Percentage

Percentage(percentumorpercent)meansperhundred.Itisabbreviatedasp.c.or
symbolicallyexpressedas%.
Thus30%means,30partsoutof100Parts.Wecanalsowrite30%as30/100
Ifoutof100piecesmade,15donotpassinspection,itis15%(15onhundred)arerejected.Ifadozen
orangeareboughtforRs.100andsoldforRs.140,theprofitis40percent.

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ConversionofaFractionintoaPercentage:

Thepercentofgainorlossisfoundbydividingtheamountgainorlossbytheoriginalnumberofwhich
thepercentageiswanted,andmultiplyingthequotientby100.

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Afractioncanbeconvertedintoapercentagebysimplymultiplyingitby100.Thus1/10=
(1/10)*100=10pcor10%.

Tip/MustRememberPoints:

Be

st

Toconvertanyfractionx/ytorate%.Multiplythegivenfractionby100andputa%sign.
Toconvertarate%intoafraction,divideitby100anddeletethe%sign.
Toconvert%intodecimalplaceadecimalpointaftertwoplacesfromtheextremerightofthe
integer.
Toconvertadecimalintopercentageshiftthedecimalpointtwoplacestotheright.
Valuein%=valueindecimal*100

SomeImportantresultsofPercentageconvertedintofractionsare:

1
1
1
1
25% =
20% =
10% =
50% =
100% = 1
4
5
10
2
1
1
6 %=
4
16

12

1
1
%=
2
8

1
1
33 % =
3
3

2
2
66 % =
3
3

1
3
37 % =
2
8

62

1
5
%=
2
8

2
1
%=
3
6

14

2
1
% =
7
7

16

87

1
7
%=
2
8


Examples:

Example1:TheincomeofapersonisRs500.Whatwouldbetheincomeifit
increasesby20%?

Solution:IncomewouldbeRs(100+20)%ofof500)or120%of500i.e.
120
*500 = Rs600
100

Example 2 : A man buys a house for Rs20,00,000/- and sells it at a loss of 5%. What
is the selling price?

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Solution : The selling price = (100-5)% of Rs 20,00,000 OR

95
= 95% of 20,00,000 =
*20,00,000 = Rs19,00,000
100

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Example3:Outofatotaloutputof28,000bicyclemanufacturedbyAtlasCyclesLtd.,300
bicycleare,onanaverage,rejected.Whatisthepercentageofbadbicyclesmanufactured?

st

300
28000x100=10.70%or10.70%

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Example4:Incasebyanewprocess100piecescanbemadeinthesametimeas60could
formerlybemade,whatisthegaininoutputofthenewprocessovertheold,expressedin
percent?

Originalnumber=60
Gain=10060=40
40
Hence,60X100=66.7%

SpecialRulesandFormulae

Rules1
Firsttimeincreasedbyx%and2ndtimeincreased
x

numberdecreasedbyx%thenLoss%orless=100

Rules2

IfAisx%morethanB,thenBislessthanAby
x
(100+x)*100%

IfAisx%lessthanB,thenBisgreaterthanAby
x
(100x)*100%

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Rule3

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Example1.

IfRadhasalaryis20%morethanthatofKrishna,thenbyhowmuch%
salaryofKrishnaislessthanRadhassalary.
20
2
Solution:SalaryofKrishnais120*100%=163%less
Example2.
IfsalaryofRiyainitiallyincreasedby20%andsecondtimeincreasedsalary
isdecreasedby20%.Thenwhatwillbeeffectonhissalary?

Solution:

20
SalaryofRiyawillbereducedby100%=4%

Rule4

IfthePriceofanarticleisincreasedbyx%then
x
consumptionmustbedecreasedby(100+x)*100%.
Sothatexpenditureremainsame.

IfthePriceofanarticleisincreasedbyx%then
consumptionmustbedecreasedbyx%then
x
consumptionmustbeincreasedby(100x)*100.

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Rule5

Sothatexpenditureremainsame.

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Example3
IfthepriceofAppleisreducedby25%thenbyhowmuch%its
consumptionmustbeincreasedsothatexpenditureremainsame?

Solution:
25
1
75*100%=333%
1
Hence,consumptionmustbeincreasedby333%

Rule6

If1sttimeSalary/Production/oranythingincreasedbyx%
andsecondtimethatincreaseditemagainincreasedbyy%
thenresultant%increase.

xy
X+y+100%

Rule7

If1sttimesalary/production/populationoranything
increasedbyx%andsecondtimethatincreaseditem
decreasedbyy%thenresultant%change.

Bymeasuringthesidesofarectangleifonesideistaken
x%excessandothersidey%excess.Thenareaofrectangle
willbeincreasedby

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Rule8

xy
xy100%

st

Bymeasuringthesidesofarectangleifonesidetakenx%
excessandothersidetakeny%lessthen%changeinArea.

Be

Rule9

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xy
X+y+x100%

xy
Xy100%

Rule10

Ifprice/salary/population/production1stdecreasedbyx%
and2ndtimeagainthedecreaseditemagaindecreasedby
y%thenresultant%decrease
xy
X+y100%

Rule11

Ifsideofsquareorradiusofcircleincreasedbyx%then%
changeinArea
x
2x+100%

Rule12

Ifsideofsquareorradiusofcircledecreasedbyx%the
Areawilldecreasedby

Population/ProductionFormulae

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Rule13

x
2x100%

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IfpopulationofatownisPandannualincreasedisr%then
population,

r
IAfternyears=P(1+100)n

st

r
IINYearsAgo=P/(1+100)n

Rule14

Be

ResultonDepreciation

LetthepresentpriceofamachinebeRs.Pandletit
depreciateattherateofr%perannum.Thenvalueof
Machine
r
IAfternYears=P(1100)n
r
IINYearsago=P/(1100)n

Rule15

MarksintheExamination
Ifinexaminationtherearetwocandidateswhoscorex%
andy%marksbutthefirstonefailsbyPmarksandSecond
candidategetRmarksmorethanthepassingmarks,then
maximummarkssetforexamination
(P+R)
(P+R) (yx) *100
Ifinanexaminationx%failedinMathsandy%failedin
Englishandz%failinbothpaperthen%ofstudentwho
passedinboththesubject

Rule16

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100(x+yz)%

Ifinanexaminationitisrequiredtogetx%butacandidate
getsymarksandfailsbyzmarks.Thenmaximummarks
(y+z)
setforexam x *100

st

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Rule17

Example4:

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Ifthelengthofrectangleisincreasedby20%anditsbreadthdecreasedby10%thenfind%
changeonitsArea?

Solution.
2010+

20x10
100 =8%increase.

Example5:
Thepopulationofatownis2,40,000.Itincreasedattherateof5%per
year.Whatwillbepopulationofthattownin3years?


Solution.
21*21*21
2,40,000*20*20*20=30*9261=2,77,830
Example3:
Inanexamination,70%ofthecandidatespassedinEnglish,65%inMathematics.
27%studentsfailedinbothsubjects.Whatisthepasspercentageofstudents
passedinbothsubjects:

ThosefaililnginEnglish=30%

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Failinginbothsubjects=27%

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Solution:ThosefailinginMaths=35%

Thus,studentsfailinginoneorboththesubjects=(35+3027)%or38%

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Therefore,studentspasspercentageinbothsubjects=10038=62%