in a letter to ;yria and instigated 8a!=d against the people of )edina" Gurious to hear this, 8a!=d said:
@

&uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" ,, p" D@N"

D 1

#$id"

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Mari#, p" 1-0"

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D70"

,

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D7,' 8a:qE$=, vol" D, p" D07" #$id"

16

+# swear to 2od that # will dispatch a massive army over them and trample them under the horses6 hoovesY+@ 1pen Confrontation of the 'eople of Medina a+ainst 0mayyid (overnment 5onfiscation of the state property $y the people of )edina and the fruitless and unfriendly negotiations of the representatives of )edinan tri$es with 3thm<n $" A$E ;ufy<n was the $eginning of Muhjirin and Ansr6s open confrontation with the 3mayyid rule" This action of the people of )edina actually opened up the deep and old wound inflicted on their $odies $y the 3mayyid rule long time ago" The atmosphere was quite ready for a serious action against the 3mayyid government" :A$d All<h $" Han!ala 2has=l al*)al<9%a, who had witnessed at close quarters 8a!=d6s irresponsi$ility and incompetence in ;yria and even had accepted his gifts with the intention of using them in toppling his own rule, called people of )edina to the final $attle against 8a!=d and the 3mayyids" :A$d All<h $" Han!ala6s social statusD among the people of )edina made them to go along with him and even choose him as the governor of )edina, swear allegiance to him, and regarded 8a!id as discharged from the 5aliphate"1 #$n Lu$ayr, who was himself one of the protesters and had chosen )ecca as his $ase, sent a letter to the people of )edina encouraging them to stand up against 8a!=d and 3mayyid6s administrators settled in )edina and e pel them from )edina"#$n Lu$ayr himself ousted 8a!=d6s administrators from Hij<!"0 23pulsion of the (overnor of Medina After swearing allegiance to :A$d All<h $" Han!ala on the first day of )uharram ,1 A"H" .,AD, 5"E"/, the people of )edina e pelled 3thm<n $" )uhammad $" A$E ;ufy<n, 8a!=d6s representative and the governor of )edina, from that city" Then, they imprisoned the 3mayyids, their relatives, as well as those Muraysh=s who were the supporters of the 3mayyid government, amounting to one thousand persons in )arw<n $" Ha%am6s house without doing them any harm",

@ D

;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @DN"

Han!ala $" A$= :Rmir, a famous companion of the Prophet .s/, was a youth who got married to Tam=la, :A$d All<h $" 3$ayy6s daughter, consummated with her and :A$d All<h6s em$ryo was conceived $ut he did not get the chance to perform the major a$lution .ghusl/ in the morning as he had to proceed to the $attle of 3hud on the orders of Prophet .s/ and was martyred" The Prophet .s/ told the people that the angels had performed the ghusl on him .#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -,' #$n Mutay$a, Akhbr al-Ti.l, p" 1@7/"
1

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -N' Ma!w=n=, )uhammad Husain, >iyd al-Ah1n, p" @N,"
-

#$n Mutay$a, Akhbr al-Ti.l, p" D,-' )aqdis=, Al-Bad& .a al-Ta&r"kh, vol" @, p" @0" #$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u h, vol" 1, p" @NK' )as:Ed=, Murj al-(hahab, vol" 1, p" ,K"

17

;ome historians, in the meantime, have put it this way: Those imprisoned in )arw<n6s house were $esieged, water was denied to them, and some of them were assaulted and $attered including :3thm<n $" )uhammad and )arw<n $" Ha%am and his son A$d al*)ali%"@ However, such remar%s have not $een reported in the first hand sources" After the revolt of )ad=nans and $esiege of 3mayyids in )arw<n6s house, the governor of )edina sent his torn up shirt to 8a!=d along with a letter saying: +5ome to our rescue( The people of )edina have e pelled our clan out of )edina(+D ;ome have pointed out that of all the %indred of the 3mayyids, only the children of 3thm<n $" :Aff<n were not e pelled from )edina"1 ;ome have also pointed out that the governor of )edina escaped to ;yria overnight"Yazd4s "eaction a+ainst the 'eople of Medina The letter written $y )arw<n $" Ha%am and the 3mayyids was delivered to 8a!=d $y Ha$=$ $" >urra and upon reading the letter, 8a!=d got agitated and as%ed Ha$=$: +Jidn6t the 3mayyids and their relatives and slaves amount to a thousand peopleS+ Ha$=$ answered: +8es' they were even over a thousand"+ 8a!=d as%ed: +;o, why didn6t they resist for a whileS+ The courier replied: +All the inha$itants were united against them, so they were una$le to resist against such a great num$er of people"+0 At night time, while two guards were flan%ing him on his sides and he was holding a candle in his hand, 8a!=d left the palace in a colorful outfit and with an angry face, wal%ed to the mosque, clim$ed the pulpit, and cried out: +H People of ;yria( :3thm<n $" )uhammad, the governor of )edina, has written to me that the People of )edina have e pelled the 3mayyids from the town" # swear to 2od that if there were no greenery or prosperity, it would $e more toera$le for me than to hear this news"+, ?ith these words, in fact, 8a!=d declared his firm decision to send his forces to attac% )edina"

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -N and @,,' #$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D7A' 8a:qE$=, Ta&r"kh, vol" D, p" D07' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Tr"kh, vol" -, p" @@@' Ga%hr=, Ta&r"kh, p" @@0' #$n >haldEn, T&r"kh, vol" D, p" 1N"
@

8a:qE$=, Ta&r"kh, vol" D, p" D07' 4ayhaq=, Al-Mahsin .a al-Mas.", vol" @, p" -,"

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" D, p" K' 4ayhaq=, Al-Mahsin .a al-Mas.", vol" @, p" -,' #$n :A$d Ra$ah, I*d al--ar"d, vol" 0, p" @1N' A$E al*Garaj al*#sfah<n=, AlAghn", vol" @, p" D0' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@@' ;amhEd=, %a#& al%a#&, vol" @, p" @DN"
1

A!raq=, Akhbr Makka al-Musharra#a, vol" @, p" @1K" #$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D7A"
0

Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1N@"

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" D, p" K' 4ayhaq=, Al-Mahsin .a al-Mas.", vol" @, p" -,"

18

8a!=d wrote a letter to the people of )edina and ordered :3thm<n $" )uhammad, the governor of )edina, to read it for them" He sent the letter through &u:m<n $" 4ash=r Ans<r= and told him: +)ost of the people of )edina are your relatives" 2o to them and prevent them from opposition, for if they did not revolt on this matter, the people will not dare to $e against with me"+ &u:m<n went to his relatives in )edina and ordered them to o$ey and warned them against revolt and sedition, $ut they didn9t listen to him"@ &ot only that, in reply, they said to &u:m<n: +H &u:m<n( 8a!=d is not a )uslim, $ecause he drin%s wine day and night' he does not offer o$ligatory prayers, he practices de$auchery, and he deems as permissi$le shedding the $lood of the descendents of the Prophet .s/' and you %now that no other 5aliph has not done what 8a!=d has $een doing" He does not deserve to $e the leader of )uslim community"+D As soon as :3thm<n $" )uhammad timidly read 8a!=d6s letter to the people of )edina, :A$d All<h $" )ut=: and some other people $egan to curse and use a$usive language" ?hen they found out that 8a!=d had dispatched an army to suppress them, they made a firm decision to stand up and fight against it"1 After the people of )edina decisively resolved to fight against the army of ;yria, the 3mayyids were ousted out of town, either on their own demand or as deemed advisa$le $y )edinan fighters, and settled in a place called Jh= >hushu$- located at a day6s journey from )edina"0 )arw<n $" Ha%am was among the e pelled" However, he was happy for not having stayed in )edina $ecause he %new that if they had stayed in )edina, they would have $een more at a loss than otherwise" Thus, )arw<n told his son :A$d al*)ali%: +Y H )y son( #t seems that the people of )edina have permitted us to leave without consulting each other or without enough deli$eration, or they have e pelled us from )edina"Z :A$d al*)ali% as%ed his father why he said so S )arw<n answered: +The very fact that the people did not %ill or ta%e us captive is enough to $e happy, for if they too% us captive, they would %eep us as hostages and would %ill us in case of invasion of ;yrian army( &ow we are worried that they would reali!e their mista%e and change their minds to chase after us(+, )ispatch of the *yrian Army to Medina
@ D 1

&uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" ,, p" D@N"

4al:am=, Ta&r"kh Nma-yi Tabar", vol" D, p" N@K"

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D7A"

-

8<qEt Hamaw=, Mujam al-Buldn, vol" D, p" 1ND"

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D7A' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@@"
,

A$E al*Garaj al*#sfah<n=, Al-Aghn", vol" @, p" D-"

19

8a!=d %new that the military e pedition to )edina and the Prophet6s .s/ shrine, where many of the inha$itants were the Muhjirin and Ansr and the companions of the Prophet .s/ would $e a difficult tas%, requiring a confidential and trusta$le commander" The historians reported that 8a!=d first called upon a person named Jahh<% $" Mays Gihr=@, then :Amr $" ;a:=d AshdaqD, and after that :3$ayd All<h $" Liy<d1 to carry out this mission" Each one of them, however, rejected this mission, stating that shedding the $lood of the descendents of Muhjirin and Ansr and violating the sanctity of the Prophet9s .s/ shrine was a $urden too heavy for them to shoulder" Ginally, this mission was assigned to someone %nown as )uslim $" :3q$a and 8a!=d entrusted this costly command to him( )uslim $" :3q$a was an old man who had lived for more than ninety years and was sic% then(A person at that age and in that unfavora$le physical condition did not seem to $e the right option for such a mission" 4ut, apparently it seemed that 8a!=d: Girstly, had to ta%e this option, as the others whom he had selected did not accept the mission" ;econdly, the mission required a$ove all, a commander who was entirely at the service of the 3mayyids and deeply devoted to them' and )u:<wiyah had already tal%ed to 8a!=d a$out )uslim $" :3q$a and reassured him of his devotedness and loyality to the 3mayyids"0 Thirdly, 8a!=d had to send someone to the $attle against the Muhjirin and Ansr who had no fear of $loodshed and whose physical appearance could $e a source of encouragement to the troops" Although )uslim $" :3q$a was physically not regarded as a commander powerful enough to stir up the forces $y his military gestures, his old age could encourage the naIve and ill*informed troops of ;yrian army to invade the sanctity of the Prophet6s holy land and fail to view it as an emotionally and religiously vile act" ?ith these calculations in mind, 8a!=d appointed )uslim $" :3q$a as the commander*in*chief of his army and assigned Husayn $" &umayr ;a%En=, Hu$aysh $" Julja M=n=, and Rawh $" Lan$<: Ta!<m=, each of them to separately command a section of that army", 8a!=d ordered the government6s officials as well as the ordinary people to $e encouraged to participate in this conflict" The state heralds were announcing in the streets and pu$lic places:
@

#$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u h, vol" 1, p" @NK" :Amr $" ;a:=d $" :Rs $" 3mayyah $" :A$d ;hams, renowned as Ashdaq is the same person who was the governor of )ad=na in ,@ A"H" .,A7 5"E"/ when #mam Husain .a/ was martyred" .#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" @N,/
1 D

#$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@"

-

#$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u h, vol" 0, p" @A7"

#$id, vol" 0, p" @A7' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@D' ;amhEd=, %a#& al%a#&, vol" @, p" @17" #$n Mutay$a, Akhbr al-Ti.l, p" 1@7' #$n >ath=r, Al-Bidya .a al-Nihya, vol" ,, p" D1-"

20

+H People( )o$ili!e for fighting against the people of Hij<! and receive your wage(+ ?hoever volunteered would receive one hundred dinars cash right on the spot" Those for whom only money was important immediately agreed" After a short while a$out twelve thousand individuals gathered"@ ;ome other historians have reported the num$er of ;yrian army as amounting to ten thousand troops" The age span of the troops was $etween twenty to fifty years" All required equipment had $een provided for them, so that many camels were carrying necessary equipment and weapons of the army"D ;ome other historians have put it this way: 8a!=d ordered people to prepare to go to Hij<!' twenty thousand infantry troops and seven thousand cavalries prepared" 8a!=d gave two hundred dinars to the mounted and a hundred dinars to the infantry troops as award and ordered them to move along with )uslim $" :3q$a"1 8a!=d accompanied )uslim $" :3q$a and the ;yrian army for a$out half a Garsa%h .D"A %m/ to see them off"Among the army, some ;yrian 5hristians were also seen who had prepared to fight against the people of )edina"0 Yazd4s 1rders to the Commanders of the *yrian Army ;ince )uslim $" :3q$a was sic% at the time of departure to )edina and was una$le to mount the horse, he was placed on a couch and carried on slaves6 shoulders", 8a!=d recommended him to name Husayn $" &umayr ;a%En= as his deputy in case any pro$lem would arise for him"N As for the people of )edina, he advised him as follows: +#nvite the people of )edina three times" #f they accept, it is $etter' $ut if they do not, in case you triumph over them, massacre them for three days" ?hatever there might $e in that city F including properties, human $eings, animals, and weapons F would $e lawful for the troops" Jo not prevent the people of ;yria from doing what they want to do with their enemy" ?hen the three days6 period is over, cease the massacre and plunder and as% people to swear allegiance to $e 8a!=d6s slaves( ?hen you are done with )edina, move towards )ecca"+A

#$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@D' #$n Taghr= 4ird=, Al-Nujm al-/hira, vol" @, p" D,@' ;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @DA"
D

1 -

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D7K' A$E al*Gid<:, Al-Mukh asar #" Akhbr al-Bushr, vol" @, p" @KD"

#$n Mutay$a, Akhbr al-Ti.l, p" 1@7' Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1N@' #$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u h, vol" 0, p" @A7" )as:Ed=, Murj al-(hahab, vol" D, p" K0' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 0,' 4al:am=, Ta&r"kh Nma-yi Tabar", vol" -, p" DNK"
0

Philip Hitti, Ta&r"kh al-Arab, vol" @, p" D-A"

, N

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" D, p" K"

#$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@D' A!raq=, Akhbr Makka al-Musharra#a, vol" @, p" @1K"

21

The #tinerary of the *yrian Army Historians have recorded their itinerary stage $y stage, although there are minor differences $etween various sources" #sta%hr= has noted the distance $etween ;yria and )edina to $e twenty stages .man1il/,@ without recording the names of the stages' $ut #$n Rusta has named some of the stages and regarded them to $e twelve"D #$n 4attEta has named seventeen stages $etween ;yria and )edina,1 $ut since #$n 4atEta has written his $oo% in NNK A"H" .@1NN 5"E"/, and #$n Rusta wrote his in DK7 A"H" .K7D 5"E"/, #$n Rusta6s view seems to $e more authentic in terms of its chronological pro imity to the time of the incidence" He has not pointed out to all the names, though" #$n >hurd<dh$ih has also considered the itinerary to $e the same as what #$n Rusta noted"- Jue to the long period $etween these two sources, we will proceed to give a $rief list of the stages $etween ;yria and )edina as follows: @" >uswa .the first township which was at a @D mile0 distance from Jamascus/, D" T<sim .D- miles from Jamascus/, 1" G=q .or Af=q, D- miles from T<sim/, -" ;anamayn .@D miles from G=q/, 0" Lar:a .@0 or @A miles from ;anamayn/, ," 4usr= .- stages from Jamascus and the same place where the Prophet .s/, $efore his mission and during his $usiness travel to ;yria, met the 5hristian )on% and the latter recogni!ed on his features, the signs of prophethood/,, N" >ara%, A" )a:<n, K" Hism=, @7" Jh<t al*)an<r .the $eginning of ;yrian territory from )edina/, @@" QajEn, @D" ;aragh .a village near Ta$E%/, @1" Jh<t Haj, @-" Taym<9 .name of a river north of Ta$E%/, @0" Hajar, @," ?<d= al*Mur<, @N" :3lm<, @A" Tunayna, @K" Tan<$, D7" Ruh$a, D@" Jh= al*)arwa, DD" )arr, D1" Turf, D-" ;uwayd<, D0 Hudayya, D," Jh= >hushu$" H$viously, the a$ove*mentioned stages are the %nown villages and townships on the way $etween ;yria and )edina and it does not mean that the distance $etween each one of them is a day6s journey" However, when the ;yrian army reached ?<d= al*Mur<, they met with the 3mayyids who were e pelled or had escaped from )edina" )uslim $" :3q$a first inquired a$out the military preparedness and spiritual conditions of the people of )edina and the num$er of their fighters in order to plan how to penetrate into )edina and triumph over the people"
#$n Mutay$a, Akhbr al-Ti.l, p" D,-' #$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u h, vol" 0, p" @A7' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@D' #$n ?ird=, Ta amma al-Mukh ahar, vol" @, p" D11' ;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @DA' A!raq=, Akhbr Makka al-Musharra#a, vol" @, p" @1K' A$E al*Gid<:, Al-Mukh asar #" Akhbr al-Bashar, vol" @, p" @KD"
@ A

#sta%hr=, Maslik al-Mamlik, p" DN" #$n Rusta, Al* al-Na#"sa, p" D@-"
1

#$n 4atEta, Al->ihla, p" @DK*@11"

#$n >hurd<dh$=h, Al-Maslik .a al-Mamlik, p" @70"

Every three miles has $een regarded as one parasang' see: Turayh=, Majma alBahrayn, vol" 0, -N,"
,

A$E al*Gid<:, Ta*."m al-Buldn, p" DNN"

22

)uslim $" :3q$a as%ed )arw<n $" Ha%am how to triumph over the people of )edina" )arw<n answered: +The num$er of )ad=nans is more than your troops, $ut not all of them have enough arms" Hn the other hand, they lac% enough motivation, purpose, and goal and are una$le to withstand the swords"Z )arw<n $" Ha%am said to )uslim $" :3q$a: [8our $iggest pro$lem is the trench they have dug around )edina to $loc% your way and in order to guard them they have assigned their resolute men who will not easily leave the trench" # %now how to $rea% up this $loc%ade $ut # will reveal it to you in due course"@ )uslim $" :3q$a did not content himself with )arw<n6s statements and tried to o$tain more accurate information a$out )edina from the 3mayyids, $ut they refused to give more information with the prete t that +we have ta%en an oath to the people of )edina not to give you any information, $ut :A$d al*)ali%, son of )arw<n, has not ta%en any oath of secrecy and you can acquire more information from him"ZD The 3mayyids were apparently afraid that 8a!=d6s army will not $e a$le to conquer )edina, so they did not wish to endanger the prospects of their stay as well as their property and lands in )edina' otherwise, the 3mayyids were not such people as to %eep their oath" As recommended $y the 3mayyids, )uslim $" :3q$a consulted the young and ine perienced :A$d al*)ali% in a private session, and as%ed him a$out the people of )edina, their insurgency, and how to confront them" Jeclaring his readiness for any cooperation, :A$d al*)ali% said: +#n my opinion, you must advance to the palm groves near )edina and do not hasten to enter the city" ;ettle the army ne t to the palm groves and order the troops to rest and enjoy the date palms and other facilities availa$le there" After a one day rest, move toward )edina" 8ou should not enter the city from the west' rather, you should choose an entrance in which )edina may lie on your left" This necessitates that you enter the $attle with the people of )edina through Harrah which is on the eastern side of )edina, for if you fight with those people during the first half of the day, the sun will $e $ehind you, and hurt the eyes of the )edinan fighters and $loc% their visi$ility" This way, you will see them well, $ut they will $e da!!led $y the glittering of your swords, lances, and helmets"+ )uslim $" :3q$a welcomed and admired :A$d al*)ali%6s advice"1 Gor the itinerary of ;yrian army from Jamascus to )edina, see the following map"

@ D 1

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" D, p" K"

Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1N1' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@D" Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1ND' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@D"

23

The *yrian Army Camps near Medina )uslim $" :3q$a and his troops left ?<di al*Mur<9 for )edina and camped his army at a place called +Turf+ at a distance of three miles from )edina"@ Hn the other hand, it was long since the people of )edina had $een informed a$out the departure of ;yrian army and were prepared for confrontation and defense" They reconstructed the same trench that the )uslims had dug to defend )edina in the $attle of Ah!<$ .)handa*/, which over time had partly ruined" They also erected high walls to protect some parts of )edina"D
@ D

8<qEt Hamaw=, Mujam al-Buldn, vol" D, p" @DA"

8a:qE$=, Ta&r"kh-i vol" D, p" D07' )as:Ed=, Al-Tanb"h .a al-Ishr#, p" D,1' ;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @DK"

24

Reconstruction of the old trench and construction of new trenches too% fifteen days in all"@ Gor these tas%s, the Muraysh had underta%en the distance $etween R<tijD and Ah!<$ )osque and the Ansr, the distance $etween Ah!<$ )osque and the 4an= ;alama and )aw<l= neigh$orhood to carry out the digging and reconstructing the trench from R<tij to the 4an= :A$d al*Ashhal"1 The trench had $een dug on the west side of )edina, so )uslim $" :3q$a was determined, after consultations he had or $ecause of the trench that was an impenetra$le $arrier to his troops, to launch the attac% from the east of )edina which was a roc%y land called Harrah"The setting up of ;yrian army camp near )edina made the people of )edina ta%e the war more seriously and plan and carry out e tra measures to defend the town" Gor the sa%e of integration of defense and $attle, they also had to choose someone as their commander*in*chief" Abd All h b. Hanzala5 Commander of Medinan $orces :A$d All<h $" Han!ala played a pivotal role in the $attle of Harrah" Having $een influential in provo%ing people for $attle against 8a!=d and the 3mayyid rule, he now undertoo% the high command of the com$atant forces in the defense of )edina" #n fact, the role that #$n Lu$ayr had underta%en in )ecca was played $y :A$d All<h $" Han!ala in )edina" ?ith the ;yrian army approaching )edina, :A$d All<h $" Han!ala called people to the Prophet6s .s/ Pulpit in )asjid al*&a$= and as%ed all those who accompanied him, to swear allegiance to him until the end of their lives" The people of )edina swore an enduring allegiance to him and said that they would $e with him to the last of their lives" :A$d All<h mounted the pulpit and after praising 2od said: +H people( 8ou have revolted for the sa%e of religion, so try to successfully come out of this trial and $e graced with 2od6s forgiveness, and may you enjoy the Paradise( 4e ready to fight with all your strength and power( Qet me inform you that the ;yrians have halted and camped near )edina and that )arw<n $" Ha%am and the 3mayyids are also with them" #f 2od wishes, He will punish him for $rea%ing the pledge he had made at the Prophet6s .s/ tom$(+ The people then $egan to curse and swear out loud together at )arw<n and the 3mayyids and called )arw<n a frog son of a frog(0
@ D 1

Jigging the trench and its reconstruction too% si days .#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" D, p" ,N/"

&ame of Tewish quarter in )ad=na .8<qEt Hamaw=, Mujam al-Buldn, vol" D, p" @DA/"

4an= :A$d al*Ashhal is a caln of the Aws tri$e from which ;a:d $" )a:<dh and a num$er of ;ah<$a are regarded to have originated' ;uwayd=, Sab&ik al-(hahab, p" @N1' Lir%l=, al-Alm, vol" D, p" -D"
-

Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1ND"

?ith this appellation, people were in fact referring to a had" h from the Prophet .s/ who had used the epithet +a frog son of a frog+ a$out Ha%am and )arw<n for their

25

:A$d All<h then called people to silence and peace, saying: +;wearing does not solve any pro$lem' so, prepare for $attle, since, $y 2od, no people have ever proceeded with truthfulness e cept that they triumphed $y Jivine assistance"+ Then, :A$d All<h raised his hands to the s%y and said: +H Qord( ?e trust 8ou and have faith in 8ou and rely on you, as% 8ou to help us triumph"+@ The historians have elsewhere reported that :A$d All<h $" Han!ala also said: +H People of )edina( ?e did not revolt e cept for the reason that 8a!=d is an adulterous, drun%ard, and prayerless .denouncer of ;al<t/ man' and tolerating his rule will cause descent of Jivine punishment" #f # would $e left alone and no one would help me, still # won6t give up revolting against 8a!=d"+D )eanwhile, )uslim $" :3q$a, who was see%ing to find a way to penetrate into and dominate over )edina, got the chance to address the people of )edina $y sending them the following message: +Am"r al-Mu&min"n B8a!=dC sends his regards to you and says that you are his clan and %insmen" Gear 2od( Qisten to my words and o$ey" There are two $ounties for you with me in my covenant to 2od: one in summer and the other one in winter" # have made a covenant to 2od to %eep the price of wheat for you at the same rate as it is for us, which was one dirham for every s .1 %g"/" As for the $ounty that :Amr $" ;a:=d Ashdaq has ta%en away from you, it is upon me to return it to you"+1 This message had no impact on the people of )edina, $ecause, although there were some people among them whose religious motivations were overshadowed $y their material, tri$al, and emotional motives, a large num$er of the pioneers of this uprising were decisive and purposeful people who were mainly motivated to overthrow the 3mayyid rule and to fight against 8a!=d as a person notorious for his incompetence and irreligiousness" Thus, in response to )uslim $" :3q$a, they said: +?e have removed 8a!=d from 5aliphate just li%e a shoe that we remove from out feet"+&evertheless, )uslim $" :Aqa$a gave the )ad=nans three days6 time to finally ma%e up their mind"0 ;uffering from illness, )uslim $" :3q$a avoided attac%ing )edina for three days, and then since he did not receive a favora$le answer from the )ad=nans, finally decided to overcome them $y force and violence and su$due them to 8a!=d" Evidence shows that )uslim $" :3q$a6s hesitation for fighting the )ad=nans was not merely for avoiding slaughtering, rather, he was
indecent $ehavior" .#$n A$= al*Had=d, Sharh-i Nahj al-Balgha, vol" -, p" N@"/ #$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -A' #$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D7"
D 1

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -N"

-

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" D, p" K' Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1N-" #$id"
0

#$id, vol" -, p" 1N-' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@-"

26

commissioned to go to )ecca after suppressing the )ad=nans6 revolt in order to suppress $" Lu$ayr6s revolt as well" )uslim $" :3q$a seemed to fear that if the $attle with the )ad=nans would $ecome difficult and lengthy, the fighting energy of ;yrian forces would get e hausted and then he would not $e a$le to confront $" Lu$ayr and gain victory over him" That was $ecause fighting with #$n Lu$ayr in )ecca was in many aspects more difficult and ris%y than fighting with the people of )edina" Girst of all )ecca was a Jivine ;anctuary on which invasion and launching a military campaign would cost the invaders dearly' and secondly, the distance $etween )ecca and )edina and its scorching and dry desert would severely wear out ;yrian forces" That was why )uslim $" :3q$a in his last tal% to the people of )edina said: +#f you give up revolting and diso$edience, # will get the chance to use all the ;yrian forces against #$n Lu$ayr, who is an impious and re$ellious man( However, he was unaware of the fact that they not only approved of #$n Lu$ayr $ut did not allow the ;yrian army to ma%e any attempt to invade the Jivine ;anctuary and attac% that Holy Qand(@ Confrontation of the *yrian Army and the Medinan $orces 5om$atants and defenders of )edina had, as mentioned a$ove, reconstructed the trench and created a defensive and safety $arrier $loc%ing the enemy on the western side of the city that consisted of flat lands and seemed easy for the enemy to pass" They ruled out the possi$ility that the ;yrian army can launch their assault from the roc%y and rough side of the east of )edina or even if they did launch it from there, they can $arely ma%e headway" The prediction of the )edinan com$atants came true, as the ;yrian army was never a$le to pass the ?estern side of the city and cross the trench, and thus was forced to move to the roc%y eastern side to invade the city" Girst the ;yrian archers entered the $attle" #$n Han!ala told his troops: +?e are now targeted $y arrows' whoever wishes to enter paradise should sacrifice his life around this $anner F the $anner of )ad=nans(+ 3pon #$n Han!ala6s speech, the self*sacrificing com$atants accompanied him and got into a fierce $attle against the ;yrian army and an unprecedented war $ro%e out in that land"D :A$d All<h $" Han!ala told his companions: +#t is true that your enemy has found the way to fight, $ut # do not thin% they will $e a$le to resist more than one hour" 8ou are the Muhjirin and the companions of the Prophet .s/' # do not thin% 2od is more pleased with any other people than you( Jeath is the indispensa$le destiny of all human $eings, $ut no death is superior to martyrdom' martyrdom is in front of you, ta%e advantage of it(1
@ D

Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1N-' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@-" Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" D, p" D07' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@N"
1

#$id, vol" -, p" @@N"

27

The *yrian4s )efeat durin+ the 2arly *ta+es After :A$d All<h $" Han!ala6s sermon, the )edina forces got ready for another attac%" #$n Han!ala reorgani!ed his troops and made Gadl $" :A$$<s the head of the defending army and entrusted the $anner to him" The Muraish= troops were put under the command of :A$d All<h $" )ut=: :Adaw=@, the Muhjirin under the command of )a:qal, and the Ansr were commanded $y #$n Han!ala himself" The voluntary pu$lic forces that undertoo% the guarding of the trench were put under the command of :A$d al*Rahm<n $" Lah=r"D Gadl $" :A$$<s6s fight along with the e perienced cavalries was very effective in dispersing the ;yrian forces" The ;yrians escaped and the Gadl6s riders approached near the ;yrian army tents" Gadl $" :A$$<s encouraged his riders and companions and called them to resistance, galloping onwards until he reached the standard* $earer * )uslim $" :3q$a F and attac%ed him, cutting through his helmet and %illing him with a single stro%e of his sword" Gadl imagined he had %illed )uslim $" :3q$a, whereas the standard $earer had $een a $rave Roman slave"1 Anyhow, the ;yrian army was apprehended $y this gallant attac% launched $y the )edinan cavalries and failed to advance" )uslim $" :3q$a encouraged them to fight and when noticed their infirmity, he cursed them and threatened for their fear and retreat, and said: +# swear $y 2od( ?hoever of you that flees, will $e %illed $y Am"r alMu&min"n B8a!=dC in a most cruel way or at least the shame of it will remain with him for the rest of his life" #f you do not fight and advance seriously enough, do not disperse or separate from each other"+?hatever region around )edina that the ;yrians attac%ed, the presence of the )edinan defenders would force them $ac% to )uslim $" :3q$a(0 The $attle lasted till noon" :A$d All<h $" Han!ala as%ed one of his slaves to safeguard him in the rear so that he could say his prayers" :A$d All<h performed his prayer, and went on to fight against the ;yrians" Mar! n b. Ha6am4s "ole in 'enetration of *yrian Army into Medina )edina, li%e a stronghold, was resisting against the ;yrian army and $rea%ing through the )edinan troops seemed not very easy"N
:A$d All<h $" )ut=: $" Aswad $" Haritha $" :Awf $" :A$=d $" :Aw=j $" :Adiyy $" >a:$ was $orn in the time of the Prophet .s/' he participated in the $attle of Harrah, $ut after the )ad=na resistance was $ro%en down, he escaped to )ecca to #$n Lu$ayr and was %illed with him" .#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" @7,' #$n Ath=r, Usd al-+hba, vol" 1, p" D,D"/
D 1 @

Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1N-' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@0" Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1N-' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@,"
0

#$id"

#$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@0"

, N

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -A" 8a:qE$=, Ta&r"kh-I vol" D, p" D07"

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Having $ecome worried, )uslim $" :3q$a turned to )arw<n and said: +8ou claimed earlier in ?<d= al*Mur< that you have devised a plan for penetrating into )edina that you will carry out in its due time' is it not the right time to carry it outS( )arw<n $" Ha%am set out toward )edina until he arrived near 4an= H<ritha tri$e" He summoned one of the tri$e6s men whom he had already identified and in a secret conversation promised to heavily reward him and do good to him for showing a way to penetrate into )edina" The man was ta%en in"@ He showed )arw<n a way to )edina from the neigh$orhood of 4an= :A$d al*Ashhal and the ;yrian troops penetrated into )edina from that same way"D

The reason why the 4an= H<ritha had $etrayed the )ad=nans is not mentioned in history, $ut as 8a!=d6s mother, )aysEn, was from this tri$e, it is possi$le that it has $een a factor in their cooperation with 8a!=d6s army .#$n :A$d Ra$ah, I*d al--ar"d, vol" 0, p" @D-/" Hf course, this tri$e also had a record of treason in the $attle of Ah!<$ at the time of the Prophet .s/ and that the yah @- of ;Erat al*Ah!<$ was revealed in reproaching them" .#$n H=tham, Al-S"ra al-Naba.iyya, vol" D, p" @7,' ;ayyid Mut$, -" ?ill al-,ur@n, vol" ,, p" 00,/" #$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D@@' #$n Mutay$a, Akhbr al-Ti.l, p" 1@7' ;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @DK" \arious viewpoints have $een e pressed concerning the geographical location of 4an= H<ritha and 4an= :A$d al*Ashhal tri$es6 area, from among which the soundest view seems to $e that their area has $een located in the easern part of )ad=na' i"e", the region where the trench was located $etween the ;hay%h<n area, 3hud region and :3rayd area" ;ee: ;amhEd=, %a#& al%a#&, vol" @, p" @K@' 8<qEt Hamaw=, Mujam al-Buldn, vol" 0, p" 1@K"
D

29

A considera$le num$er of troops managed to reach $ehind the front lines of the )edinan com$atants, clashed with them, and %illed a great num$er of them"@ #t so happened that the front line com$atants and defenders heard the akb"r and wailing from inside )edinaD and after a very short while noticed the onslaught of the ;yrian army prompting them to leave the $attle and rush $ac% to )edina to defend their women and children(1
@ D

;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @17"

#$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@A"

1

;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @17"

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The news of the ;yrians invasion of )edina quic%ly spread all over the )edina9s resistant front and overwhelmingly alarmed the people of )edina" A group of them returned to )edina and another group clashed with the ;yrians, while a third group were rolled down into the trench in their hit*and*run fighting and s%irmishes that resulted in the num$er of the people %illed in the trench outnum$ering those who were %illed in the $attle field"@ Grom this stage on, the )edinan defending forces dispersed and gradually wea%ened, not showing much resistance in the $attle field" )uslim $" :3q$a pointed to the standard*$earer of the )edinan forces BGadl $" :A$$<sC and instigated his soldeirs to carry out a targetted and harmoni!ed attac% on him" A heavy fighting $ro%e out in which Gadl $" :A$$<s was %illed, while $eing at a distance of ten cu$its Ba$out five metersC away from )uslim $" :3q$a"D #n this attac%, Layd $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" :Awf also lost his life along with Gadl $" :A$$<s"1 7earin+ out of Medinan $orces before the *yrian Army Gollowing the prolongation of hit*and*run fighting and the e pansion of $attle front and the treachery of )arw<n $" Ha%am and 4an= H<ritha, the early resistance of the leading fighting troops of )edina little $y little $egan to slac%en" #n addition, with a part of the forces $eing %illed and wounded, their women and children $urst into wailing and crying and the non*military men, who were wearing armor, rapidly lost their morale" The fighting com$atants whose num$er $arely e ceeded a thousand-, gradually $egan to feel wea% and unsupported $efore the massive army of the enemy who were armed to the teeth and unworried of their women, children, property, and lives contrary to the people of )edina F and who would ta%e to the open desert $ehind them in case of retreating" The standard $earer of the )edinan troops was %illed and the num$er of their fighters was significantly reduced in a short time" To provo%e the people, :A$d All<h $" Han!ala too% off his armor, unsheathed his sword and called people to resistance and defense' $ut the ;yrian troops %ept moving onward, until they %illed :A$d All<h6s three sons $efore his very eyes"0 )uslim $" :3q$a, who was viewing the movement of the his mounted ;yrian forces on the stony ground as difficult, in order to encourage the infantry men of his army, ordered them to dismount from their horses and move on foot" He said: +H People of ;yria( Gighting on foot is not e clusive to a particular group" H Husayn $" &umayr and H :A$d All<h $" :#d<t Ash:ar=( Jismount your horses along with your army(
@

#$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@A"

D

#$id, vol" -, p" @@A"

1

#$id"

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D@D"

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -A' Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" @, p" D@D"

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They all dismounted their horses and advanced on food" The ;yrians were attac%ing from all directions and %illing the people of )edina" The $attle was going on to the advantage of the ;yrians, overshadowing the vigorous resistance of the defenders of )edina" :A$d All<h $" Han!ala was stri%ing his sword and reciting following couplets: -ar #r5m h5s4 .h5 s44k ;5rru8 i5n and r4b4lli5n and urn a.ay #r5m h4 ru h and h4 signs 5# guidan;4; Th4 M4r;i#ul +5d .ill n5 k448 any5n4 a.ay #r5m !is M4r;y 4=;48 h4 dis5b4di4n '@ &ormally, a com$atant at that time in history would $rag with such utterances in the $attle field when he wants to e press his goal of offence or defense" :A$d All<h $" Han!ala was see%ing to encourage the people of )edina to resist on the one hand and to remind the ;yrians of his motive and to resist the 3mayyid distorters of religion, on the other" )uslim $" :3q$a ordered :A$d All<h $" :#d<t Ash:ar= to move towards :A$d All<h $" Han!ala and his companions with fifteen archers and when they were close enough, start shooting arrows at them"D Thus, finally, :A$d All<h $" Han!ala fell on the ground and was %illed $y ;yrian troops and with his death the remaining resisting defenders of )edina $ro%e up" The ;yrian army chased the )ad=nans and %illed several people in this way"1 The sun was setting while the dar% shadow of the avaricious and revengeful army of ;yria was weighing down on the defenseless people of )edina and setting the monster of death, horror, and plunder over their women, children, and life( The *yrian Army8s *ava+e #nvasion of Medinan Houses As to the e act date of the Harrah event, some of the historians have reported it to $e the year ,D A"H" .,AD 5"E"/ - and some ,1 A"H" .,A1 5"E"/0' of which, of course, the majority of the historians have ta%en the latter as more accurate and asserted the a$omina$le day to $e ?ednesday DNth or DAth of JhE6l Hijja ,1 A"H", which is according to solar calendar to $e August DN, ,A1 5"E"N Referring to the historical sources and adding up and analy!ing the various views will strengthen the notion that the ;yrian army actually entered the $attle region at the outs%irts of )edina F i"e" Harrah F on )onday D-th of JhE6l Hijja ,1 A"H" .August D1, ,A1 5"E"/A, and after three days respite, the ;yrian army9s invasion of )edina started from Harrah
@

#$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@N"

D 1

Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" 1NN"

)as:Ed=, Murj al-(hahab, vol" 1, p" ,K"

-

8a:qE$=, Ta&r"kh, vol" D, p" D0@"

0 ,

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D@D'

#$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @D7' #$n Ath=r, Al-Bidya .a al-Nihya, vol" ,, p" D1,' #$n Taghr= 4ird=, Al-Nujm al-/hira, vol" @, p" @1D"
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Philip Hitti, Ta&r"kh al-Arab, vol" @, p" D-A"

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region at dawn on DNth of JhE6l Hijja, and later, on the same day, the defenders of )edina were %illed at the end of the same day, and the ;yrian army sei!ed the city of )edina overnight" &arration of all the aspects of the $attle of Harrah must $e considered on one side and this tragic part .the crimes of the ;yrian army in )edina/ of the history of 8a!=d6s 5aliphate, as the heaviest and the most heinous of all the dreadful events that too% place in this $attle, on the other" #$n Mutay$a J=nawar= puts it this way: +Entrance of ;yrian army into )edina too% place on DNth of JhE6l Hijja ,1 A"H" and )edina was in the clutches of ;yrian army until the rise of new crescent of )uhrram"+@ As 8a!=d $" )u:<wiyah had advised, )uslim $" :3q$a ordered the ;yrian army after conquering )edina: +8our hands are open( Jo whatever you wish( Plunder )edina for three days"+D This way, the city of )edina was allowed as permissi$le to the ;yrian troops to e ploit and plunder in whatever way they wished, leaving no man or woman on their way secure from their carnage, %illing the people, and pillaging their properties"1 )ore grievous than the ;yrian6s plundering and slaying the people of )edina and the remaining generation of the companions of Prophet .s/ as well as the Muhjirin and Ansr, was the rash and avaricious ;yrians troops9 assault upon the chastity of the women of )edina( #f we accept that the ;yrian army was consisted of DN thousand armed men- aged $etween D7 to 07 years old, we will find out how disastrous could the invasion of this num$er of troops have $een on a town surrounded $y numerous trenches and rugged lands" And if we agree with a num$er of historians who have estimated the ;yrian army in the $attle of Harrah to $e the least of @7 thousand fighting men, still we can guess the e tension of this catastrophe that too% place in )edina" The ten thousand young fighting men, who have for several days traversed the long distance $etween ;yria and )edina with much hardship, overwhelmed the enemy in a single day of aggressive and severely harsh hit*and*fighting, and given full permission $y their commander and central government for any action they wished to do, now at the end of the day stepped into houses whose men are either %illed or escaped or have raised their hands up as a sign of surrender to $e ta%en as captives"
A

#$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @D7' #$n >ath=r, Al-Bidya .a al-Nihya, vol" ,, p" D1,' #$n Taghr= 4ird=, Al-Nujm al-/hira, vol" @, p" @1D"
@

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" DD7, D@D"

D

#$id, vol" D, p" @7"

#$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u h, vol" 1, p" @A@' )adqis=, Al-Bad&u .a al-Ta&r"kh, vol" ,, p" @,' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @N' #$n :#m<d, Shadhar al-(hahab, vol" @, p" N@"
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#$n Mutay$a, Akhbr al-Ti.l, p" D0,' #$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u h" vol" 0, p" @A7"

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How would have such ravenous and rash men treated the helpless and unprotected women, girls and childrenS( ?e do not need to merely guess and imagine the e tension of the tragedy' $ecause the historians have e plicitly recorded what had ta%en place: +Thousands of women were assaulted in the invasion of the ;yrians into )ad=nat al*&a$= .s/, and months after the $attle of Harrah, thousands of $a$ies were $orn whose fathers were un%nown, hence were named +children of Harrah+( The sinister aftermaths of this ethico*human diaster left its ominous impact on families and the marriages of their daughters, $ringing in many individual and social pro$lems that are too heavy to $e e pressed $y any pen"+@ ;treets of )edina were filled with the $odies of the %illed, $lood stains covered the way up to the Prophet6s .s/ )osqueD, children were %illed in their mothers6 laps1, and the old companions of the Apostle of Allah .s/ were persecuted and disgraced"Crimes committed in the Prophets Holy Srhine and Mosque (Masjid al-Nabi #t was natural that a group of )ad=nans too% refuge out of despair in the Apostle of Allah .s/6s mosque .)asjid al*&a$i/ and Holy mausoleum thin%ing it to $e secured against the ;yrian army6s invasion" 4ut did the newly converted ;yrian )uslims and those trained and reared $y the 3mayyids show any respect for the Prophet .s/ and his mosqueS Hr li%e their commander 8a!=d, they would say in their into ication of victory and arrogance: +H<shim .Prophet9s great grand father and leader of 4ani Hashim/ has played to acquire the rule .hukma /' there has $een no divine revelation .upon Prophet of 2od/, nor any news descended from heaven(+ History has mournfully recorded that the ;yrain troops didn9t show any respect for the Holy ;hrine, House and the )osque of the Prophet .s/" Even the refugees in the )osque of the Prophet .s/ were not secure against the invaders" The ;yrian troops mercilessly %illed those who too% refuge in the mosque of the Prophet .s/ and near the Holy grave of Prophet .s/" The spilled $lood of the innocent covered the mosque floor and reached the Holy grave of Prophet .s/" 3ntil the ;yrian troops remained in )edina, no$ody dared to enter the mosque of Prophet .s/"
@

;ee: #$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" @7' #$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u h, vol" 1, p" @A@' )aqdis=, Al-Bad& .a al-Ta&r"kh, vol" ,, p" @,' #$n >halla%<n, %a#iy al-Ayn, vol" ,, p" DN,' #$n Taw!=, ;i$t, Tadhkira al-)ha.s, p" D0K' Ta&r"kh al-)hula#a, p" D7K"
D

#$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, -, p" @N"

-

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D@0" #$n Mutay$a, Akhbr al-Ti.l, p" D,0"

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The mosque was empty of people@ and 8a!=d6a horsemen tied their horses to the pillars in the mosque" Hnly animals including dogs enetered the mosque of Prophet .s/ and urinated and defacated on the pulpit .minb4r/ of the Prophet .s/( D This was the most heinous aspect of the ;yrain invasion that no sane )uslim can accept and tolerate" #t showed that how 3mayyids had hidden their enemity against #slam and the Prophet .s/ and were planning for a long time to ta%e their revenge from Prophet .s/, #slam and the )uslims" A$E ;a:=d >hudr=, the famous companion of the Prophet .s/ said: :4y 2od, for three days when ;yrains were $usy in plundering, we didn9t hear any call for prayers .a1an/ in )edina, e cept from the grave of Prophet .s/(91 Hne of the )eccan poets wrote an elegy a$out the tragedy of Harrah as follows: Aa1"d arg4 4d us by Muslim b' U*ba, l4a6ing n5n4 5# 5ur y5u h ali64< !4 dis8a ;h4d a massi64 army, r5aring lik4 a 5rr4n ial s4a, 5 M4dina' Th4y kill4d r4sid4n s 5# M4dina .i h u 4rm5s .ra h and 6i5l4n;4; l4a6ing h4 nigh b4hind .hil4 d4ad b5di4s lay s;a 4r4d ar5und' Th4 Ansr bi 4rly .48 #5r h4 hid45us bl55dsh4d in M4dina, and h4 Ashja rib4 #5r Ma*al b' Sann'B :A$d al*Rahm<n $" ;a:=d $" Layd $" &ufayl, a talented poet of the time, put it as follows: I# y5u ar4 d4 4rmin4d 5 kill us 5n h4 day 5# !arrah u %*im, .4 ha64 n5 #4ar; #5r .4 ar4 am5ng h4 #irs 5 l5s4 5ur li#4 in h4 .ay Islam' I .as .4 .h5 humilia 4d y5u in h4 ba l4 5# Badr and mad4 y5u h4l8l4ss and mis4rabl4'C The $attle of Harrah and the occupation of )edina, the city of Prophet .s/, and the alughter and plunder of the people of )edina ended after three days, with the 8a!=d6s army commanded $y )uslim $" :3q$a set out to )ecca to create another tragedy in the Qand of Jivine Revelation( However, the painful impacts of the Harrah tragedy remained in the souls, minds, and lives of the inha$itants of )edina for a very long time" The intensity of the massacre and crimes was to such an e tent that from then on people called )uslim $" :3q$a as )usrif .squanderer/
@

#$n Hajar Haytam=, Al-Sa.i* al-Muharri*a, vol" @, p" D@0, p" DDD
D

#$n ;hahr<shE$, Man*ib, vol" -, p" @-1" #$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u uh, vol" 0, p" @A1

1 -

#$id, vol" 0, p" @A1' #$n A$d al*4irr &umar=, Al-Is "b, vol" @, p" D0A' #$n Hajar :Asqal<n=, Al-Isba, vol" 1, p" --,' #$n Ha!m, $amhara u Ansb al-Arab, p" D1A" Lu$ayr= )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" 1,,' ;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @1N"

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$" :3q$a for his going to e tremes in %illing the people" After that, the people wore $lac% clothes and for a whole year their wailing and weeping was heard from their houses"@ The sanctity of religion and the mosque and the grave of the Prophet .s/ was violated, the Muhjirin and the Ansr and theitr families were humiliated" Hne of the unfortunate consequences of this horrific tragedy was that the people of )edina slowly moved away from religious values and indulged in moral corruption" Perhaps, in order to forget and su$due the tragic memories of the event of Harrah, the rich among them started drin%ing wine and used to invite singers and dancers" The views of the su$sequent generations too a$out religion and its commandmants were distorted, and dance and singing $egan to prevail among them"D The tragedy of Harrah was an event that had left its deleterious psychological and socio*cultural effects that prevailed over a very long time and outlasted generations" #mam ,ayn al&Abidn8s (!a *tance in the 0prisin+ of Madnans 5onsidering the high status of the household of the Prophet .s/ and the position of Alavids Badherents of #mam Ali .:a/ and the household of the Prophet .s/C in )edina, it is necessary to shed light on their stance as well as their role during the course of )ad=nans uprising and their revolt against the 3mayyid rule" The importance of this issue is o$vious to any researcher of the history of #slam who has studied and analy!ed the tragedy of Harrah, or is going to do so" Particular reference to the time of this event from a trans*historical and religious aspect should $e %ept in mind" The tragedy of Harrah and #mam Layn al*:A$id=n9s .:a/ stance toward it is significantly $eyond just a historical research for the followers and adherents of the Prophet .s/ and His Ahl al-Bay .:a/, as the #mam6s negative or positive or even indifference reaction towards such affairs would on one hand $e a religious frame of reference to them, and on the other hand, can $e used as a $asis for political and legal opinions in their religious and social life" ?hat we have said so far a$out the regretful tragedy of Harrah is a documented historical loo% at the authentic reports that the historians have recorded" However, a study of the role and position of #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ in the protest rallies of the people of )edina against the 3mayyid6s rule is possi$le from two different aspects" A. A merely historical outloo% B. A religious and ideological view A. Historical (lance at #mam ,ayn al&Abidn8s .a/ 'osition #f historical accounts a$out a personality or event merely narrate a report without special analysis and evidence $ased*judgment, it can ta%e the form of short and scattered remar%s a$out the past and ignore the peripheral issues and the specific conditions relating to time and
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#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" DD7"

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#$id"

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location" However, if alongside, it also ma%es judgments and assessments, it would require mentioning of the relevant past records and their $ac%grounds" ?hat is recorded in the historical sources in the form of $rief narrations reveals that #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ did not have an active and encouraging presence in )ad=nans6 uprising and revolt" Rather, he had left )edina in order not to witness the imminent tragedy there" The fact that in the historical and traditional sources there is no statement $y #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ that implies the encouragement of )ad=nans to resist against the ;yrian army or preventing them from revolt indicates that the #mam .:a/ had not $een a$le or had regarded as advisa$le to interfere in this event" 4ut why indeedS Jid #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ not hold the required social position, after the tragedy of >ar$ala and the %illing of majority of adherents of #mam Ali .:a/ and the followers of Ahl al-Bay .:a/, to involve in the incident and viewed as futile to command the people of )edina to guide them to good and prohi$it them from evilS ?as the revolt of the inha$itants of )edina only religiously motivated or was it considered as a com$ination of religious, political, tri$al, and economical motivationsS Hr, ?hy could not the interference of such spiritual figure as #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ in such complicated and multifaceted event $e crucial and effective enough to $e accepted and welcomed $y the major trends of the timeS ?as now #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ ta%ing upon himself as his legal and social o$ligation to help out or prevent the Muhjirin and the Ansr, the reciters of Mur6an, the narrators of had" h, and the companions of the Prophet .s/ from the $attle, that is those who, as he witnessed at close quarters to himself, with all their high status and position never assisted his grandfather :Al=, his uncle Hasan $" :Al= .:a/, or his father #mam Husayn $" :Al= .:a/ and depended on their own understanding and %nowledge in ups and downs of the incidents rather than on the Ahl alBay .:a/S Hr else, he did not feel o$liged to accompany them due to the wea%ness of this movement, or did not prevent them $ecause of their inadvisa$lityS ?as #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ entangled in a political and social seclusion and pursuing monasticismS Hr did he not have the morale for getting up again into conflict with the 3mayyid ruling systemS Hr did he firmly decide not to fight against the corruption of the rulers and their tyranny li%e the manner and lifestyle .s"ra/ of his grandfather :Al= $" A$= T<li$ .:a/, his uncle Hasan $" :Al= .:a/, and his father Husayn $" :Al= .:a/S( Hnce the historian wants to step into research and analysis and then ma%e a judgment a$out the interference and non*interference of #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ in the tragedy of Harrah, he would $e facing all the a$ove questions and should have answers to all of them, presenting authentic reasons for every view he adopts" The simplest analysis is to regard the #mam9s .:a/ silence as his impartiality in this event and view that impartiality as a result of his a$andoning duty and path of martyrdom and resistance, and his compromise with the rules in order to survive" 4ut such an analysis

37

would $e made $y an ignorant and $iased person, as the past personality traits of #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ does not validate such an analysis" Jespite his e hausted $ody due to the wounds from the heavy chains fastened to his $ody and although $eing surrounded $y 8a!=d6s troops and supporters and in a land where :Al= .:a/ has always $een cursed, he stood up $efore the arrogant 3mayyid ruler and cried out: +H 8a!=d( Are you threatening me to murderS( Have you not learned the fact that $eing %illed in the way of the Truth is an eternal success and a tradition among us and martyrdom a dignity for usS(+ Jid the #mam .:a/ not utter these words after the tragedy of >ar$al<' was he not carrying the deep wounds of the memory of :AshEr< on his $ody and soul when he e pressed himself so courageouslyS( ?as it $y any means possi$le that such a free*spirited, $rave, and no$le figure would give up all those highly influencing and chrished memories within several months and come to compromise and lip* service with the murderers of his father and their accomplices and $ecome indifferent to their defeat and destructionS( ?as it not the case that whenever the eyes of his holiness were cast on fresh water, he would weep to %eep alive the memory of the severe thirst of the martyrs of >ar$al< and the tyrannies they suffered and the gravity of the crimes committed $y the 3mayyids, leaving deep impact on the souls and emotionsS ?as he not the one who in his supplications would $reathe the love of the Prophet9s .s/ descendents into the souls and hearts of the monotheists, and this way would trou$le the 3mayyid6s slum$erS ?as he not the one whose $rilliant thoughts and steadfast personality inspired such great warriors as Layd $" :Al= $" al*Husayn and 8ahy< $" Layd who $ravely fought against 3mayyid injustice and oppressionS And from among his progeny such #mams and leaders were $orn who never compromised with the oppressive powers, used every opportunity to e pose the real face of the tyrants, and were all %illed as martyrsS #f the historians and analy!ers of this historical event ta%e into consideration all these facts together in an integrated way and all the aspects, they will not accept the naIve statements and the opportunistic reports of those unfamiliar with the school of divine leadership .%ilya /" Thus, if #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ did not go along with the uprising of )edina, it has $een $ecause: Girstly, he had identified various goals and motives among the people of )edina all of which were not religious" ;econdly, the #mam .:a/ did not see the condition as appropriate for confronting the 3mayyid government and considered the revolt of the people of )edina as paving the way for massive $loodshed and transgression upon the chastity of )uslim women" This was in the same way as his no$le father, Husayn .:a/, left )edina during the night, it was $ecause he did not want his $lood to $e shed in the ;anctuary of the Holy Prophet .s/ and so his martyrdom too% place in a situation that would the everlasting message to the su$sequent generation" Thirdly, if he prevented people from uprising honestly and outrightly, it would so happen that the people would ta%e the #mam6s

38

words as a result of his past disappointment of fighting against 8a!=d( &evertheless, #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ practically showed the people of )edina and those who were mindful of the #mam6s viewpoints and o$edient to him that they should not get involved in this course of events" Gourthly, the method of fighting adopted $y the inha$itants of )edina against the ;yrian army was predicted to $e inefficient' for, although in the $attle of Ah!<$, the )uslims utili!ed a similar method and triumphed in the early stage, the circumstances had changed over time" #n the tragedy of Harrah, the people of )edina neither enjoyed the empathy and coordination of the Prophet6s .s/ time, nor had a leader li%e the Prophet .s/" #n addition to the a$ove, the presence of the women and children in )edina had a very important impact leading to the defeat of their uprising, as the com$atants had to a$andon the $attlefront and go $ac% to town for the fear of the ;yrians6 invasion of their houses" Thus, #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ had practically warned against this critical event and demonstrated to the inha$itants $y having his family and relatives ta%en away from )edina and transferred to the region of 8an$u:@" #n conclusion, the position that #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ practically adopted was very well calculated and in the light of the a$ove* mentioned considerations, the most logical one, since, in a short while, this reality was to $e revealed to the inha$itants of )edina" B. An #deolo+ical (lance at #mam ,ayn al&Abidn8s .a/ 'osition ?hat we said so far was merely a historical loo% $ased on human calculations that could $e noticed $y any researcher and thin%er' whereas, the interference or non*interference of #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ in the process of )ad=nans6 uprising has a religious perspective, too, which is significant to the ;hias and the $elievers in the spiritual status of the #mams and the infalli$ility of the Ahl al-Bay .:a/" #n this view, the #mam is not a simple decision ma%er who ta%es actions according to his personal information and e periences" Rather, he is committed to an o$ligation that 2od has e plicitly appointed him for and other people have to o$ey him, ta%e his words and actions as criteria for their $eliefs and $ehavior, and do not see% precedence over him in thought and practice" Grom this perspective, #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ had acted according to a superhuman o$ligation, and those of the )ad=nans, who due to their lac% of $elief in ?il<yat and #mamate .divine leadership of the #mams among Ahl al*4ayt * :a/ or for any other reasons stepped into this uprising, suffered great loss" Here, the question arises that whether the )ad=nans6 uprising was rightful and their %illed ones can $e regarded as martyrs, or their uprising had $een a re$ellion and revolt against an #slamic rulerS The Medina 0prisin+9 a "i+ht or 7ron+ Movement:
@

8<qEt Hamaw=, Mujam al-Buldn, vol" 0, p" --K"

39

The properness or improperness of a socio*political movement is e amina$le from various aspects, and as long as the direction and the viewpoint of judgment are not specified, any judgment will remain in am$iguity" Girst, it is to $e clarified that whether properness and improperness is meant to $e legitimacy or the lac% of it, or whether it is meant to $e well*timed, efficacious, or ineffectual" The )e+ree of ;e+itimacy of the Medina 0prisin+ The legitimacy of a social movement is dependent upon several factors including the motivations, goals, methods, prevailing circumstances, and conditions" ?hat is o$tained from the e isting historical sources F and we already mentioned some aspects of it in previous pages F is that the main and e plicitly e pressed motivation of the pioneers in )edina movement has $een a religious, reformist, and human one, as :A$d All<h $" Han!ala, the most distinguished figure among the leaders and commanders of the uprising of )edina, would frequently tal% a$out religious values while encouraging the people to revolt and resist, and rejected 8a!=d as deserving to rule over )uslims $ecause of his vices, corruption, and incompetence"@ )ad=nans6 efforts in preventing their properties from $eing ta%en to the 3mayyid court in ;yria could have $een rated as a means to e press their overall dissatisfaction with the 3mayyid6s rule, rather than an economic motivation to $attle for" As a matter of fact, whispers of dissatisfaction with the 8a!=d6s 5aliphate had $egun long $efore this event' and it was such e pressions of discontent and tur$ulence that forced 8a!=d to replace the governors of )edina one after another at very short intervals, so that in ,@ A"H" .,A7 5"E"/ first ?al=d $" :3t$a was the governor, then :Amr $" ;a:d too% office, and after a very short while :3thm<n $" )uhammad $" A$E ;ufy<n, 8a!=d6s cousin was appointed as )edina6s ruler" All these indicated the incompetence of the )edina6s sucessively appointed governors and the unrest of the people of that city" However, fighting tactics of )edinan com$atants were not accompanied with crime and $etrayal, as they had the power to ta%e hostage the governor of )edina, )arw<n $" Ha%am, and the 3mayyid6s pro ies and %ill them in case of the invasion of )edina $y the ;yrian army' $ut they did not do so and let all of them leave )edina on the condition, ver$ally underta%en, that they would not help the enemy and will not guide the ;yrian army into )edina" .This indicated the presence of traitors among the com$atants as well as wea% planning for the defence of )edina and its inha$itants"/ #t is reported in some sources that the people of )edina e pelled the 3mayyid6s cronies and its mem$ers and their relavtives from )edina and assaulted and $attered them" Girstly, these reports are not compati$le with the 3mayyid6s ta%ing an oath ne t to the Prophet9s .s/ mausoleum, as ta%ing an oath demanded a peaceful and socia$le
@

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -N"

40

atmosphere" ;econdly, if we accept as true the report of e pelling and $attering, still it will never $e compara$le to the slaughter and plunder that normally ta%es place during such events and in addition its similarity to the ;yrian army6s cruel treatment of the inha$itants of )edina is impossi$le and can never $e made( ;omething that remains to $e researched and e amined a$out the legitimacy of )edina revolt is that whether the pioneers of this uprising had ta%en necessary measures for preserving the )uslims6 lives and honor or they left the sanctity of )edina, and the )uslims6 lives, properties, and families e posed to the plunders and aggressions $y the most malicious people and the most wic%ed army commanders of the )uslim history( #t seems that this had $een #mam Layn al*:A$id=n6s .:a/ most important concern" He, perhaps, didn9t view the time, circumstances, and the $attle style as appropriate and foresaw its horri$le outcomes" Gor this reason, as an #mam and a socio*religious leader, he did not deem advisa$le for the )uslim community to openly step into this conflict" 4ut, that9s how such men as :A$d All<h $" Han!ala and others influential in the )edina uprising had found the situation and circumstances to $e, and whether they were guilty of any negligence in their evaluations of the circumstances and the $attle style, is something not adequately dealt with in historical sources" ?e have no reason to scriutini!e this issue, as a tradition related from the Holy Prophet .s/ says: +?hen the Prophet .s/ left )edina in one of his journeys, upon reaching +Harrat a!*Lahra+@ he stopped for a while and said: Ind44d .4 b4l5ng 5 Allah and 5 Allah d5 .4 ind44d r4 urn" Hearing this from his holiness at the outset of a trip made people in his company worried" :3mar $" al*>hatt<$, from among those present, as%ed: H )essenger of Allah .s/( ?hat caused you to say thisS The Prophet .s/ replied: :)y is irj Bsaying inn li-llh .a inn W ilaihi rjin Al*Mur6an, D: @0,C is not $ecause of this trip that we are a$out to start' rather, Bit is $ecauseC the good ones of my ummah after my companions will $e %illed in this stony land"9D The words and slogans of :A$d All<h $" Han!ala on one hand however this tradition on the other hand indicates that the pioneers of the )edina revolt and the active com$atants had good intentions and right motivations and their move 84r s4 was not out of vain desires, see%ing power, or corruption, for if it were so, the Prophet .s/ would not have called them +the good ones of my ummah+"
@

&ame of a region, a mile away from the )osque of the Prophet .s/, where the Tews of )ad=na lived .;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" ,-/" #t is possi$ly the same region from where the ;yrian army penetrated into )ad=na" As ?<qid= has related from #$n :A$$<s, when the Prophet .s/ arrived in the 4an= :A$d al*Ashhal, he pointed to Harrah and uttered the a$ove statement"
D

The phrase +after my companions+ may refer to spiritual status of those who were %illed in the uprising of )ad=na, or may point to the fact that they were one generation after prophet9s companions"

41

The e cellence and honor of those %illed in the )edina uprising and their $eing rewarded $y 2od is unrelated to the fact that #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ as a spiritual figure who had $een certain a$out the uprising as $eing ineffectual or ill*fated would have felt o$liged not to participate in this revolt and practically impart to those who had comprehended his .ilya .divine leadership/ what their duty was" After all, whether the uprising and movement of the )ad=nans has $een regarded as rightful and their %illed ones as martyrs, there is an inaliena$le truth here as to the 8a!=d and ;yrian army6s treatment of the )ad=nans to $e an irreligious and inhumane treatment and that no justification can $e accepted for the plunder of the property and violating the chastity of the )uslim women" Even if the people of )edina had re$elled against a government, they had not re$elled against an #slamic government that the )uslims had voted for or had $een legally and religiously legitimi!ed" Rather, they had re$elled against someone who had $een notorious for his de$auchery, cruelities and injustice and had governed on the $ac% of people $y force of spears and threats, who had inherited throne from his father, who in turn had stayed in power over ;yria $y rising against the central rule and the legal 5aliphate of :Al= $" A$= T<li$ .:a/ and in fact had re$elled against the elected rule of the )uslim community, launched military campaigns, and gained political sta$ility through deceit and treachery( #t is not surprising that the 3mayyids and their cronies, who li%e hungry and gluttonous camels, had $een rec%lessly devouring the vast poessesions and properties of the )uslim world at the e panse of the pu$lic treasury, would evidently consider any voice of protest and dissidence as re$ellion against the )uslims6 5aliph and ta%e it as tantamount to apostasy and viewing it as a$solutely lawful to shed the dissidents6 $lood, ta%e away $y force or plunder their property, and violate the chastity of their women( Tribes that Actively 'articipated in the Medina 0prisin+ The names of several tri$es residing in )edina and the num$er of people $elonging to those tri$es who were %illed in the uprising have $een recorded in the historical sources" The great num$er and variety of these clans and tri$es suggests widespread dissatisfaction and anger of the )ad=nans with the 8a!=d6s rule" Historians have, with great effort recorded detailed lists of each of these clans and tri$es as well as their %illed ones" Hn one hand, this indicates the importance of this horrific event in the history of #slamic ummah and the deep wounds it inflicted $ehind that the historians have attempted to pay off their de$t to the #slamic ummah $y accurately recording minute details" Hn the other hand, it indicates that the recorded num$ers and figures of the losses and damages inflicted as result of the uprising of the )ad=nans and the invasion of ;yrian army over them are not e aggerated $ut accurate and realistic"

42

;ome of the clans and tri$es that had the greatest num$er of dead are as follows: Muraysh, 4an= H<shim and their confederates, ten %illed :A$d )an<f clan and their confederates, eleven %illed 4an= Musayy clan and their confederates, nineteen %illed 4an= Luhra and his confederates, nineteen %illed :3dayy $" >a:$ and his confederates, thirteen %illed 4ani Gahr and his confederates, twenty four %illed :A$d All<h $" Han!ala and seven of his children %illed 4an= )u:<wiyah $" )<li%, twelve %illed 4an= &ajj<r, fifty three %illed 4an= >ha!raj, twenty %illed ;ome historical sources have recorded the num$er of Ansr6s %illed to $e @1N and the total num$er %illed of the Ansr and Muraysh to $e 1,7" 4esides the a$ove*mentioned clans, a num$er of other clans and tri$es have $een recorded that are too many to mention here and the names mentioned $elow will suffice as typical sample, while referring the researchers to the historical sources for further study"@ Those 7ho !ere 23ecuted After dominating over the people of )edina, )uslim $" :3q$a summoned some the more influential and well*%nown figures of )edina and sentenced them to death upon special hearings" These hearings are unique in early #slamic history as )uslim $" :3q$a $eing the conquerer and aggressor, wanted the ones whom he had summoned to swear allegiance to him as the slaves and servants of 8a!=d(D The more well*%nown figures e ecuted in this tragic event include: A$E 4a%r $" :A$d All<h Ta:far $" A$= T<li$1' two sons of Layna$, daughter of 3mm ;alama-' A$E 4a%r $" :3$ayd All<h $" :A$d All<h $" :3mar $" al* >hatt<$0' )a:qal $" ;an<n .Hne of the Prophet9s .s/ standard $earer in the conquest of )ecca/,' Gadl $" :A$$<s $" Ra$=:a $" H<rith $" :A$d al* )uttali$N' A$E ;a:=d >hudr= .a companion of the Prophet .s/ who was in

;ee: #$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -,' Lu$ayr=, )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" AA' )as:Ed=, Murj al-(hahab, vol" 1, p" N7' &uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" ,, p" DDN' Lir%l=, Al-Alm, vol" 0, p" 100' #$n >hayy<t, Ta&r"kh, p" DK1*1@-"
D

#$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u h, vol" 0, p" @AD" &uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" ,, p" DDN"

1 -

#$n :A$d al*4irr &umayr=, Al-Is "b, under the entry Mua**al' &uwayr=, Nahya alIrab, vol" ,, p" DNN"
0

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Mari#, p" @AN"

#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D@-' ;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @11"
N

&uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" ,, p" DDN"

43

the Prophet6s company in twelve e peditions/@' :A$d All<h $" )ut=:D .a commander of the )ad=nans who escaped that event, joined #$n Lu$ayr, and e ecuted $y Hajj<j/" Apart from these, there were several other people who were %illed under the prete t of accompanying or helping the people of )edina and their names too are recorded in historical sources"1 'artial list of the names of males 6illed in the Tra+edy of Harrah #t is o$vious that the actual num$er of the people who were %illed in the tragedy of Harrah is definitely far more than what is mentioned in the history $oo%s" ?hat follows $elow is the list of names of those %illed that is reported $y historians" #n addition, the list doesn9t include the names of the dead females and children, which was higher than those of males %illed in this tragedy" >hal=fa $" >hayy<t has listed the names of those %illed in the Harrah tragedy as follows: $rom the %uraysh and Ban H shim 1. A$E 4a%r $" :A$d All<h $" Ta:far $" A$= T<li$ .who was among the e ecuted/" 2. Gadl $" :A$$<s $" H<rith $" :A$d al*)uttali$" 3. :A$d All<h $" &awfil $" Harith $" :A$d al*)uttali$" 4. :A$$<s $" :3t$a $" A$= Qaha$"Ab T lib4s Allies from the Ban *ulaim b. Mans<r Clan 1. ;ulaym<n $" ;afw<n $" :A$$<d $" ;hay$<n" 2. Aswad $" :A$$<d $" ;hay$<n" 3. :3t$a $" )a:$ad, or )a:$ad $" :3t$a $" ;hay$<n" 4. )uhammad $" :3q$a $" Ju$ayh $" T<$ir" 0" And his $rother ;ulaym .or ;ulaym<n/ ," Turayy $" Ha!m $" T<$ir" $rom the *ons of Muttalib b. Abd Man f 1. 8ahy< $" &<fi: $" :Aj=r $" 8a!=d $" H<shim from 4an= )uttali$" 2. :A$d All<h $" &<fi: $" :Aj=r" $rom the Allies of Muttalib4s *ons from Ban *ulaym Tribe
@

A$E &u:aym, !ilya al-A.liy, vol" @, p" 1,K' #$n Taw!=, Si#a al-Sa#.ah, vol" @, p" DKK' #$n :As<%ir, Ta&r"kh-i (amish*, vol" 1, p" @7A"
D

Lu$ayr=, )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" 1A-"

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" @DA' Lu$ayr=, )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" D@0' #$n Mutay$a, Akhbr al-Ti.al, p" D,0' Lir%l= Al-Alm, vol" N, p" ,' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" alTa&r"kh, vol" -, p" @N" Lu$ayr=, )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" AA' )as:Ed=, Murj al-(hahab, vol" 1, p" N7' &uwayr=, Nahya al-Irab, vol" ,, p" DDN' #$n >haldEn, Ta&r"kh, vol" D, p" 1N' Lir%l=, AlAlm, vol" 0, p" 100, has also mentioned them"
-

44

@"

Ta:far $" :A$d All<h $" )<li%"

$rom the *ons of =a!fil b. Abd Man f 1. J<wEd $" ?al=d $" Mar!a $" :A$d :Amr $" &awfil. 2. And his son, ?al=d $" J<wEd" 3. :3$ayd All<h $" :3t$a $" 2ha!w<n who was among their allies from )<!in $" )ansEr6s tri$e" $rom Ban 0mayyah b. *hams b. Abd Man f 1. #sm<9=l $" >h<lid $" :3q$a $" A$= )u:=t 2. A$E :3ly< )awl< .slave/ )arw<n $" Ha%am" 3. ;ulaym<n -" :Amr and 5. ?al=d, sons of 8a!=d $" 3%ht al*&amir $rom the sons of Asad b. Abd al&0zz b. %usayy 1. ?aha$ $" :A$d All<h $" Lam:at $" Aswad $" )uttali$ $" Asd $" :A$d al*:3!!<" 2. 8a!=d $" :A$d All<h $" Lam:a .who was e ecuted/" 3. A$E ;alama $" :A$d All<h $" Lama:a" 4. )iqd<d $" ?ah$ $" Lama:a" 5. 8a!=d $" :A$d All<h $" ?ah$ $" Lama:a" 6. >h<lid $" :A$d All<h $" Lama:a" 7. And one :A$d All<h $" Lama:a6s sons, whose real name was not %nown" 8. )ughayra $" :A$d All<h $" ;<9i$ $" A$= Hu$ayth $" )uttali$ $" Asad" 9. :A$d All<h $" &awfil $" :Adayy $" &awfil $" Asad" 10. :Amr $" &awfil $" :Adayy $" &awfil $" Asad" 11. ;ar= $" :A$d al*Rahm< $" :A$d All<h $" A$= Jhu9ay$ $" :Adayy $" &awfil $" Asad" 12. :Adayy $" Tuwait $" Ha$=$ $" Asad" $rom their Allies 1. :A$d All<h $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" H<ti$ $" A$= 4ulta:a from &amir al*A!d .tri$e/" 2. 3s<ma $" >hiy<r" $rom the *ons of Abd al&) r b. %usayy 1. :A$d All<h $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" )us<fi: $" Talha $" A$= Talha, whose name has $een :A$d All<h $" :A$d al*:3!!< $" :3thm<n $" :A$d al*J<r" 2. )uhammad $" AyyE$ $" Th<$it $" :A$d al*)undhir $" Alqa $" >alada" 3. )us:a$ $" A$= :3mayr $" A$= :A!=! $" :3mayr" 4. 8a!=d $" )us<fi: $" Talha" 5. Layd $" )us<fi: $" Talha" 6. :A$d al*Rahm<n $" :Amr $" Aswad" $rom Ban ,uhra

45

1. Layd $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" :Awf" 2. A$<n $" :A$d All<h $" :Awf" 3. :Ay<d $" Hasan $" Awf, who was %illed in #$n Lu$ayr sedition"@ 4. )uhammad $" Aswad $" :Awf" 5. ;alt $" )a%hramat $" &awfil $" ?uhay$ $" :A$d )an<f $" Luhra" 6. )uhammad $" )iswar $" )a%hrama" 7. :A$d All<h $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" Aswad $" :A$d 8aghEth" 8. #sm<:=l $" ?uhay$ $" Aswad $" :A$d 8aghEth" 9. :3mayr $" ;a:d $" A$= ?aqq<ss 10. :Amr $" ;a:d $" A$= ?aqq<ss" 11. #sh<q $" H<shim $" :3t$a $" A$= ?aqq<ss" 12. :#mr<n $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" &<fi: $" :3t$a $" A$= ?aqq<ss" 13. )uhammad $" &<fi: $" $" :3t$a $" A$= ?aqq<ss" $rom Ban ,uhra Allies 1. :3thm<n $" :Al<9 $" T<riyya $" Thaq=f" 2. 3ljul<s $" :Al<9 $" T<riyya $" Thaq=f" 3. )uhammad $" :Al<9 $" T<riyya $" Thaq=f" 4. A$E :A$d All<h $" )awhi$ $" Ra$<h" 5. :A$d All<h $" 4ishr $" ;<9i$" 6. :3$ayd All<h $" 4ishr $" ;<9i$" $rom Taym b. Murra4s *ons 1. 8a:qE$ $" Talha $" :3$ayd All<h .he was among the e ecuted/" 2. :3$ayd All<h $" :3thm<n $" :3$ayd All<h $" :3thm<n $" :Amr $" >a:$" 3. :A$d All<h $" )uhammad $" A$= 4a%r" 4. )a:$ad $" H<rith $" >h<lid $" ;a%hr $" :Rmir $" :Amr $" >a:$"D $rom their Allies 1. )Es< $" H<rith $" Tufayl from Jaws tri$e" ;ome have said that he was from the A!d tri$e" He was a maternal $rother to :R9isha and :A$d al*Rahm<n $" A$= 4a%r" 2. H<rith $" )anqadh $" Tufayl, and Tufayl A$E al*Husayn is a maternal $rother to :At=q6s son" 3. :Amm<ra $" ;uhay$" 4. )us:a$, and 5. >h<lid, sons of )uhammad $" ;uhay$" $rom Ban Ma6hz<m 1. :A$d All<h $" A$= :Amr $" Hafs $" )ughayra"

#$n Mutay$a wrote: The one who was %illed in #$n Lu$ayr sedition was )us:a$ $" :A$d al*Rahm<n .Muri#, p" D1A/"
D

The correct recording is ;a%hr $" >a:$ .Lu$ayr=, )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh/"

46

2. A$E ;a:=d $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" H<rith $" Hish<m whose mother was from the H<rith $" >a:$ tri$e" 3. :A$d All<h $" H<rith $" :A$d All<h $" A$= Ra$=:a 4. )uslim .or )aslama/ $" A$= 4urd $" )a:$ad $" ?ah$ $" :R9idh" $rom the Children of Ad b. -ab 1. A$= 4a%r $" :3$ayd All<h $" :3mar $" al*>hatt<$ Bhe was named among the e ecutedC" 2. :A$d All<h, and 3. ;ulaym<n, sons of :Rsim $" :3mar $" al*>hatt<$" 4. :3mar or :Amr $" ;a:=d $" Layd $" :Amr $" &ufayl" 5. A$E 4a%r $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" ;a:=d $" Layd $" :Amr $" &ufayl" 6. )uhammad $" ;ulaym<n $" )ut=: $" Aswad $" H<ritha $" &adla $" :Awf $" :3$ayd $" :Aw=j" 7. :A$d al*)ali% $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" )ut=:" 8. :A$d All<h $" &<fi: $" :A$d :Amr $" :A$d All<h $" )ut=: 9. #$r<h=m $" &u:aym $" :A$d All<h $" &ahh<m" #t is also recorded as: #$r<h=m $" &u:aym $" :A$d All<h" 10. )uhammad $" A$= al*Tahm $" Hudhayfa $" 2h<nim .who was e ecuted/" 11. >hudayj $" Hudayj $" A$= Hathma $" Hudhayfa $" 2h<nim" $rom their Allies 1. Ay<s, and 2. 8a:l<, sons of al*;ar=" 3. 8Esuf $" Ha$=$, from 4an= Qayth tri$e" $rom the 1. 2. 3. 4. $rom the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. *ons of *ahm b. Amr b. Husays Jhu9ay=$ $" :Amr $" Hunayth $" Hudhayfa $" ;a:d $" ;ahm" Jhu9ay$6s son" )ayy<h $" >halaf or >h<lid" Gad<la $" )ayy<h, who were their allies" *ons of >uma b. 0mar :A$d al*)ali% $" Hut<$" H<rith $" )u:ammar $" Ha$=$ $" ?ah$ $" >hud<fat $" Tumah" >hatt<$ $" H<rith $" H<t<$" :Amr $" )uhammad $" H<ti$" H<ti$ $" :Amr $" H<rith $" H<ti$ $" H<rith $" )a:mar"

$rom their Allies 1. :3thm<n, or :Amr $" >ath=r $" ;alt" 2. &u:aym $" QEt, or QEt $" &u:aym $" ;alt $" >ind=" $rom the *ons of ?mir b. ;u8ayy 1. :A$d al*Rahm<n $" Huwayta$ $" :A$d al*:3!!<" 2. :A$d al*)ali% $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" Huwayta$"

47

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. )a:=s

Ra$=:at $" ;ahm or ;ahl $" :A$d All<h $" Lama:a" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" Lama:at $" Mayth" :Amr $" :A$d All<h $" Lama:a" :A$d All<h $" :A$d All<h $" Lama:a" :A$d All<h $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" :Amr $" H<ti$" ;al=t $" :A$d All<h $" :Amr $" H<shim" H<shim $" Ram!a" Hish<m $" :A$d al*Aswad $" H<shim $" >an<na" Hish<m $" :A$d All<h $" >an<na" Ra$=:a, and >an<na, sons of H<shim $" >an<na $" Hisn" >hiy<r $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" >hiy<r" A$E ;ulaym<n $" :A$d All<h $" >hiy<r" ;ulaym<n $" 3ways $" ;a:d $" A$= ;arh" A$E :Amr $" :A$d All<h $" :Amr $" 3ways" H<rith $" :A$d All<h $" >an<na" A$E Mays $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" :Ad= $" 3%ht, from the 4an= tri$e"

$rom the *ons Hu@ayz or Ha@ar b. Mas 1. Gadla $" >h<lid $" &<9ila $" Raw<ha"@ 2. :Ay<d $" >h<lid $" &<9ila $" Hurmu! or Harim $" Raw<ha" 3. H<rith" 4. )uhammad $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" Tufayl" 5. :Ay<d $" A$= ;all<m $" 8a!=d $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" )<li% $" Ra$=:t $" ?aha$" 6. Layd, or 8a!=d $" :A$d All<h $" )as<fih $" Anas $" :A$d $" ?aha$ $" Ji$<$" $rom the 1. 2. 3. 4. *ons of H rith b. $ihr ;u:ay$ $" A$= :A$d All<h" )urd<s $" :Awf" #$r<h=m $" #sr<9=l" )us:a$ $" :A$d All<h $" >haythama"

$rom Ban %ays b. H rith b. $ihr 1. Lufr $" H<rith, or #$n ;uwayd" 2. A son of )<li% $" ;uwayd" 1" :Aq=l $" Lufr" -" Ra$=:a $" Liy<d" 5. 3th<tha, and 6. :Al<, sons of ;hay$a" 7. Luhayr $" :A$d All<h" 8. Liy<d $" A$= 3mayya"D
@ D

The correct recording is &<9ilat $" Harim $" Raw<ha .#$n >hayy<t, Ta&r"kh-i )hal"#ah bin al-)hayy , vol" @, p" DKK/"

Hr, Liy<d $" A$= 3mayma" However, Lu$ayr= in his $oo%, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" --,, has not mentioned his name"

48

$rom Ban Muh rib b. $ihr @" :A$d al*Rahm<n, D" :A$d All<h, and 1" Matan, sons of &ufayl $" :A$d All<h $" ?ah$ $" ;a:d $" :Amr $" Ha$=$ $" :Amr $" ;hay$<n or ;hay$a $" )uh<ri$"@ -" :A$d All<h $" &adla $" :A$d All<h $" ?ah$" 0" ;har=d $" Ra$<h $" :Amr $" )ughtarif $" Hajw<n $" :Amr $" Ha$=$" ," A$<n $" Hisl, or #$n Hass<n $" Ra$<h $" :Amr" N" :Amr $" Hass<n $" Ra$<h A" ?al=d $" :#sma" K" :Al<9 $" 8a!=d $" Anas $" :A$d All<h $" Hajw<n" @7" Ha$=$ $" )udarris" @@" ?al=d $" Hamama $" :A$d All<h $" Hajw<n" @D" >haytham $" &<fi: $" )udarris" Thus, those who were %illed from among the Muraysh were KN" Those !ho !ere 6illed from amon+ the Ans"r5 from Ban A!f 1. :A$d All<h $" Han!alaD 2. Eight of :A$d All<h $" Han!ala6s sons .some of them are: :A$d al*Rahm<n, H<rith, Ha%am, and :Rsim"/ 3. 8ahy< 4. And :A$d All<h, sons of )ajma:" 5. :A$as B:=s<C $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" 8a!=d" 6. :3%<sha $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" 8a!=d $" T<riyya1" 7. :Amr $" ;uwayd $" :3q$a $" :3waym $" ;<:ida" 8. A$E al*:Ay<l $" :3q$a $" :3waym $" ;<:ida" $rom Ban Hanash b. A!f b. Amr b. A!f 1. ;ahl $" :3thm<n $" Hunayf" 2. :Amr $" ;ahl" 3. )uhammad $" :3thm<n $" Hunayf" 4. Ha$=$ $" :A$$<d $" Han=f" $rom Ban Thalaba 1. Ha$=$" 2. :3mar or :Amr, sons of >haww<t" $rom Ban >ah@ab b. -ulfa 1. :Ay<d $" :Amr $" 4ulayl" 2. :Amr $" :Amr $" 4ulayl" 3. :Amr $" :3t$a $" :3tw<ra" 4. Jha%w<n .)awl< $" Han!ala/@ D

The correct recording is ;hay$<n $" )uh<ri$ .Lu$ayr=, )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" --N/"
1

There will $e a detailed discussion a$out :A$d All<h $" Han!ala in the following pages" The correct recording is A%<shat $" 8a!=d $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" 8a!=d"
-

The correct recording is Jha%w<n $" )awl< $" Han!ala

49

$rom Ban al&0@l n 1. :3m<ra or :3mm<r $" ;alama" 2. :A$d al*Rahm<n $" H<rith $" ;alama" $rom Ban Mu !iyah b. M li6 1. )uhammad $" 4ash=r" 2. :A$d All<h $" >ulay$ $" :3$ayd who was injured in $attle and died soon afterwards" 3. )uhammad, and 4. :3ta$a or :3$ayd, sons of Tu$ayr" 5. :A$d All<h .:3$ayd All<h/, and 6. :Al<9, sons of Th<$it" 7. ;<9i$ $" :A$d All<h" 8. Tha:la$a, and 9. :Rmir, sons of H<rith $" Tha:la$a" 10. ;a6d $" :A$d All<h" 11. :A$d All<h $" Ha!m $" :Amr $" 3mayya" 12. :3t$a $" Ash:ath $" >a:$" $rom Ban Abd al&Ashhal 1. :A$d All<h $" ;a:d $" )u:<dh" 2. )uhammad $" 4ash=r $" )u:<dh" $rom Ban ,u!ar 1. :Amr $" 8a!=d $" ;a%an" 2. :A$$<d $" R<shid $" R<fi: $" Mays" 3. )Es< $" :A$d All<h" -" Ta:far $" Tha:la$a" 5. ;alama or )uslima $" :#$<d $" ;al%<n" 6. :#$<d $" ;al%<n $" ;al<ma $" Mays" 7. ;hay$a $" :A$d al*:A!=!" $rom =abt Tribe 1. ;a:=d $" Tu$ayr" 2. :A$d All<h $" ;a:d" 3. :A$$<d, 4. ;<:ida, and 5. A$E Tu$ayra, sons of ;a:d" $rom Ban H ritha b. H rith 1. :A$d All<h $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" ;ahl" 2. >an<na $" ;ahl $" :A$d All<h $" Aws $" Mayd=" 3. :A$d All<h $" 3ways" 4. ;ahl $" A$= Am<ma who was from a following generation" 5. Ta:far $" Tha:la$a $" )ah=sa" 6. ;<:ida $" Asad $" ;<:ida"

50

7. $rom the @" 2. 3. 4.

8a!=d $" )uhammad $" ;alama"@ *ons of ,ufr :Amr, )uhammad, and 8a!=d, sons of Th<$it $" Mays $" >hat=m" )uhammad $" A$= &amla $" Lur<ra"

$rom the -hazra@s5 then from Ban M li6 b. =a@@ r 1. :Amr $" ;a:=d $" H<rith $" ;ama" 2. ;a:=d, 3. ;ulaym<n, -" Layd, 5. 8ahy<, and 6. :3$ayd All<h, sons of Layd $" Th<$it $" Jahh<%" 7. )uhammad, and 8. Layd, sons of :3mm<ra $" Layd $" Th<$it $" Jahh<%" 9. )uhammad $" :Amr $" Ha!m" 10. :A$d al*Rahm<n, 11. :3thm<n, and 12. :A$d al*)ali%, sons of )uhammad $" :Amr $" Ha!m" 13. :A$d All<h .:3$ayd All<h/ and T<$ir and )u:<wiyah, sons of :Amr $" Ha!m" #t is said that along with )uhammad $" :Amr $" Ha!m, thirteen of his family mem$ers were also %illed" 14. :Al<9 $" :A$d All<h $" Raq=m $" &adla" 15. :Amr $" )u:all< $" :Amr" 16. :Al<9 $" :A$d All<h $" &u:ay $" &adla" 17. )<li% $" )u:<dh $" :Amr $" Mays" 18. )uhammad $" :A$d All<h $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" ;a:d $" Lur<ra" 19. Mays $" ;a:d $" :Amr $" ;uhayl" 20. :A$d al*Rahm<n $" A$= al*Lan<d $" A$= al*Murd $" Mays $" Mahd" 21. #$r<him $" Tam=m $" Mays $" Mahd" 22. :A$d al*Rahm<n $" ;a:d" 23. :A$d al*Rahm<n $" )u:<dh" 24. >h<lid $" ;afw<n" 25. Layd $" A$= :Amr $" )uhsin" 26. 8ahy< $" :Amr" 27. )uhammad $" A$=yy $" >a:$" 28. :R9idh $" A$= Mays $" Anas $" Mays" 29. Anas $" )uhammad $" :A$d All<h $" A$= Talha" 17" :Amr $" :Amr" 31. #sm<9=l $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" Hass<n $" Th<$it" 32. )uhammad $" :A$d al*)ali% $" &u$ayt" 33. :Rmir $" :3q$a" 34. :Am<ra $" :Amr $" Ha!m"
@

The correct recording is 8a!=d $" )uhammad $ )uslima .#$n Hajar :Asqal<n=, Al-Isba, translation p" NA7A/"

51

35.

Mays $" A$= al*?ird $" Mahd"

$rom Ban Adyy b. =a@@ r 1. 4a%r $" :A$d All<h $" Mays $" ;arma" 2. )<li% $" ;aw<d .;ad<d/ $" 2ha!iyya" 1" :Awn $" Rif<:a" -" :Amr $" :A$d All<h" 5. H<rith $" ;har<qa" 6. :A$d All<h, and 7. 8ahy<, sons of Anas $" )<li%" $rom Ban )n r b. =a@@ r 1. ;a:d $" :3mayr $" 3hay$" $rom Ban M zin b. =a@@ r @" :Amr $" Tam=m $" 2ha!iyya" 2. &a:m<n $" :Amr $" ;a:d $" :Amr $" 2ha!iyya" 3. ;a:d, and 4. Ta:far, sons of A$= J<wEd $" :3mayr $" )<li%" 5. :A$d All<h $" Layd $" :Rsim" 6. A$E Hasan, :A$d All<h6s son" 7. :A$d All<h $" H<rith $" :A$d All<h $ >a:$" 8. His $rothers: :A$d al*Rahm<n, and Mays and :Amr $" A$= Hasan" 9. :3t$a $" A$= Tar=r" 10. Ha%=m $" A$= Muh<fa" $rom Harith b. -hazra@ 1. :A$d al*Rahm<n $" >hu$ay$ $" #s<f" 2. )uhammad $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" >h<lid $" #s<f" 3. )uhammad, and 4. :A$d All<h, and :A$d All<h, sons of >h<lid $" #s<f" 5. :3$ayd All<h $" Anas $" ;a%an $" #s<f" 6. ;a:d $" >al$ .>al=$/ $" ;hamm<s" 7. )uhammad, 8. 8ahy<, and 9. :A$d All<h, sons of Th<$it $" Miy<s $" ;hamm<s 10. A$E &u:aym $" A$= Gad<la $" Th<$it" 11. Qa$=$ $" 4usr $" Layd" 12. :A$d All<h $" :3t$a $" ;im<%" 13. :A$d al*Rahm<n $" :A$d All<h $" Husayn" 14. :A$d All<h $" Ra$=: $" ;ur<qa" 15. ;<9i$ $" :A$d All<h $" Tha:la$a" 16. ;a:d $" :3$ayd All<h" 17. :A$d All<h $" Hasan" 18. :3mar .$" :3mar/ $" 3mayyah" 19. :3t$a $" Ash:ath $" >a:$ from the Larqayn tri$e" $rom Ban A!f b. -hazra@

52

1.

:A$d All<h $" Ra$=:a $" 4il<l .Hil<l/

$rom Ban * lim b. A!f 1. &awfil $" )uhammad $" :A$$<da $" ;<mit" 2. )uhammad $" >a:$ $" :3jra" and his $rother, 3. ;a:d $" >a:$" 4. Th<$it $" :A$d All<h $" Ay<s" $rom Ban *alima 1. )u:<dh $" al*;amma" D" AyyE$ $" :A$d All<h $" )u:<dh" 3. :Amr $" >hashram" 4. :A$d al*Rahm<n $" A$= Mat<da $" Ri$:=" 5. 8a!=d $" A$= al*8asr" 6. 8ahy< $" ;aif= $" Aswad $" ?aha$ $" >a:$ $" )<li%" 7. )uhammad $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" A$= al*)undhar" $rom Ban Bay da 1. :A$d All<h $" Liy<d $" Qa$=d" $rom Ban ,urayA 1. :3rwa $" A$= :3mm<ra" 2. :3thm<n $" 63rwa .his son/" 3. :3q$a $" A$= :3mm<ra" and his $rother 4. )as:Ed" 5. ;a:d $" :3thm<n $" >halda" 6. ;alma $" Mays $" Th<$it $" >halda" 7. :Rmir $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" :Amr" 8. )atla$ $" :Rmir $" :Amr $" >halda" K" R<rith $" Rif<:a $" R<fi: $" )<li%" 10. ;ulaym<n $" A$= :Ay<sh $" )u:<wiyah $" ;<mit" $rom ?l&i Muall @" ;a:=d $" A$= ;a:=d $" Aws $" )u:all<" D" ;ahl $" A$= ;a:=d" 1" H<rith $" :3q$a $" :3$ayd $" )u:all<" -" )uhammad $" :Amr $" Mays" 0" >ath=r $" Aflah $" )awl< A$= AyyE$ Ans<r=" Thus, those reported to $e %illed from among the Ansr were @1N and the total num$er of the %illed from Ansr and Muraysh was 1,7 men" Those who were e ecuted included: @" )a:qil $" ;an<n Ashja:=" D" )uhammad $" A$= Hudhayfa*yi :Adw=" 1" )uhammad $" A$= Tahm $" Hudhayfa"@ #n other sources, the names of the %illed are randomly mentioned" #$n ;a:d has miscellaneously listed the names of those %illed in the tragedy
@

#$n >hayy<t, Ta&r"kh-i )hal"#ah ibn al-)hayy , p" DK1*1@-"

53

of Harrah that we have collected here and presented to the respected readers" Abd All h b. Hanzala :A$d All<h $" Han!ala $" al*2has=l $" A$= :Rmir $" R<hi$ * :A$d :Amr $" ;ayf= $" &u:m<n $" )<li% $" Amat $" Ju$ay:at $" Layd $" )<li% $" :Awf $" :Amr $" :Awf $" )<li% $" Aws@ F was the commander*in*chief of the )ad=nian forces" He was among the dignitaries of Tbi"n .successors of the Prophet6s companions/D and one of the few warriors who was famous for his gallantry"1 His mother6s name was Tam=la F daughter of :A$d All<h $" 3$ayy $" ;allEl" The reason why :A$d All<h6s father was called +has"l al-Mal&ika is that Han!ala decided to participate in the $attle of 3hud" Their marriage too% place 1D months after Hijra and the early morning after he consummated his marriage with wife Han!ala had to participate in the $attle of 3hud and he was martyred on the same day without anytime to perform o$ligatory ritual a$lution" According to Prophet .s/, the angels gave him ritual a$lution .ghusl/"- Gor this reason, Han!ala was %nown as 2has=l al*)al<9i%a" Tam=la gave $irth to :A$d All<h nine months after the martyrdom of Han!ala and :A$d All<h was seven years old at the time of the Prophet6s .s/ demise"0 He had met the Prophet .s/ and narrated traditions from His Holiness", He was %illed as a martyr along with eight of his children due to the sword stro%e of one of the ;yrian soldiersN and thus the life of this no$le man and eminent companion of the Prophet .s/ came to an end" Muhammad b. Amr b. Hazm )uhammad $" :Amr $" Ha!m $" Qawdh<n $" :Amr $" Awf $" 2hanm $" )<li% $" &ajj<r was nic%named as A$< :A$d al*)ali%" His mother, :Amra, was the daughter of :A$d All<h $" H<rith $" Tamm<! from 4an= Hu$<la who was among the allies of 4an= ;<:id"A He was $orn in a place called &ajr<n in the @7th year after Hijra"K His father had $een appointed as the governor of that place" )uhammad $" :Amr $" Ha!m was among the
@ D

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -,"

T<$i:= .successor/ is a person who had met and accepted the companions of the Prophet .s/, and died as a )uslim .Al*)unjad, under the entry aba/"
1

Lir%l=, Al-Alm, vol" -, p" D11"

The Prophet .s/ said on the day of 4attle of 3hud: # saw the angels in $etween the earth and the heaven with golden vessels filled with water from the well $elonging to )u!an tri$e, were giving him ghusl" Thus, he was %nown as 2has=l al*)al<9i%a .Mumm=, Sa#"na al-Bihr, vol" D, p" 1@N/"
0

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -,"

#$n Taghr= 4ird=, Nuj"m al-/hira, vol" @, p" @,@"

N

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" -A"

A K

#$id, vol" 0, p" -K' #$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" D, p" @7' 8<fi:=, Mir& al$inn, vol" @, p" @1N"

&ajr<n is a 8emani village in the region of )ecca .8<qEt Hamaw=, Mujam al-Buldn, vol" 0, p" D,,/"

54

no$les of bi"n"@ He was a dignified man from whom some traditions have $een narrated" Hn the day of Harrah, he said prayers while he was seriously injured" He was finally martyred in the $attle of Harrah in ,1 A"H" .,AD 5"E"/" #n )edina and 4aghdad some of his descendents had survived" Muhammad b. 0bayy )uhammad $" 3$ayy $" >a:$ $" Mays $" :3$ayd $" )u:<wiyah $" :Amr $" )<li% $" &ajj<r was nic%named as A$< )a:<dh" He was $orn in the time of the Prophet .s/" His mother, 3mm al*Tufayl, was the daughter of Tufayl $" :Amr $" )undhar $" ;u$ay: $" :A$d &uham from Jaws tri$e" He was an eminent scholar of had" h and a few traditions have also $een transmitted from him" He was %illed in the $attle of Harrah in ,1 A"H" .,AD 5"E"/D *u!ayd b. 0!aym The mother of ;uwayd $" :3waym $" ;<:idat $" :R9ish $" Mays $" &u:m<n $" 8a!=d $" 3mayyah 3m<ma, was the daughter of 4u%ayr $" Tha:la$a, a descendant of 4an= 2hada$ $" Tush $" Ta!raj" He was %illed on the day of Harrah in ,1 A"H" .,AD 5"E"/1 Ayy<b b. Bashr AyyE$ $" 4ash=r $" ;a:d $" &u:m<n $" A%%<l $" Qawdh<n $" H<rith $" 3mayyah $" )u:<wiyah $" )<li% $" :Awf $" :Amr $" :Awf, was from the Ansrs and from the >ha!raj tri$e" His nic%name was A$< ;ulaym<n" He was $orn in the time of the Prophet .s/" He participated in the $attle of Harrah and received many injuries, and after two years died of the injuries at the age of N0"0bb d and Th bit5 *ons of Tamm :3$$<d and Th<$it, sons of Tam=m $" 2ha!iyat $" :Amr $" :Atiya $" >hans<9 $" )a$dhEl $" :Amr $" 2hanam $" )<!in $" &ajj<r, was %illed on the day of Harrah"0 Muhammad b. Th bit )uhammad $" Th<$it $" Mays $" ;hamm<s $" )<li% $" :Amr $" )<li% al* Asghar $" Tha:la$a $" >a:$ $" >ha!raj $" H<rith $" >ha!raj,, :A$d All<h $" Han!ala6s maternal $rother"N *ons of Muhammad
@

&awaw=, Tahdh"b al-Asm&.a al-Lugh , part one, p" AA"

D

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" 00"

1

#$id, vol" 0, p" 0," #$id, vol" 0, p" 0N"

,

#$id, vol" 0, p" 0N and vol" A, p" 1A1" #$id"

N

#$n Ath=r, al-)mil, vol" -, p" @@N"

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)uhammad had three sons named :A$d All<h, ;ulaym<n, and 8ahy< who were %illed on the day of Harrah"@ Bs b. Abd al&"ahm n :#s< $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" 8a!=d $" T<riya $" :Rmir $" )ajma: $" :At<f $" Ja$=:at $" Layd $" )<li% $" :Awf $" :Amr $" :Awf from the Aws tri$e was %illed on the day of Harrah"D Aflah Aflah, A$E AyyE$ Ans<r=6s slave, was nic%named as A$< >ath=r and according to some A$< A$d al*Rahm<n" He was a captive of :Ayn al* Tamr1 that was conquered $y >h<lid $" ?al=d in the time of A$= 4a%r6s 5alliphate" He was a trustworthy man who was %illed on the day of Harrah"Amr b. *ad :Amr $" ;a:d $" A$= ?aqq<s $" 3hay$ $" :A$d )an<f $" Luhra6s mother was ;ulam=, daughter of Hasfa $" Thaqaf $" Ra$=:a $" Taym al*Q<t $" Tha:la$a $" :3%<$a from Ra$=:a tri$e, who was %illed on the day of Harrah in Jhu6l Hijja, in ,1 A"H"0 0mayr b. *ad :3mayr $" ;a:d and :Amr $" ;a:d6s $rother were of the same mother" These two $rothers were %illed on the day of Harrah", #br hm b. =uaym #$r<h=m $" &u:aym $" &ah<m $" :A$d All<h $" As=d $" :A$d :Awf $" :3$ayd $" :3wayj :Ad=yy $" >a:$ was one of the commanders on the day of Harrah and was %illed on the same day"N Muhammad b. Ab al&>ahm )uhammad $" &a:=m $" A$= al*Tahm $" 2h<nim $" :Rmir $" :A$d All<h $" :3$ayd $" :3wayj $" :Ad= $" >a:$6s mother, >hawla, was Ma:q<9 $" )a:$ad6s daughter from 4an= Tam=m tri$e" He was one of the commanders on the day of Harrah and was %illed on the same day"A Abd al&"ahm n b. Hu!ytab
@

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" 0K"

D

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" ,7"

:Ayn al*Tamr was a hamlet near An$<r on the west of >Efa" The )uslims under >h<lid $" ?al=d conqured it in @D A"H" .8<qEt Hamaw=, Mujam al-Buldn, vol" -, p" @N,/"
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#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" ,D"

0 ,

#$id, vol" 0, p" @D0" #$id, vol" 0, p" @D,"

#$id, vol" 0, p" @DN' #$n :A$d al*4irr &umar=, Al-Is "b, vol" @, p" 00"
A

#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" 0, p" @DA"

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:A$d al*Rahm<n $" Hutya$ $" :A$d al*:3!!< $" A$= Mays $" :A$d ?add $" &asr $" )<li% $" Hisl $" :Rmir $" Qu9ayy6s mother, An=sa, was Hafs $" Ahnaf from 4an= :Rmir $" Quwayy6s tri$e" :A$d al*Rahm<n was %illed on the day of Harrah in Jhu6l Hijja, in ,1 A"H"@ >afar b. Abd All h Ta:far $" :A$d All<h $" 4uhayna was %illed on the day of Harrah"D 4uhayna, 3mm :A$d All<h, was Arat6s daughter" Abd All h b. 0tba :A$d All<h $" :3t$a $" 2ha!w<n $" T<$ir $" &as=$ $" ?uhay$ $" Layd $" )<li% $" :A$d :Awf $" H<rith $" )<!in $" )ansEr $" :#%rama $" Hasafa $" :Ayl<n $" )udar, was %illed on the day of Harrah"1 Abd All h b. Muhammad :A$d All<h $" )uhammad $" A$= 4a%r, was a slave girl named ;Eda" :A$d All<h was %illed on the day of Harrah"Ab< *ad b. Abd al&"ahm n :A$E ;a:=d $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" H<rith $" Hish<m $" )ughayra6s mother, 3mm Rasan, was the daughter of H<rith $" :A$d All<h $" Husayn from the 4an= H<rith $" >a:$ tri$e" A$E ;a:=d was %illed on the day of Harrah"0 0m ra b. *uhayb :3m<ra $" ;uha$ $" ;an<n $" )<li%, was %illed on the day of Harrah", Abd All h b. Abd al&"ahm n :A$d All<h $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" H<ti$ $" A$= 4alta:a, was %illed on the day of Harrah"N Abb d b. Ab = 8ila :A$$<d $" A$= &<9ila, ;il%<n $" ;al<ma $" ?aqsh $" Lugh$a $" Laghwar<9 $" :A$d al*Ashhal and his son ;alama, were %illed on the day of Harrah"A :A$$<d6s mother, ;ahl, Raw= ?aqsh daughter was from 4an= Ashhal" ,ayd b. Muhammad Layd $" )uhammad $" )aslama $" >h<lid $" Ad=yy $" )ujda:a $" H<rith $" >ha!raj $" :Amr was from the Aws tri$e and his mother was a slave girl"
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#$id, vol" 0, p" @DA" #$id, vol" 0, p" @DA" #$id, vol" 0, p" @1D" #$id, vol" 0, p" @--" #$id, vol" 0, p" @0," #$id, vol" 0, p" @0," #$id, vol" 0, p" @0," #$id, vol" 0, p" @0,"

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He was %illed as martyr on the day of Harrah after having @- sword wounds with four of the wounds on his face"@ >afar b. Yazd Ta:far $" 8a!=d $" ;il%<n $" ;al<ma $" ?aqsh was %illed on the day Harrah"D Th bit4s Children :Amr and )uhammad and 8a!=d $" Mays $" >hat=m $" Ad=yy $" Lufr and >a:$ $" >ha!raj $" :Amr who were from the Aws tri$e" Their mother, 3mm Ha$=$, was the daughter of Mays $" Layd $" :Rmir $" ;aw<d $" Lufr and all were %illed on the day of Harrah in ,1 A"H"1 -ha!! t4s Children Ha$=$ $" >haww<t $" Tu$ayr $" &u:m<n $" 3mayyah $" Amr al*Mays was %illed on the day of Harrah" His mother was from the Guqaym 4an= Tha:la$a tri$e" His $rother :Amr $" >haww<t was also %illed on the day of Harrah" His mother6s name is not historically specified" Children of Mu@ammi 8ahy< $" T<riya $" :Rmir $" )ujammi: $" :Att<f $" Ju$ay:a $" Layd $" )<li% $" :Awf $" :Amr $" :Awf, from the Aws tri$e was %illed on the day of Harrah" His mother, ;ulam=, was the daughter of Th<$it $" Jahd<ha from the 4alayy Mud<:a" :3$ayd All<h $" )ujamma:, 8ahy<6s maternal $rother, was also %illed in the $attle of Harrah"Muhammad b. >abr )uhammad $" Ta$r $" :At=% $" Mays $" Haysha $" H<rith $" 3mayyah $" )u:<wiyyah $" )<li% $" :Awf $" :Amr $" :Awf from the Aws tri$e was %illed on the day of Harrah"0 :Abb d b. ?sim :A$$<d $" :Rsim $" :Ad= $" Tadd $" :Ajl<n was from one of Mud<:a tri$es and was %illed on the day of Harrah" They were from among the allies 4an= :Amr $ :Awf from Aws tri$e", Children of ,ayd ;even of Layd6s children were %illed in the $attle of Harrah: ;a:d $" Layd $" Th<$it $" Jahh<% $" Layd $" Qawdh<n $" :Amr $" :A$d $" :Awf $" )<li% $" &ajj<r" His mother, 3mm ;a:d, was the daughter of ;a:d $" Ra$=:, from the 4ulh<rith $" >ha!raj tri$e" ;a:d was %illed on the day of
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#$id, vol" 0, p" @AA"

D 1 0 ,

#$id, vol" 0, p" @AK" #$id, vol" 0, p" @K@" #$id, vol" 0, p" @KD" #$id, vol" 0, p" @K1" #$id, vol" 0, p" @K1"

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Harrah" His $rother ;ulaym<n $" Layd was also %illed on the day of Harrah" His other $rother, 8ahy< $" Layd was also %illed then" These $rothers were all from the same $rother" ;al=t $" Layd, :A$d al*Rahm<n $" Layd and :A$d Allah $" Layd, whose mother was a slave girl, and also Layd $" Layd were %illed on the day of Harrah"@ 0m rah b. AAaba :3m<rah $" :3q$a $" >udaym $" :Ad=yy $" H<ritha $" :Amr $" Layd )an<t $" :Ad=yy $" :Amr $" )<li% $" &ajj<r, whose mother was a slave girl, was %illed on the day of Harrah"D *ons of =ubayt )uhammad $" &u$ayt $" T<$ir $" )<li% $" :Ad= $" Layd $" )an<t $" :Ad= $" :Amr $" )<li% $" &ajj<r and his $rother, :A$d al*)ali% $" &u$ayt, were %illed on the day of Harrah"1 )uhammad $" &u$ayt6s mother, Guray:a, daughter of A$= Am<ma, As:ad $" Lar<ra was from 4an= &ajj<r" Abd al&"ahm n b. Abd All h :A$d al*Rahm<n $" :A$d All<h $" >hu$ay$ $" 8as<f $" :#na$at $" :Amr $" >hudayj $" :Rmir $" Tusham $" H<rith $" >ha!raj was %illed on the day of Harrah"- His mother was :Awna, daughter .of A$= )as:Ed :3q$a $" :Amr/ from 4an= Tid<ra" Abd al&"ahm n b. Ab %ut da :A$d al*Rahm<n $" A$= Mat<dat $" Ra$:= $" 4aldhama was %illed on the day of Harrah"0 His mother, ;ul<fa, was daughter of 4ar<9 $" )a:rEr from 4an= ;alma tri$e" Yazd b. Ab al&Yasar 8a!=d $" A$= al*8asar .>a:$ $" :Amr $" :A$$<d $" :Amr $" ;aw<d/ from 4an= ;alma was from >ha!raj tri$e" He was %illed on the day of Harrah", Children of Ab Ayy sh ;ulaym<n $" A$= :Ayy<sh $" :3$ayd $" )u:<wiyah $" ;<mit, whose mother was a slave girl, was %illed on the day of Harrah" His $rother, 4ash=r $" A$= :Ayy<sh was also %illed and no one of their generation survived"N Childen of Ab 0b da Grom among his children, three were %illed on the day of Harrah:
@

#$id, vol" 0, @K-*@K,, vol" A, p" -@,"

D 1 0 , N

#$id, vol" 0, p" @K," #$id, vol" 0, p" @KN" #$id, vol" 0, p" @KK" #$id, vol" 0, p" D7D" #$id, vol" 0, p" D71" #$id, vol" 0, p" D70"

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Murwa $" A$= :3$<da $" ;a:d $" :3thm<n $" >halda $" )u%hallad $" :Rmir $" ?urayq" His mother, 3mm >h<lid, was :Amr $" ?adhfa from the >ha!raj tri$e" :3thm<n, Garwah6s son was also %illed in the $attle of Harrah" ;a:d $" :3thm<n was from among the fighters of 4adr" :3q$a $" A$= :3$<da $" ;a:d $" :3thm<n, whose mother was a slave girl, was also %illed on the day of Harrah"@ Mas<d b. 0b da )as:Ed $" :3$<da $" A$= :3$<da, ;a:d $" :3thm<n $" >halda, whose mother was a slave girl, was %illed on the day of Harrah"D Children of -ab #sh<q $" >a:$ $" :3jra $" 3mayyah $" :Ad= $" H<rith was %illed on the day of Harrah" His $rother, )uhammad $" >a:$, was also %illed on the day of Harrah"1 )ha6! n A$= :Amr, was a slave of :R9isha F Prophet6s .s/ wife F who was freed after the demise of :R9isha" He was %illed on the day of Harrah"-athr b. Aflah >ath=r $" Aflah was A$= AyyE$ Ans<r=6s slave who was %illed on the day of Harrah"0 He was one of the scri$es when :3thm<n had new copies of the Mur6an written", Bashr b. Ab ,ayd 4ash=r $" A$= Layd was %illed on the day of Harrah" His descendents lived in 4asra"N Yazd b. Hurmuz 8a!=d $" Hurmu! G<rs= F )awl< al*Jaws=y=n F was the commander of the slaves on the day of Harrah" He was a trustworthy person who was %illed on the day of Harrah"A 7ahab b. Abd All h

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#$id, vol" 0, p" D70" #$id, vol" 0, p" D7," #$id, vol" 0, p" D7N" #$id, vol" 0, p" D@A" #$id, vol" 0, p" DD7"

8<fi:=, Mir& al-$inn, vol" @, p" @1N"

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#$n ;a:d, Taba* , vol" N, p" DN"

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#$id, vol" N, p" DN"

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?aha$ $" :A$d All<h $" Lam:a $" Aswad $" )uttali$ $" Asad $" :A$d al*:3!!< was %illed in the $attle of Harrah"@ #br hm b. % riz #$r<h=m $" M<ri! * >h<lid $" H<rith $" :3$ayd $" Tayim $" :Amr $" H<rith $" )a$dhEl $" H<rith $" :A$d )an<t $" >un<na was %illed on the day of Harrah"D ]]] )us:a$ $" Lu$ayr lists the name of those %illed in the $attle of Harrah as follows: $adl As+har He was a pious man who was %illed on the day of Harrah"1 Muhammad b. Ayy<b )uhammad $" AyyE$ $" :A$d al*)undhar $" :Alqama $" >alada was %illed on the day of Harrah"- His mother, Hind, was the daughter of Tuwayd $" Huwayrith $" Hujayr $" :A$d $" Musayy" Abd al&"ahm n b. Ab 0bayda :A$d al*Rahm<n $" A$= :3$ayda $" :A$d All<h $" :Awf was %illed on the day of Harrah"0 His mother, )aryam, was the daughter of :A$d All<h $" )ut=: $" :Adw=" Abd All h b. Muhammad :A$d All<h $" )uhammad $" A$= 4a%r, whose mother was a slave girl, was %illed on the day of Harrah", MiAd d b. Abd All h )iqd<d $" :A$d All<h $" ?ah$ $" Lam:a was %illed on the day of Harrah" 7ahb b. Abd All h ?aha$ $" :A$d All<h $" ?aha$ $" Lam:a was %illed on the day of Harrah and no one of his progeny survived"N Yazd b. Mus fi 8a!=d $" )us<fi: $" Talha $" :3thm<n, whose mother was of the 4an= H<rith $" >ha!raj tri$e, was %illed on the day of Harrah"A
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Abd All h b. Ab Amr :A$d All<h $" A$= :Amr $" Hafs $" )ughayra was the first one who dethroned 8a!=d" He was %illed on the day of Harrah"@ Muslim b. Ab< Burda )uslim $" A$E 4urda $" )a:$ad, had a son named )uslim whose mother was Hafsa, daughter of A$= Harmala, from the Ash:arites, and was %illed on the day of Harrah"D *ons of ?sim :3$ayd All<h and ;ulaym<n: sons of :Rsim $" :Amr $" al*>hatt<$, whose mother :R9isha, was )ut=: $" Aswad9s daughter, was %illed on the day of Harrah"1 Abd All h b. = fi :A$d All<h $" &<fi: $" A$d All<h $" &adla $" :Awf $" :3$ayd $" :3wayj was %illed on the day of Harrah"- His mother was from the Thaq=f tri$e" ,yad b. Abd al&"ahm n Lyad $" :A$d al*Rahm<n $" :Awf Ha!r=, was from among the valiant figures of Muraysh" He was regarded as among the warriors of )edina against the 3mayyids" He was %illed in the $attle of Harrah"0 $rom the Children of Abd All h b. %ays ;a:d and 3s<ma, were sons of :A$d All<h $" Mays $" ;hurayh $" )<li% $" Ra$=:ah $" Ah=$ $" Ja$<$ $" Hujayr" Their mother, 3mm M<sim, :A$d All<h6s daughter, was from the 4an= :Ad= $" Ju9il" These two $rothers were %illed on the day of Harrah", ]]] #$n Mutay$a has mentioned additional names of those %illed in horrendous event of Harrah: ,ayd b. Th bit Layd $" Th<$it $" Jahh<% who was from among the Ansr and nic%named as A$< ;a:=d .some reported as A$< A$d al*Rahm<n/ was %illed in the $attle of Harrah"N YaA<b b. Talha
@

#$id, p" 17, and 11D' A$E al*Garaj al*#sfah<n=, Aghn", vol" @, p" D1"
D 1 -

#$id, p" 1-," #$id, p" 1,@"

Lu$ayr=, )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" 1A,"

Lir%l=, Al-Alm, vol" 0, p" KA' in Jhaha$=, Ta&r"kh al-Islm, vol" D, p" 10A, it is mentioned as 8a!=d $" :A$d al*Rahm<n"
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Lu$ayr=, )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" 1A,"

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8a:qE$ $" Talha $" :3$ayd All<h $" :3thm<n $" >a:$ $" ;a:d $" Tayim $" )urra $" >a:$ $" Qu9ayy $" 2h<li$ $" Gahr $" )<li% $" &adr $" >un<na was %illed on the day of Harrah"@ Mis!ar b. Abd al&"ahm n )iswar $" :A$d al*Rahm<n was %illed on the day of Harrah"D Abd al&"ahm n b. ?sim :A$d al*Rahm<n $" :Rsim Ans<r= was also %illed in the $attle of Harrah" He is different from :A$d All<h $" )u:adhdhin as :A$d All<h $" )u:adhdhin who was the son of Layd $" Tha:la$a"1 ;imilarity of names has caused confusion among historians" Mu dh b. H rath )u:<dh $" H<rath $" Arqam $" :Awf $" ?ah$ $" :Amr $" :A$d :Awf $" 2hanam $" )<li% $" &ajj<r Ans<r= >ha!raj= has $een nic%named as A$< Hal=ma and is famous with the same" However, he was called M<r=" He was si years old at the time of the Prophet6s .s/ demise" He participated in the $attle of >handaq, and was %illed on the day of Harrah"- ;ome have also reported his name to $e ):<dh $" Harith"0 Abd All h b. Amr :A$d All<h $" :Amr $" ;a:d $" )u:<dh was %illed on the day of Harrah", Asd b. " fi As=d $" R<fi: $" >ar! $" ;a%an $" La9Er< $" :A$d al*Ashhal, was %illed on the day of Harrah"N *u!ayd b. A!m ;uwayd $" :Aw=m $" ;<:ida $" :R9is $" &u:m<n $" Layd $" 3mayyah was %illed on the day of Harrah"A Habb b. -ha! t Ha$=$ $" >haw<t was %illed on the day of Harrah"K Abd All hb. -ab
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:A$d All<h$" >a:$ :Amr $" :Awf $" )a$dhEl $" :Amr $" 2hanam $" )<dhin was %illed on the day of Harrah"@ Those !ho didn8t ta6e part in the uprisin+ ;ome people are seen among the eminent figures of )ad=nans who had withdrawn from the uprising of the general pu$lic and did not interfere in it from the early phases of the people6s revolt and resistance against the 3mayyid rule" Although few in num$er, these people had totally different motives and insights" #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/ was among them who, according to ideological principles and religious criteria, regarded the 3mayyid rule as $asically usurping and did not have the least $elief in 8a!=d6s competence and the overthrow of his rule was one of the wishes of the #mam .:a/ and his household" Hn the other hand, among the withdrawers from the uprising of the )ad=nans were such people as :A$d All<h $" :3mar, who, according to what the historians have recorded had a viewpoint and analysis opposite to that of #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/" Abd All h b. 0mar" He did not participate in the pu$lic protest of the )ad=nans against 8a!=d and the 3mayyid rule, neither $ecause he did not view the $attle style as inefficient, nor $ecause he regarded the consequences of the uprising as heavy and devastating' rather, he viewed the 3mayyid rule and the 8a!=d6s government as legitimate and simplistically presumed 8a!=d as the guardian of the )uslims" This is implied from his remar%s to :A$d All<h $" )ut=: F one of the activists in the uprising of )edina F saying: +?hoever a$andons o$eying a ruler will meet 2od on the Resurrection Jay without a proof and whoever dies and there is not an allegiance of a leader on his nec% dies a death of ignorance .$hilliyah/"+D #f this is really stated $y :A$d All<h $" :3mar, it is so surprising that with such contention he refused to swear allegiance to :Al= $" A$= T<li$ during the latter6s 5aliphate while the people of )edina did swear allegiance to the #mam, and was rated as among the si people who refused allegiance to #mam :Al= .:a/" He would say: +# must $e the last one to pledge allegiance to :Al= .:a/(1 #t is reported that when 8a!=d died and :A$d al*)ali% $" )arw<n too% over the rule and dispatched Hajj<j to )edina to suppress #$n Lu$ayr and his advocates, :A$d All<h $" :3mar went to Hajj<j overnight to swear allegiance and said: +# have come to swear allegiance to the 5aliph( +?hen as%ed why in such a hurry, :A$d All<h $" :3mar replied: whoever dies and has no leader, dies a death of $hilliyah' and # am afraid # may die overnight without having a leader( Hajj<j heedlessly stretched his leg and said 6%iss my leg instead of my hand6(+@ D 1

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Abd All h b. Abb s. :A$d All<h $" :A$$<s was the Holy Prophet6s .s/ cousin who was $orn in ;hi:$ of A$E T<li$ three years $efore hijrah and died in T<9if in the year A7 A"H" .,AK 5"E"/ at the age of ,K while having lost his eye sight and was $uried in that place"@ The reasons for his not participating in the $attle of Harrah can $e numerous, for it is reported that he $ecame $lind and was sic% toward the end of his life and since T<9if had a pleasant climate, he went there for rest and remedy" After the martyrdom of #mam Husayn $" :Al= .:a/, #$n :A$$<s sent a letter of condemnation to 8a!=d, part of which is as follows: +Y Jo not suppose that # will forget your %illing of #mam Husayn .:a/ and the youth of the 4an= :A$d al*)uttali$ who were $eacons of guidance and guiding stars" 8our troops left their pure $odies soiled with dust and e posed to the wind"+ 8et, he wrote in another part of his letter: +8ou %illed Husayn and his companions" &othing is stranger to me than your see%ing my companionship( 8ou have %illed the sons of my father, and it is my $lood that is dripping from your sword"+D This shows that the withdrawal of :A$d All<h $" :A$$<s from the uprising of )edina has not $een $ecause of avoiding opposition to 3mayyid rule, $ut it has mainly $een due to his illness" > bir b. Abd All h Ans r" T<$ir $" :A$d All<h $" :Amr $" >ha!aj= Ans<r= ;ulam= ;ah<$=1 died in )edina in NA A"H" .,AN 5"E"/ at the age of N- while $linded" ;ome have reported that he was the last of the Prophet6s .s/ companions"#$n Mutay$a J=nEr= writes: +T<$ir was $lind during the Harrah $attle" He would wal% in some alleys of )edina and say: ?oe to the one who frightens 2od and the )essenger( A man as%ed 6who has frightened 2od and the )essengerS( T<$ir answered: # heard the )essenger of Allah saying: ?hoever frightens the people of )edina is as if frightening what is with me" A ;yrian man attac%ed T<$ir with his sword to %ill him" )arw<n drove that man away and ordered to send T<$ir $ac% to his house and loc% the door $ehind him"+0 Muhammad b. Hanafiyya. )uhammad $" :Al= $" A$= T<li$ $" :A$d al*)uttali$ $" H<shim $" :A$d )an<f $" Musayy, whose mother was
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>hawla daughter of Ta:far $" Mays $" )uslima from the Hanafiyya tri$e, hence %nown as Hanafiyya"@ #$n ;a:d wrote: +After #mam Husayn .:a/ left )edina, #$n Hanafiyya stayed in that city until he heard that 8a!=d troops were approaching' then he left )edina for )ecca, where he stayed with #$n :A$$<s"+D

The Aftermaths of the Battle of Harrah A. Claimin+ alle+iance from the people of Medina for Yazd After three days the invasion of the ;yrian army over )edina and its inha$itants was over and the forth day was the time for those who survived the massacre to go with full humiliation and de$asement under the yo%e of 8a!=d6s slavery(1 Ar that time, on the fourth day, )uslim $" :3q$a was stationed in a place called +?<d= al*Mur<+- and he ordered the surviving )ad=nans to report to him for swearing allegiance to 8a!=d" The very command $y )uslim $" :3q$a to claim allegiance from the people of )edina for 8a!=d is not much surprising as the dominating army was perpetually see%ing to $loc% the enemy6s way to fight after
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having dominated over it" ?hat is unique in the history of #slam is the su$ject and the type of allegiance that the people were forced to undergo" #$n Ath=r wrote: +)uslim $" :3q$a said: 8a!id has privilege over all %inds of appropriation of the properties and families of the )ad=nans and their $lood is permissi$le to him in whatever ways he wishes"+@ J=nawar= has pointed out the issue this way: +)uslim ordered the people of )edina to swear allegiance to 8a!=d to $e his prisoners of war and let him decide and act as he wishes a$out their properties and family"+D ;amhEd= has recorded the procedure of allegiance as follows: +)uslim $" :3q$a summoned the dignitaries of )edina and ordered them to swear allegiance to 8a!=d and admit to $e his slaves"+1 E hausted and humiliated after the $attle of Harrah, the people of )edina were forced under the unsheathed swords of the ;yrian army to swear allegiance to 8a!=d $" )u:<wiyah to $e his slaves- and whoever rejected this allegiance was %illed on the spot"0 #t is reported in historical sources that the only personality who was e empted from such allegiance was #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/", #n his tal% to the #mam .:a/, )uslim $" :3q$a regarded his case apart from the others and said: +8a!=d did not want me to ma%e you swear allegiance li%e others"+N 2iven the short interval $etween the $attle of Harrah and the tragedy of >ar$al<, the heavy and irrepaira$le aftermath of the martyrdom of #mam Husayn .:a/ and his companions for 8a!=d and 3mayyid6s rule F li%e the uprising of Ta..b"n and )ecca and )edina revolts F and the #mam Layn al*:A$id=n6s .:a/ impressive speeches in ;yria, it was o$vious that 8a!=d had advised )uslim $" :3q$a not to e pect allegiance from #mam Husayn $" :Al=6s .:a/ son, as the :RshEra was created initially $ecause of descendents of :Al=6s .:a/ a$staining to pledge allegiance to such a person as 8a!=d" #t is reported in some sources that $efore meeting with #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/, )uslim $" :3q$a would revile him and his household, $ut when he met with #mam Layn al*:A$id=n .:a/, he $ecame gentle and
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#$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .as al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D@-' )as:Ed=, Murj al-(hahab, vol" 1, p" N7' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @@A' ;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @1D"
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o$edient $efore him and faced him with respect" ?hen his entourage as%ed the reason for this encounter, )uslim answered that he had $een impressed $y his imposing appearance and no$ility"@ The second person who did not swear allegiance li%e others to 8a!=d was :Al= $" :A$d All<h $" :A$$<s' with the difference that in the first place )uslim $" :3q$a commanded him to swear allegiance to 8a!=d li%e others to $e his slave, $ut since :Al= $" :A$d All<h had some %ind of tri$al %inship with Husayn $" &umayr F one of the commanders of ;yrian army F the latter protected him and told )uslim $" :3q$a to e empt him from such an allegiance" )uslim felt that if he would insist on his command and did not accept Husayn $" &umayr6s request, it was possi$le that this would lead to discord, coflict, and indolence in the ;yrian army'D thus, he gave up his order and let :Al= $" :A$d All<h simply state that: +# swear allegiance to 8a!=d and am o$liged to o$ey him"1 B. Muslim b. 0Aba4s "eport to Yazd After his victory in early )uharram ,- A"H" .,AD 5"E"/, )uslim $" :3q$a wrote a letter to 8a!=d and informed him of the event of Harrah and what $efell the people of )edina and as%ed him for advice" )uslim6s letter is as follows: +Grom )uslim $" :3q$a to the chief commander of the faithful, 8a!=d $" )u:<wiyah" ;alutations to you Hh commander of the faithful and 2od6s )ercy and 4lessings $e on you( # than% the Hne 2od for your victory' now then, 2od has underta%en the preservation and protection of the Am=r" )ay the shadow of Am=r $e prolonged" &ow # forward a report of my mission to you: # left Jamascus while # was feeling unwell as Am=r %new a$out it" # met some 3mayyids Bwho had left )edinaC in ?<d= al*Mur<9" )arw<n Bdespite his swearing not to help the enemyC returned with us to )edina( He was our aid in our victory over the enemy" ?e went to )edina and noticed that the people of )edina had dug many trenches around them, installed armed guards at the city entrances, ta%en their $easts inside )edina, and claimed to have stored up enough foodstuff for one year Bso that the would $e a$le to resist in case of $eing $eseigedC" # advised them and informed them of the Am=r6s promises, $ut they did not accept" Then, # arranged my troops in groups and sent each group to one direction' # sent Husayn $" &umayr to Jhan<$
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:Al= $" :A$d All<h $" :A$$<s was on her mother side originally from Lur:a tri$e and many people from that tri$e were serving in Hassin $, &umayr6s army .#$n Ath=r, Al)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @D7/"
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region and its outs%irts' Ha$=sh $" Jalja as commander of )aw<l= to 4an= ;alma region' and :A$d All<h $" )as:Ed to +4aq=: 2harqad+ region" # and other troops of Am=r6s army stood against 4an= H<ritha" Than%s to the way shown to us $y one of the 4an= H<ritha tri$esmen, we managed to enter the city from the region of 4an= :A$d al*Ashhal early at the sunrise" #t so happened that )arw<n saw a man from the 4an= H<ritha tri$e and secretly promised him that the commander of the faithful B8a!=dC will do him $enevolence and guarantee to pay off all his de$ts and give him some rewards, too Bthat man was deceived and showed the way to the ;yrian army to infiltrate into the cityC" &ow, # am sending this letter to you via the same person and hope that 2od may inspire His 5aliph and slave B8a!=dC the way that man deserves so that he Bthe 5aliphC ma%es him statistied with his generous gifts( 2od has graced and favored Am=r for his readiness, cleverness and triumph over his enemies, and this victory over the enemies is something that will not $e lost for the 5aliph of 2od and the )uslims" #nsha:Allah( )ay 2od preserve Am=r6s men B;yrian armyC' no one was harmed( Their enemy Bpeople of )<d=naC resisted $ut only for four hours" After widespread massacre and pillage, we performed the noon prayer in their mosque( ?e wielded the swords against them, %illing whoever that stood $efore us" ?e chased the fugitives and %illed their wounded, as Am=r had commanded" ?e were $usy %illing and plundering for three days( )ay 2od lengthen Am=r6s shadow( # made secure the houses of :3thm<n6s children" Than%s 2od that He appeased my heart $y %illing the hypocrites and wrong*doers whose Bthe )ad=nans6C re$ellion had lasted too long" # am writing this letter to Am=r from the house of ;a:=d $" :Rs while # am severely sic%" Gor this sic%ness you may not see me any longer" # did not have any other wish than revenge from the people of )edina( ?assal<m(+@ ;ome others have reported that in the end of his letter, )uslim had written to 8a!=d as follows: +Jo not $e saddened for the faithless people(+D C. )eparture of the *yrian Army to!ards Mecca

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Early in ,- A"H" .,A1 5"E"/, following )uslim $" :3q$a6s ending of his deadly mission in )edina F as he had already predicted F he dispatched the ;yrian army to )ecca to fight against :A$d All<h $" Lu$ayr who was %nown to $e the main instigator of the revolts in Hij<! region and had made )ecca his $ase for such revolts, and to put an end to him and his partisans6 opposisions to the 3mayyid rule" However, no farther than three miles away from )edina, )uslim $" :3q$a died due to illness"@ &oticing the pangs of death, )uslim $" :3q$a summoned Husayn $" &umayr to come to him $efore dying and made some recommendations to %eep moving toward )ecca and $attle against #$n Lu$ayr, that have $een recorded $y some historians as follows: +8a!=d recommended to me that if # failed to continue this way, # should appoint Husayn $" &umayr as the commander of the army' $ut if it were up to me, # would not have chosen you $ecause the 8emenis are soft* hearted( 4ut # do not diso$ey 8a!=d6s command"+D +&ow # have some advice for you' %eep it well in mind( Hasten to move' $e quic% in confrontation and fighting' and search for the news from the enemy" 4eware( Jo not give audience to the Muraysh and do not cooperate with them(+1 +?hen you arrive in )ecca, launch the $attle with #$n Lu$ayr, and do not prevent the people of ;yria from doing whatever they wish to do with their enemy, and do not listen to Muraysh lest they should deceive you"+#n another part of his advice to Husayn $" &umayr, he says: +The mission we have ahead of us requires more violence, rigidity, decisiveness, disregard for temptations, and unwavering mind" Therefore, ma%e yourself ready for slaughter and plunder( )ay it never happen that the words of those who say +)ecca is the House of 2od and He has made it a safe sanctuary+ would ma%e you indolent( Pay no heed to such nonsence" The very sanctity of the 5aliph B8a!=dC is much more superior to all other sanctities, even from the sanctity of the House and !aram of Allah(+0
#$n Mutay$a, Akhbr al-Ti.l, p" D,N' #$n A9tham >Efi, Al--u h, vol" 1, p" 1@-' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @1D' A!raq=, Akhbr Makka al-Musharra#a, vol" @, p" @1K' A$E al*Gid<:, Al-Mukh asar #" Akhbr al-Bushr, vol" @, p" @KD"
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3nfortunately, as it is evident from the words and recommendations of )uslim $" :3q$a, misunderstanding and misconception of the $asic religious concepts and lac% of %nowledge, tri$al $igotry, vengeance, and playful manipulation of religion for the political purposes, were the most pro$lematic issues that the people were entangled with during the 3mayyids6 ruling era" A$sence of the Prophet .s/, )uslim community6s $eing distanced from the the I ra .:a/ F i"e" the Progeny .Ahl al-Bay / of the Prophet .s/ F the dominance of the worldly*minded profane scholars who were unfamiliar with spirit of the Prophetic mission' the usurpation of the political and social positions $y the $ullies, gold*worshippers, and tri$al authorities, were all aiding the 5aliph and political commanders of people to garner much more reverence and honor than that of all the religious and Jivine values, and any human and religious principle can $e easily trampled for the sa%e of the preservation of the ruler6s authority and power( #n his death*$ed and after creating all these tragedies, )uslim $" :3q$a says: +H Qord( 8ou %now that # never diso$eyed the 5aliph" H 2od( After professing 8our Hneness and the Prophethood of )uhammad .s/, # have done no $etter and more praiseworthy tas% than the massacre of the people of )edina, and # ta%e this massacre as a means of my salvation on the Jay of Resurrection"+@ A man, whom the historians have regarded as among the devotees of )u:<wiyan cultD and one of the tyrants of Ara$s and their devils1, and who $ecause of his countless murders and massacres has $een called )usrif $" :3q$a, now tries to impute all his evils to religion and serving the )uslims( Thus he died and was $uried at a distance of three miles from )edina" However, those whose children and relatives were %illed $y his order e humed his $ody from the grave and $urned it"D. The #nvasion of Mecca by the *yrian Army Hn D,th of )uharram ,- A"H" .D-th of ;eptem$er ,A1 5"E"/, ;yrian troops commanded $y Husayn $" &umayr entered the city of )ecca in order to fight with #$n Lu$ayr and his followers" #n this invasion the Jivine ;anctuary was disgraced and Holy >a9$a was damaged $y the 8a!idian army" E. )eath of Yazd b. Mu !iyah
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)as:Ed=, Murj al-(hahab, vol" 1, p" N7' Lu$ayr=, )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" @DN' Ta$ar=, Ta&r"kh, vol" N, p" @-' )adqis=, Al-Bad& .a al-Ta&r"kh, vol" ,, p" @-' #$n Ath=r, Al)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @D7" Lu$ayr=, )us:a$, Nasab-i ,uraysh, p" DDD' #$n Mutay$a, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, vol" @, p" D@K' ;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" @10"

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&ot too long after the tragedy of Harrah, on @Nth of ;afar of the same year, that is, a$out D7 days later, 8a!=d $" )u:<wiyah gave up his ghost and died" Having remained on the throne for no more than three or four years@, 8a!=d lay in his graveD while he had perpetrated the most heinous crimes of the #slamic history" He had, as he frequently admitted, ta%en the revenge on #slam for all the defeats suffered $y the pagans and hypocrites in the time of Prophet( ?hile 4an= H<shim had managed to gather the spiritual dignity and honor of the Prophetic mission to their credit, the 3mayyids F the descendents of A$E ;ufy<n who were freed $y the Prophet of 2od .s/ F recorded violence, mutiny, $ullying, and worldliness to their credit, and threw the yo%e of slavery over the )uslims( The death of the ;yrian army commander after the tragedy of Harrah and the quic% setting of the ominous star of 8a!=d6s life can $e a true evidence of the Prophet9s .s/ words: +The one who sets out toward )edina with an ominous intention and commits any evil to it, Allah will soon wipe him out"+1 Biblio+raphy A$E al*Garaj al*#sfah<n=, :Al= .d" 10, A"H"/, Al-Aghn", 4eirut, J<r #hy<9 al* Tur<th al*:Ara$=, @1A1 A"H" A$E al*Gid<, #sm<:=l .d" N1D A"H"/, Al-Mukh asar #" Akhbr al-Bashar, 4eirut, J<r al*)a:rifa, @KKA 5"E" A$E al*Gid<, #sm<:=l .d" N1D A"H"/, Ta*."m al-Buldn, Paris, J<r al*Ta$<:at al*;ult<niya, @A-7 5"E" A$E )i%hnaf, Hish<m .d" 0@N A"H"/, Ma* al al-!usayn, Mom, #ntish<r<t al* Rad=, @-,, A"H" A$E &u:aym, Ahmad .d" -17 A"H"/, !ilya al-A.liy&, 4eirut, J<r al*>utu$ al*:Ara$=, @-7N A"H" Am=r :Al= .d" @KDA 5"E"/, A ;hort History of ;aracens .Ara$ic translation: Mukh asar Ta&r"kh al-Arab/ @-7, A"H" A!raq=, )uhammad .d" D07 A"H"/, Akhbr Makkah al-Musharra#a, 5airo, Al*)adrasah al*)ahrEsa, @DN0 A"H" 4<$it=, Gu9<d, Mujam al-Shuar&, Tripoli, J<r al*;<dir, @KKA 5"E" 4aghd<d=, :A$d al*)u9min $" :A$d al*Haqq .d" N1K A"H"/, Marsid al-I il, 4eirut, J<r al*)a:rifa, @K0- 5"E"

Historians have reported 8a!=d6s disgraceful caliphate variously: three years and seven month and twenty two days' three years and si months' three years and some days' four years and some days' and three years and nine months and twenty days" #$n :A$d Ra$ah I*d al--ar"d, vol" 0, p" @D-' )as:Ed=, Al-Tanb"h .a al-Ashr#, p" D,1' #mr<n=, Al-Anb& #" al-Ta&r"kh, p" K' #$n Ath=r, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, vol" -, p" @D0' #$n Taghr= 4ird=, Al-Nujm al-/hira, vol" @, p" @,1"
D

The death of 8a!=d $" )u:<wiyah too% place in the lands of Himas in a quarter called Huww<r=n and his $ody was $uried in the 4<$ al*;agh=r graveyard, where for a long time it remained a gar$age dump .#$n :A$d Ra$ah, I*d al--ar"d, vol" 0, p" @D7' ' )as:Ed=, Al-Tanb"h .a al-Ashr#, p" D,1/"
1

;amhEd=, %a#& al-%a#&, vol" @, p" --"

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4aghd<d=, :A$d al*M<dir .d" 1K1 A"H"/, )ha1na al-Adab .a Lubb Lubb Lisn al-Arab, 5airo, J<r al*>it<$ al*:Ara$=, @1AK A"H" 4al:am=, )uhammad .d" 1,1 A"H"/, Tr"kh Nma-yi Balam", Tehran, &ashr*i &ow, @1,, ;"H"@ 4ayhaq=, Ahmad .d" -0A A"H"/, Al-Mahsin .a al-Mas.", 4eirut, J<r ;^a_dir, @KN7 5"E" 4=rEn=, A$E Rayh<n )uhammad .d" --7 A"H"/, Al-0 hr al-B*iya an al,urn al-)hliya" Jhaha$=, )uhammad .d" N-A A"H"/, S"yar Alm al-Nubal&, 4eirut, Al* Ris<la, @-7D A"H" Jhaha$=, )uhammad .d" N-A A"H"/, Ta&r"kh al-Islm, ed" :3mar :A$d al* ;al<m Tadmur=, 4eirut, J<r al*>it<$ al*:Ara$=, @-@7 A"H" G<%hEr=, Hann<, Ta&r"kh al-Adab al-Arab", 5airo, J<r al*)u:<rif, @KN0 5"E" Gar=d ?ajd= .d" @K0- 5"E"/, (&ira al-Mari# al-,arn al-Ishr"n, 4eirut, J<r al*)a:rifa, @KN@ 5"E" Hadram=, )uhammad $" :Aq=l, Mu.iya .a Ta&r"kh, .Persian translation $y :A!=!ull<h :At<rud=/, Tehran, )urtadaw= Pu$lications, @1,- ;"H" Hamaw=, 8<qEt, .d" ,D, A"H"/, Mujam al-Buldn, 4eirut, J<r al*;<dir, @K00 5"E" #$n :A$d al*4irr &umar= .d" -,1 A"H"/, Al-Is "b #" Mari#a al-Ashb, added as margin to Al-Isba of #$n Hajar" #$n :A$d Ra$ah, Ahmad .d" 1DA A"H"/, I*d al--ar"d, ed" :A$d al*)aj=d al* Tarh=n=, 4eirut, J<r al*>utu$ al*:#lmiya, @-7- A"H" #$n A$= al*Had=d, :#!! al*J=n .d" N-A A"H"/, Sharh-i Nahj al-Balgha, ed" A$E al*Gadl #$r<h=m, 5airo, J<r #hy<9 al*Tur<th al*:Ara$=, @1NK A"H" #$n A$= 3syay$i:a .d" ,,A A"H"/, Uyn al-Anb& #" Taba* al-A ibb&, ed" )uhammad 4<sil, 4eirut, J<r al*>utu$ al*:#lmiya, @-@K A"H" #$n :As<%ir, )uhammad .d" N@@ A"H"/, Ta&r"kh (amish*, 4eirut, J<r al* Gi%r, @-7- A"H" #$n A9tham >Ef=, Ahmad .d" 1@- AH/, Al--u h, 4eirut, J<r al*>utu$ al*:#lmiya, @st impr" @-7, AH" #$n Ath=r, :Al= .d" ,17 A"H"/, Al-)mil #" al-Ta&r"kh, 4eirut, J<r al*;<dir, @10A A"H" #$n Ath=r, :Al= .d" ,17 A"H"/, Usud al-+hba #" Mari#a al-Sahba, 5airo, J<r ;ha:$, @1K7 A"H" #$n Ath=r, )u$<ra% .d" ,7, A"H"/, $mi al-Usl min Ahd" h al->asl, 4eirut, J<r #hy<9 al*Tur<th al*:Ara$=, @-7- A"H" #$n Ath=r, )u$<ra% .d" ,7, A"H"/, Al-Nihya #" +har"b al-!ad" h .a alA har, Mom, #sm<:=liy<n, @1,- ;"H" #$n 4a%%<r, )us:a$ .d" D1, A"H"/, Nasab ,uraysh, 4eirut, J<r al*)a:rifa, @K01 5"E" #$n 4attEta, )uhammad .d" N71 A"H"/, Al->ihla, 4eirut, J<r al*>utu$ al*:#lmiya, @-7N A"H" #$n Hajar Asqal<n=, Ahmad .d" A0D A"H"/, Al-Isba #" Tamy"1 al-Sahba, 4eirut, J<r #hy<9 al*Tur<th al*:Ara$=, @1DA A"H" #$n Hajar Asqal<n=, Ahmad .d" A0D A"H"/, Tahdh"b al-Tahdh"b, 4eirut, J<r al*>utu$ al*:#lmiya, @-@0 A"H"
@

;"H" O ;olar Hijrah 5alender

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#$n Hajar Haytam=, Ahmad .d" KN- A"H"/, Sa.i* al-Muhri*a, 5airo, )a%ta$at al*M<hira, @1A0 A"H" #$n Han$al, Ahmad .d" D-@ A"H"/, Al-Musnad, 4eirut, J<r al*Gi%r, @-@D A"H" #$n Ha!m, Ahmad .d" -0, A"H"/, $umhura u Ansb al-Arab, 4eirut, J<r al* >utu$ al*:#lmiya, @-71 A"H" #$n Hish<m, :A$d al*)ali% .d" D@A or D@1 A"H"/, Al-S"ra al-Naba.iyya, 4eirut, J<r #hy<9 al*Tur<th al*:Ara$=, @K,K 5"E" #$n :#m<d, :A$d al*Hayy $" Ahmad .d" @7AK A"H"/, Shadhr al-(hahab #" Akhbr min (hahab, 4eirut, J<r #hy<9 al*Tur<th al*:Ara$=, @KK5"E" #$n Taw!=, :A$d al*Rahm<n .d" 0KN A"H"/, Si#a al-Sa#.a, 4eirut, J<r al* )a:rifa, @-7- A"H" #$n Taw!=, ;i$t .d" ,0- A"H"/, Tadhkira al-)ha.s, 4eirut, )u9assisa Ahl al*4ayt, @-7@ A"H" #$n >ath=r, #sm<9=l .d" NN- A"H"/, Al-Bidya .a al-Nihya, 4eirut, )a%ta$at al*)a:<rif" #$n >haldEn, :A$d al*Rahm<n .d" A7A A"H"/, Mu*addima, .translated to Persian $y )" Parv=n 2un<$<d=/, Tehran, #ntish<r<t*e*:#lm= Garhang=, @1,D ;"H" #$n >haldEn, :A$d al*Rahm<n .d" A7A A"H"/, Ta&r"kh-i Ibn )hladn, al-Ibar .a ("6n al-Mub ad .a al-)habar, trans" :A$d al*)uhammad Ryat=, Tehran, )u9assisa )ut<li:<t wa Tahq=q<t*i Garhang=, @1,;"H" #$n >halla%<n, Ahmad .d" ,A@ A"H"/, %a#iy al-Ayn .a Anb& al/amn, ed" #hs<n :A$$<s, Mom, #ntish<r<t al*Rad=, @1,- ;"H" #$n >hayy<t, >hal=fa .d" D-7 A"H"/, Ta&r"kh )hal"#a ibn al-)hayy , ed" ;uhayl La%%<ra, 4eirut, J<r al*Gi%r, @-@- A"H" #$n >hurd<dh$ih, :3$ayd All<h .d" ca" 177 A"H"/, Al-Maslik .a alMamlik, 4eirut, J<r #hy<9 al*Tur<th al*:Ara$=, @-7A A"H" #$n )an!Er, )uhammad .d" N@@ A"H"/, Lisn al-Arab, 4eirut, J<r #hy<9 al* Tur<th al*:Ara$=, @-@D, A"H" #$n Mutay$a, :A$d All<h J=nawar= .d" DN, A"H"/, Uyn al-Akhbr, 4eirut, J<r al*>utu$ al*:Ara$=, @-@, A"H" #$n Mutay$a, :A$d All<h J=nawar= .d" DN, A"H"/, Al-Imma .a al-Siysa, 5airo, )a%ta$at al*Hala$=, @1AA A"H" #$n Mutay$a, :A$d All<h J=nawar= .d" DN, A"H"/, Al-Mari#, 5airo, J<r al* )a:rifa, @1AA A"H" #$n Mutay$a, :A$d All<h J=nawar= .d" DN, A"H"/, Al-Shir .a al-Shuar, 4eirut, :Rlam al*>it<$, @-7- A"H" #$n Mutay$a, :A$d All<h J=nawar= .d" DN, A"H"/, Akhbr al-Ti.l, ed" :A$d al*)un:im :Rmir, 5airo, J<r #hy< al*>utu$ al*:Ara$iyya, @K,7 5"E" #$n Rusta, Ahmad .d" 1rd century A"H"/, Al-Al* al-Na#"sa, .Persian translation/ Husayn Marach<nlE, Tehran, Am=r >a$=r, @1,0 ;"H" #$n ;a:d, )uhammad .d" D17 A"H"/, Taba* al-)ubr ed" )uhammad :A$d al*M<dir :At<, 4eirut, J<r al*;<dir, @-@A A"H" #$n ;hahr<shE$, )uhammad .d" 0AA A"H"/, Man*ib 0l Ab" Tlib, Mom, )at$a: al*:#lmiyya, @-@D A"H"

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#$n Tiqtaq<, )uhammad .d" N7K A"H"/, Al--akhr" #" al-0db al-Sul niya .a al-(u.al al-Islmiya, 4eirut, J<r al*;adir, @-@- A"H" #$n Taghri 4ird=, 8Esuf .d" AN- A"H"/, Al-Nujm al-/hira #" Mulk Misr .a al-,hira, 5airo, ?i!<ra al*Thiq<fa wa al*#rsh<d al*Mawm=, @KDK 5"E" #$n T<wEs, :Al= .d" ,,- A"H"/, Al-Luh# #" ,a li al-Tu##, &ajaf, Haydariya, @1A0 A"H" #$n ?ird=, :3mar .d" N-K A"H"/, Ta amma al-Mukh asar .Ta&r"kh Ibn al%ard"/, &ajaf, Haydariyya, @1AK A"H" :#mr<n=, )uhammad .d" @@A- 5"E"/, Al-Anb& #" Ta&r"kh al-)hula#, ed" Taq= 4=nish, )ashhad, J<nishg<h, @1,1 ;"H" #sta%hr=, #$r<h=m .d" after 1-7 A"H"/, Maslik al-Mamlik, Mom, ;adr Qi$rary Pu$lication, @1,A ;"H" T<hi!, :Amr .d" D00 A"H"/, Al-Tj #" Akhl* al-Mulk, 4eirut, al*;hari%ah al* Qu$na_ni_yah lil*>ita_$, @KN7 5"E" >hat=$ 4aghd<d=, Ahmad .d" -,1 A"H"/, Ta&r"kh Baghdad .or, Mad"na alSalm/, ed" )ustaf< :A$d al*M<dir :At<:, Ahmad, 4eirut, J<r al* >utu$ al*:#lmiya, @-@N A"H" >hw<ri!m=, )uwwafaq .d" 0,A A"H"/, Ma* al al-!usayn, ed" )uhammad ;am<w=, Mom, Anw<r al*Hud<, @-@A A"H" >hw<nd )=r, 2hiy<th al*J=n .d" K-D A"H"/, !ab"b al-Siyar, Tehran, >hayy<m, @101 ;"H" )ajlis=, )uhammad 4<qir .d" @@@@ A"H"/, Bihr al-An.r, 4eirut, )u9assisa al*?af<9, @-71 A"H" )aqdis=, )utahhar .d" 100 A"H"/, Al-Bad& .a al-Ta&r"kh, 4aghdad, )uthann<, @AKK 5"E" )as:Ed=, :Al= .d" 1-, A"H"/, Murj al-(hahab, Mom, J<r al*Hijra, @-7- A"H" )as:Ed=, :Al= .d" 1-, A"H"/, Al-Tanb"h .a al-Ishr#, 5airo, J<r al*;<w=, @K1A 5"E" )is%awayh al*R<!=, A$E :Al= .d" -D@ A"H"/, Tajrub al-Umam, ed" A$E al* M<sim #m<m=, Tehran, Jar*e ;urEsh, @1,, ;"H" )u$arrad, )uhammad .d" DA, A"H"/, )mil, 5airo, )at$a:at al*:Rmira, @DA, A"H" )uf=d, )uhammad .d" -@1 A"H"/, Al-Irshd, 4eirut, )u9assisa al*:Rlami, @1KK A"H" )uqarram, :A$d al*Ra!!<q .d" @1K@ A"H"/, Ma* al al-!usain, 4eirut, )u:assisa al*&Er li al*)at$E:<t, @-D1 A"H" &awaw=, 8ahy< .d" ,N, A"H"/, Tahdh"b al-Asm& .a al-Lugh , 5airo, #dara al*Ti$a`al*)un=riyya, @KDN 5"E" &uwayr=, Ahmad .d" ,th century A"H"/, Nahya al-Irab #" -unn al-Adab, .Persian translation/ J<mq<n=, Tehran, Am=r >a$=r, @1,1 ;"H" Philip Hitti .d" @KNA 5"E"/, Ta&r"kh al-Arab .Persian translation $y A$E al* 2h<sim P<yandeh/ Tehran, #ntish<r<t*e*;=n<, @10@ ;"H" Philip Hitti .d" @KNA 5"E"/, Ta&r"kh al-(u.al al-Islmiyya, 5airo, J<rul* )a:<rif, @1AK A"H" Muraysh= 4aqir ;har=f, !ay al-Imm Ms b' $a#ar .:a/, &ajaf, )at$a:at al*Rd<$, @1AK A"H" Ma!w=n=, :A$d al*>ar=m .d" ,D1 A"H"/, Al-Misbh al-Mun"r, 4eirut, )a%ta$at al*Qu$n<n, @KAN 5"E"

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Mumm=, A$$<s .d" @10K A"H"/, Sa#"na al-Bihr, Mom, J<rul 3swa, @-@, A"H" Mumm=, A$$<s .d" @10K A"H"/, Ta imma al-Mun ah, Mom, J<war= Pu$lication, @-7K A"H" ;afwat, La%= Ahmad, $umhura u >as&il al-Arab #" Usr al-Arabiyya al/hira, 4eirut, Al*)a%ta$a al*:#lmiyya, @KA0 5"E" ;amhEd=, :Al= .d" K@@ A"H"/, %a# al-%a#& bi Akhbr (r al-Mus a#, ed" )uhammad )uhy= al*J=n :A$d al*Ham=d, 4eirut, J<r al*#hy<9 al* Tur<th al*:Ara$=, @1N-, A"H" ;ayyid Mut$ .d" @K,, 5"E"/, -" /all al-,ur@n, 4eirut, J<r al*;hurEq, @-7D A"H" ;ha$r<w=, :A$d All<h, .d" @@ND A"H"/, Al-I ah# bi !ubb al-Ashr#, Mom, )anshEr<t al*R<d=, @1,1 ;"H" ;hawq= Jayf .d" @K1D 5"E"/, Ta&r"kh al-Adab al-Arab", 5airo, J<r al* )a:<r=f, @KN0 5"E" ;uyut=, Tal<l al*J=n .d" K@@ A"H"/, Ta&r"kh al-)hula#, Mom, #ntish<r<t al* Rad=, @-@@ A"H" ;uwayd=, )uhammad Am=n .d" @D-, A"H"/, Sub&ik al-(hahab, 4eirut, J<r al*>utu$ al*:#lmiya, @-7K A"H" Ta$ar=, )uhammad .d" 1@7 A"H"/, Ta&r"kh al-Umam .a al-Mulk 2Ta&r"kh-i Tabar"3, ed" A 2roup of ;cholars, 5airo, @10A A"H" Turayh=, Ga%hr al*J=n .d" @70A A"H"/, Majma al-Bahrayn, Tehran, Jaftar*i &ashr*i Garhang*i #sl<m=, @-7A A"H" TEs=, )uhammad i$n al*Hasan .d" -,7 A"H"/, Al*Aml", &ajaf, )at$a:a al* &u:m<n, @1A, A"H" 8a:qE$=, Ahmad .d" DKD A"H"/, Ta&r"kh al-Aa*b", 4eirut, J<r al*;<dir, @KK0 5"E" 8afi:=, A$d All<h .d" N,A A"H"/, Mir& al-$inn, 4eirut, )u9assisa al*A:lam= li al*)at$E:<t, @1K7 A"H" Lir%il=, >hayr al*J=n, Al-Alm, 4eirut, J<r al*)al<9y=n, @KKA 5"E" Lu$ayd=, )uhammad .d" 1NK A"H"/, Tj al-Ars, 5airo, >hayriya, @1,7 A"H" Lu$ayr=, )us:a$ .d" D1, A"H"/, Nasab-i ,uraysh, ed" Qavie Provenbal, 4eirut, J<r al*)a:<rif, @K01 5"E"

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