1 ^ 5 1 ia&l B io lo g y

Form 5 Chapter 6 Variation

^Written P ractical
1. Industrial melanism is a term used to describe the adaptation of a population in response to pollution. One example of rapid industrial melanism occurred in populations of peppered moths in the area of Manchester, England from 1845 to 1890. Before the industrial revolution, the trunks of the trees in the forest around Manchester were light due to the presence of lichens. Most of the peppered moths in the area were lightcoloured with dark spots. As the industrial revolution progressed, the tree trunks became covered with soot and turned dark. Over a period of 45 years, the dark variety of the peppered moth became more common.

Dark form of the peppered moth (carbonaria form)

Light form of the peppered moth (typica form)

Before the industrial revolution

The light variety of the peppered moth on a birch tree trunk.

The dark variety of the peppered moth on a birch tree trunk.

After the industrial revolution

The light variety of the peppered moth on a soot-blackened tree trunk.

The dark variety of the peppered moth on a soot-blackened tree trunk.

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B io lo g y

Form 5 Chapter 6 Variation l ^ i

R S H

In general, birds in the area hunted the moths for food. The camouflage of the moths plays an important role in determining whether the birds could see and hunt their prey.

A group of students did a simulation study on the peppered moths using a sheet of white paper and newspaper each as backgrounds and the results are obtained as in Table 1.1. Trial 1 2 Background White Newspaper Starting population Dark months 20 20
Table 1.1

Number picked up White moths 14 4 Dark moths 5 18

White months 20 20

(a) (i)

State two observations on the number of light moths (typica) and dark moths (carbonaria) varieties of the peppered moths found in the two areas. [3 marks] (ii) State one inference for each observation in l(a)(i). [3 marks] [3 marks]

(b) Draw histograms to show the number of moths in both areas. (c) Complete Table 1.2 based on this experiment. Variable Manipulated variable: Responding variable: Constant variable:
Table 1.2

Method to handle variable

(d) State one hypothesis for the study. (e) State the relationship between the number of each variant and the location.

[3 marks] [3 marks]

(f) The two types of peppered moth are classified as varieties of the same species. How is it possible to show that the two varieties belong to the same species? [3 marks] (g) Over very long time periods, it is possible for varieties of one species to develop into separate species. Suggest how this could happen in moths such as the peppered moth. [3 marks] (h) Suggest one method to improve the reliability of the results. [3 marks]

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B io lo g y 1An extra 21 chromosomes is present in all or some other of their cells. [1] ' This additional genetic materials alters the course of development of the foetus and result in material retardation. [1]
(d) When the difference in colour

Form 5 Answers I

Paper 2 Section A 1. (i) Mitochondria Ribosome Golgi apparatus Lysosome (ii) D C B E

To
P r a c tica l

1- (a) (i)

(ii)

The number of the dark moths is 18 and the number of light moths is 4 with the newspaper background which is in the industrial city. The number of light moths is 14 while the number of dark moths is 5 with the white background which is in the country. The high number of dark moths in the industrial city means that they are better camouflaged from their predators than the light moths. The high number of light moths in the country means that they are better camouflaged than the dark moths.

between the moths and the background (surrounding area)is very clear or distinct, the number of moths with that particular colour is fewer. (e) The number of peppered moths whose colour is in contrast with their background is fewer than the number of peppered moths, whose colour is similar to the background. (f) Can interbred/can be mated/ crossed/producing fertile offspring (9) Mutation occurs (h) Increase the number of trials.

Stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs, new membranes are continuosly added to one end of the Golgi apparatus and buds off as vesicles; Transport of lipids / storage of lipids Centriole / centrosomes

O b je c tiv e Q u e stio n s

Mitochondria; aerobic respiration / ATP production 4. B 5. A 2. (a)

Active site

1. B 6. B

2. A 7. C

3. B

S u b je c tiv e Q u e stio n s

Section A 1, (a) (i) X - phosphate, Y - pentose/ deoxyribose (ii) Hydrogen (b) Box on any of the four nucleotides. (b) (c) The active site of an enzyme has a distinctive shape and changes that complement those of its substrate. The shape of the substrate must fit the enzyme. (d) Specific; reversible (e) Manufacture of leather, cheese production. (f) An extracellular enzyme is produced within a cell, then packed and secreted to outside of cell. These enzymes catalyse reactions that are outside of cells. For example, amylase is an enzyme which hydrolyses the substrate outside the cells. 3. (a) (i) (ii) Salivary amylase Starch: Maltose Protein: None (b) (i) Peristalsis (ii) The lining of the intestine is greatly folded to increase the surface area for absorption. There are many villi and microvilli to increase surface area for absorption. (iii) The epithelial cells lining the villus are very thin to facilitate diffusion of digested food.

(b) .2 5 -Key:
[= iH White moth Dark moth

Industrial city

The country

(c)

(i) Method to handle variable Preparing two types of backgrounds consisting of a sheet of white paper and newspaper each. Counting the number of each type of moths. Choosing only one tree trunk and recording the time when the counting was done.

Variable Manipulated variable: Surrounding areas/locations

stability/protect base/replication Chromosomal mutation translocation (ii) Environmental agents such as radiation (e) (i) Male (ii) Klinefelters syndrome. Men that show mixed secondary sexual characteristics, including partial breast development, broadening of the hips and small testis. They are usually infertile because of a low sperm count.

Responding variable: Number of each type of moths in the area Controlled variable: A tree trunk and time of observation

Paper 1 1. 6. 11. 16. 21. 26. 31. 36. 41. 46. C B A B A A C B B D 2. 7. 12. 17. 22. 27. 32. 37. 42. 47. C D C C C B C B A C 3. 8. 13. 18. 23. 28. 33. 38. 43. 48. A A A D A C C D B B 4. 9. 14. 19. 24. 29. 34. 39. 44. 49. A A C A C A A D B D 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40. 45. 50. B D A C A D C C D B

A -1 3

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