The Eurocodes: Building and Civil Engineering Codes For Europe

The Eurocodes: Building and Civil Engineering Codes for Europe
Professor Haig Gulvanessian CBE

Civil Engineering and Eurocode Consultant Associate, BRE Visiting Professor, Imperial College London
Professor Haig Gulvanessian
SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
Objectives of the Eurocodes The Construction Products Directive Scope of the Eurocodes Eurocode system National Implementation, National Annexes
and National Determined Parameters Programme of release and withdrawal of BSI codes Actions for industry and the profession Industry initiatives Conclusion
OBJECTIVES OF EUROCODES AND THEIR STATUS

The European Commissions objective is for: The Eurocodes to establish a set of common technical rules for the design of buildings and civil engineering works which will ultimately replace the differing rules in the various Member States
The European Landscape
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE EUROCODES AND THEIR STATUS

The Eurocodes are intended to serve as reference documents to be recognised by authorities of the member states for the following purposes:
as
a basis for specifying contracts for the execution of construction works and related engineering services in the area of public works (relates to Council Directives on Public Procurement)
as
a means of compliance of building and civil engineering works with the Essential Requirements as set out in Council Directive 89/106/EEC, (The Construction Products Directive) particularly ER No 1 - Mechanical resistance and stability and part of ER2 Safety in case of fire. as a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for construction products
What is CPD trying to achieve?

Internal market objectives: competitiveness

Better buildings and Construction Works:

More trade and competition Lower costs lower prices for building users Better quality and range of products better buildings Innovation benefits to building users
Stronger products industry income & employment

Protect health & safety of public (with the Eurocodes) Protect environment (and heritage / architectural wealth)
Safety and Environmental objectives
THE SIX ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS (Basic Works Requirements) RELATE TO THE PERFORMANCE OF THE WORKS:

Mechanical resistance and stability Safety in case of a fire Hygiene, health and environment Safety in use Protection against noise Energy economy and heat retention
Some, all, or none of these may be relevant in a particular case

ELEMENTS OF THE CPD

CE Marking of Construction Products The CE (Conformit Europenne) Mark
THE OBJECTIVES OF THE EUROCODES AND THEIR STATUS

In addition the Eurocodes are foreseen to:
improve the functioning of the single market for products and engineering services, by removing obstacles arising from different nationally codified practices for the assessment of structural reliability improve the competitiveness of the European construction industry, and the professionals and industries connected to it, in countries outside the European Union
The Eurocodes (CEN definition)

The Eurocodes are a set of standards that contain
common unified calculation methods to assess the mechanical resistance of structures and parts thereof.
They will be used to Design buildings and civil engineering works Check their conformity with Essential Requirement 1
(Mechanical Resistance); 2 (Safety in Case of Fire): 4 (Safety in Use) Determine the performance of structural construction products (CPD)
SCOPE OF EUROCODES
The Eurocodes are intended to be used for structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including :

Geotechnical aspects Structural fire design Situations including earthquakes, execution, and temporary structures
SCOPE OF EUROCODES
For the design of special construction works (e.g.nuclear installations, dams, etc) additional provisions than those in the Eurocodes might be necessary
SCOPE OF EUROCODES
The Eurocodes are applicable for the structural appraisal of existing construction, in developing the design of repairs and alterations or in assessing changes of use
N.B. Additional or amended provisions might be necessary where appropriate (e.g. the IStructE document or HA Bridge Assessment Standards in the UK).
EUROCODE PROGRAMME
The following structural Eurocodes, each generally consisting of a number of parts, some of which relate to bridges, will be released in EN form between 2002 and 2007 All have been developed from ENVs Eurocode: Basis of structural design EN 1990 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures EN 1991 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures EN 1992 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures EN 1993 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete EN 1994 structures Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures EN 1995 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures EN 1996 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design EN 1997 Eurocode 8: Design structure for earthquake resistance EN 1998 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures EN 1999
THE EUROCODES : 10 sets of design codes 58 Parts about 5000 pages
LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES

EN 1990 Structural safety, serviceability and durability Actions on structures Design and detailing
EN 1991
EN 1992 EN 1995
EN 1993 EN 1994 EN 1996 EN 1999
EN 1997
EN 1998
Geotechnical and Seismic design
EN 1990: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

For the design of buildings and civil engineering works every Eurocode part from, EN 1991:Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures, and The design Eurocodes EN 1992 to EN 1999 has to be used together with EN 1990 EN 1990 provides the material independent information required for the design of buildings and civil engineering works for the Eurocodes suite.
The European Standardisation System

CEN Design standards : The Eurocodes CEN Material and Product Standards (Steel, cement, concrete, structural bearings, barriers and parapets, etc.) European Technical Approvals (Expansion joints, prestressing tendons, etc.)
CEN Execution standards (for example, standards for the execution of concrete and steel structures) CEN Test Standards
Example of the European standardisation system for the construction of bridges
Part 1-1 General rules and rules for buildings Part 1-2 Structural fire design
Organisation of material the Eurocodes: EN 1992/3/4/5/6 & 9
Part 2 Bridges
IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROCODES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE NATIONAL ANNEX Eurocodes recognise the responsibility of
Regulatory and other Relevant Authorities in each Member State and have safeguarded their right to determine values related to safety matters at National level where these continue to vary from State to State Foreword of EN 1990 This is through the National Annex
Elements of the national publication of a European Standard

ISO/CEI Directives Part 3 (supplement ( supplement) )
a b c a b c d e f National title page National foreword EN title page EN text EN Annex Annex(es) (es) National annex d e f
IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROCODES Eurocode EN 199n-p

EUROPE
Normative Part (no choice)
Part open to choices
MEMBER STATE
Transformation into National standard
Choices made in the National Annex
(National) EN 199n-p
Choices for the individual project, national guidance, etc.
NATIONAL ANNEX
A National Annex may contain directly or by reference to specific provisions, information on those parameters which are left open in the Eurocodes for national choice, the Nationally Determined Parameters (the NDPs), to be used for the design of building and civil engineering works to be constructed in the country concerned
TYPES OF NATIONALLY DETERMINED PARAMETER IN THE NATIONAL ANNEX

Values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the EN Eurocode e.g. safety factors Values to be used where a symbol only is given in the EN Eurocode e.g. safety factors
Country specific data (geographical, climatic etc) e.g. a snow map The procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the EN Eurocode
Table A1.2(B) - EN 1990 (NA) STR/GEO (Set B) for Buildings

Persistent and transient design situations Permanent actions Leading variable action Accompanying variable actions (*) Persistent and transient design situations Permanent actions Leading variable action (*) Action Accompanying variable actions (*)
Unfavourable (Eq. 6.10)
Favourable
Main (if any)
Others
Unfavourable (Eq. 6.10a) (Eq. 6.10b)
Favourable
Main
Others
Gj,supGkj,sup
Gj,infGkj,inf
Q,1Qk,1
Q,I0,iQk,i
Gj,supGkj,sup Gj,supGkj,sup
Gj,infGkj,inf Gj,infGkj,inf
Q,1Qk,1
Q,10,1Qk,1
Q,i0,iQk,i Q,i0,iQk,i
(*) Variable actions are those considered in Table A1.1 NOTE 1 The choice between 6.10, or 6.10a and 6.10b will be in the National annex. In case of 6.10a and 6.10b, the National annex may in addition modify 6.10a to include permanent actions only. NOTE 2 The and values may be set by the National annex. The following values for and are recommended when using expressions 6.10, or 6.10a and 6.10b. Gj,sup = 1,35 Gj,inf = 1,00 Q,1 = 1,50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable) Q,i = 1,50 where unfavourable (0 where favourable) = 0,85 (so that Gj,sup = 0,85 1,35 1,15). See also EN 1991 to EN 1999 for values to be used for imposed deformations. NOTE 3 The characteristic values of all permanent actions from one source are multiplied by G,sup if the total resulting action effect is unfavourable and G,inf if the total resulting action effect is favourable. For example, all actions originating from the self weight of the structure may be considered as coming from one source ; this also applies if different materials are involved. NOTE 4 For particular verifications, the values for G and Q may be subdivided into g and q and the model uncertainty factor Sd. A value of Sd in the range 1,05 to 1,15 can be used in most common cases and can be modified in the National annex.

Values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the EN Eurocode e.g. safety factors Values to be used where a symbol only is given in the EN Eurocode e.g. safety factors
Country specific data (geographical, climatic etc) e.g. a snow map

The procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the EN Eurocode
UK and Republic of Ireland Ground Snow Load Map

Determination of Sk Sk = (0,15 + [0,1Z + 0,05]) + ((A 100)/525)) Sk = Characteristic ground snow load (kN/m2) Z = Zone number (obtained from map) A = Site altitude (m)

Values and/or classes where alternatives are given in the EN Eurocode e.g. safety factors Values to be used where a symbol only is given in the EN Eurocode e.g. safety factors Country specific data (geographical, climatic etc) e.g. a snow map
The procedure to be used where alternative procedures are given in the EN Eurocode
EN1990 : BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Ultimate limit states of STR/GEO - Fundamental combination for persistent and transient design situations Expression (6.10) in EN 1990
j 1
G, j
G k , j "+ " P P "+ " Q ,1Q k ,1 "+ " Q , i 0 , i Q k , i

i >1
Expressions (6.10a) and (6.10b) in EN 1990
G , j Gk , j "+" P P"+" Q ,i 0 ,i Qk ,i j 1 i 1 j G , j Gk , j "+" P P"+" Q ,1Qk ,1 "+" Q ,i 0 ,i Qk ,i i >1 j 1

0,85 1,00
The Number of NDPs and their distribution in the Eurocode Suite

EN Eurocodes NDPs (Expected 1334 clauses with NDPs)
EN 1997 6% EN 1996 4% EN 1995 3% EN 1994 4% EN 1998 10% EN 1999 6% EN 1990 4%
EN 1990 EN 1991 EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994 EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1997 EN 1998 EN 1999
EN 1991 25% EN 1993 21%
EN 1992 17%
OTHER GUIDANCE ALLOWED IN THE NATIONAL ANNEX

Decisions on the application of informative annexes Reference to non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI) to assist the user to apply the Eurocodes
OTHER GUIDANCE ALLOWED IN THE NATIONAL ANNEX
The National Annex may have to refer to National (complementary) standards. These standards will specify essential guidance not covered in the Eurocode, which was covered in the corresponding National Standard which has to be withdrawn
PROGRAMME OF RELEASE FOR EUROCODES
It was the objective that the fifty-eight Eurocode Parts would become available as EN Eurocodes between 2002 and 2007. This target has been met
CO-EXISTENCE BETWEEN EN EUROCODES AND NATIONAL STANDARDS

After a Eurocode becomes an EN, under CEN rules there will be a period of co-existence with the appropriate National Code (about 3 years), after which the National Code will be withdrawn
PACKAGES OF EN EUROCODE PARTS

Package - a group of Eurocode Parts that are needed for a particular design e.g. for Buildings Bridges Silos, tanks and pipelines Etc.
5/2-Bridg. <= Packages
Eurocode 2 2/1-Bldgs 2/2-Bridg. 2/3-Liquid Eurocode 3 3/1-Bldgs 3/2-Bridg. 3/3-Silos 3/4-Piling 3/5-Crane 3/6-Towers Eurocode 4 4/1-Bldgs 4/2-Bridg. Eurocode 5 5/1-Bldgs
Eurocode 6 6/1-Bldgs 6/2-Simpl. Eurocode 9 9/1-No Fat. 9/2-With Fat. Latest completion of a Package X
Eurocode Packages
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
Foundations for timber structures are designed using packages other than 5/1 or 5/2
EN 1997 Parts 2 and 3 will be available during the period of National Examination or co-existence of the other parts; their availability Does not however need to affect the start of these periods of National Examination or co-existence

X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X
EN 1990 EN 1991-1-1 EN 1991-1-2 EN 1991-1-3 EN 1991-1-4 EN 1991-1-5 EN 1991-1-6 EN 1991-1-7 EN 1991-2 EN 1991-3 EN 1991-4 EN 1992-1-1 EN 1992-1-2 EN 1992-2 EN 1992-3 EN 1993-1-1 EN 1993-1-2 EN 1993-1-3 EN 1993-1-4 EN 1993-1-5 EN 1993-1-6 EN 1993-1-7 EN 1993-1-8 EN 1993-1-9 EN 1993-1-10 EN 1993-1-11 EN 1993-2 EN 1993-3 EN 1993-4-1 EN 1993-4-2 EN 1993-4-3 EN 1993-5 EN 1993-6 EN 1993-7-1 EN 1993-7-2 EN 1994-1-1 EN 1994-1-2 EN 1994-2 EN 1995-1-1 EN 1995-1-2 EN 1995-2 EN 1996-1-1 EN 1996-1-2 EN 1996-1-3 EN 1996-2 EN 1996-3 EN 1997-1 EN 1997-2 EN 1997-3 EN 1998-1 EN 1998-2 EN 1998-3 EN 1998-4 EN 1998-5 EN 1998-6 EN 1999-1-1 EN 1999-1-2 EN 1999-2
Basis Self load Fire Snow load Wind load Thermal actions Const. Load Accidental Bridges Cranes Silos/Tanks General Rules Fire Bridges Liquid Retain General Rules Fire Thingauge Stainless Steel Plated Struct. Shells Out of Plane Joints Fatigue Fractures Cables Bridges Gnl Rules (2) Silos Tanks Pipelines Piling Crane Towers Chimneys General Rules Fire Bridges General Rules Fire Bridges General Rules Fire Lateral Loads Special Design Simplified General Rules Lab Tests Field Tests General Rules Bridges Strength Silo/Pipe/Tank Foundations Towers General Rules Fire Fatigue
STRUCTURE OF THE EUROPEAN EN STANDARD SYSTEM FOR BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING WORKS IN CONCRETE
DATES OF WITHDRAWAL OF BSI CODES OF PRACTICE

Conflicting National Standards (e.g. BS6399, BS8110, BS5950 etc. in the UK) shall be withdrawn at the end of the co-existence period after all of the EN Eurocodes together with their National Annexes in a particular package are available Estimates: BSI Codes for buildings: 2010 (possibly 2008 for EN 1992) BSI Codes for bridges: 2010 Note: It is the aim for Sweden and for most of new Europe to implement in 2008 at the latest. Germany will be implementing EN 1990 and EN 1991 in 2007
Implementing Eurocodes Progress so far

Status of Eurocode Parts No 58 56 19 0 0 0 58
Made Available by CEN Published by BSI UK National Annexes Positively voted and awaiting publication At voting stage Under development
TOTAL
Eurocode Programme for EN 1990 to EN 1999

Key to Tables Status Published Positively Voted -Awaiting Publication At formal vote Under development
Colour Used
Eurocode Programme for EN 1990 & EN 1991

Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design Eurocode EN 1990 Annex A2 of EN 1990 Eurocode EN 1991-1-1 EN 1991-1-2 EN 1991-1-3 EN 1991-1-4 EN 1991-1-5 EN 1991-1-6 EN 1991-1-7 EN 1991-2 EN 1991-3 EN 1991-4 Title Basis of Structural Design with Annex A1 for buidings Basis of Structural Design with Annex A2 for bridges Title Densities, self-weight and imposed loads Actions on structures exposed to fire Snow Loads Wind actions Thermal actions Actions during execution Accidental actions Traffic loads on bridges Actions induced by cranes and machinery Actions in silos and tanks Date of Avail April 02 Dec 05 Pub by BSI ? July 02 Dec 05 Pub of NA Dec 04 June 08 Withdrl of NS March 2010 March 2010
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Date of Avail April 02 Nov 02 July 03 May 05 October 03 July 05 May 06 Sept 03 May 06 Feb 06 Pub by BSI ? July 02 Nov 02 July 03 May 05 March 04 Nov 05 June 06 October 03 June 06 June 06 Pub of NA Jan 06 April 07 Dec 05 May 08 April 07 April 08 May 08 Jan 08 2008 2008 Withdrl of NS March 2010 Dec 2009 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010
Eurocode Programme for ENs 1992, & 1993

Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Eurocode EN 1992-1-1 EN 1992-1-2 EN 1992-2 EN 1992-3 Title General rules and rules for buildings Structural fire design Reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges Liquid retaining and containment structures Date of Avail Dec 04 Dec 04 Nov 05 June 06 Pub by BSI ? Dec 04 Feb 05 Dec 05 July 06 Pub of NA Dec 05 Dec 05 Dec 07 Dec 07 Withdrl of NS March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010
Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures Eurocode EN 1993-1-1 EN 1993-1-2 EN 1993-1-3 EN 1993-1-4 EN 1993-1-5 EN 1993-1-6 EN 1993-1-7 Title General rules and rules for buildings Structural fire design Cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting Stainless steels Strength and stabiity of planar plated structures without transverse loading Strength and stability of shell structures Plated structural elements transversely loaded Date of Avail May 05 April 05 Oct 06 Oct 06 Oct 06 Oct 06 Oct 06 Pub by BSI ? May 05 April 05 Nov 06 Nov 06 Nov 06 May 07 July 07 Pub of NA March 08 March 08 2008 2008 March 08 July 08 No NA Withdrl of NS March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010
Eurocode Programme for EN 1993 (Cont.)

Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures (Cont) Eurocode EN 1993-1-8 EN 1993-1-9 EN 1993-1-10 EN 1993-1-11 EN 1993-2 EN 1993-3-1 EN 1993-3-2 EN 1993-4-1 EN 1993-4-2 EN 1993-4-3 EN 1993-5 EN 1993-6 Title Design of joints Fatigue strength of steel structures Fracture toughness and through thickness properties Tension components made of steel Steel bridges Towers and masts Chimneys Silos, tanks and pipelines - silos Silos, tanks and pipelines - tanks Silos, tanks and pipelines - pipelines Piling Cranes supporting structures Date of Avail May 05 May 05 May 05 Oct 06 Oct 06 Oct 06 Nov 06 Nov 06 Nov 06 Nov 06 Nov 06 Nov 06 Publ by BSI ? May 05 May 05 May 05 Nov 06 Nov 06 Sep 07 Sep 07 May 07 May 07 May 07 April 07 July 07 Publ of NA March 08 March 08 March 08 July 08 Jan 08 Aug 08 June 08 No NA No NA No NA 2008 2008 Withdrl of NS March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010

Eurocode 4: Design of Composite Concrete and Steel Structures Eurocode EN 1994-1-1 EN 1994-1-2 EN 1994-2 Title General rules and rules for buildings Structural fire design Composite bridges Date of Avail Dec 04 Sept 05 Nov 05 Pub by BSI ? Feb 05 Dec 05 Jan 06 Pub of NA Feb 08 Feb 08 Dec 07 Withdrl of NS March 2010 March 2010 March 2010
Eurocode 9: Design of Aluminium Structures Eurocode EN 1999-1-1 EN 1999-1-2 EN 1999-1-3 EN 1999-1-4 EN 1999-1-5 Title Commom rules Structural fire design Fatigue Trapezoidal sheeting Shell structures Date of Avail Nov 06 Nov 06 Dec 06 Nov 06 Dec 06 Pub by BSI ? Aug 07 April 07 Aug 07 April 07 April 07 Pub of NA May 08 May 08 May 08 May 08 May 08 Withdrl of NS March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010

Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures Eurocode EN 1995-1-1 EN 1995-1-2 EN 1995-2 Title General rules and rules for buildings Structural fire design Timber bridges Date of Avail Nov 04 Nov 04 Nov 04 Pub by BSI ? Dec 04 Dec 04 Dec 04 Pub of NA Oct 06 Oct 06 Oct 06 Withdrl of NS March 2010 March 2010 March 2010
Eurocode 6: Design of Masonry Structures Eurocode EN 1996-1-1 EN 1996-1-2 EN 1996-2 EN 1996-3 Title Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry Structural fire design Masonry selection and execution Masonry - simplified calculations Date of Avail Nov 05 May 05 Jan 06 Jan 06 Pub by BSI ? Dec 05 June 05 Feb 06 March 06 Pub of NA May 07 May 07 May 07 May 07 Withdrl of NS March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010

Eurocode 7: Geotechnical Design Eurocode EN 1997-1 EN 1997-2 Title General requirments Ground investigations Date of Avail Nov 04 Feb 07 Pub by BSI ? Dec 04 April 07 Pub of NA Dec 07 Oct 08 Withdrl of NS March 2010 March 2010
Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance Eurocode EN 1998-1 EN 1998-2 EN 1998-3 EN 1998-4 EN 1998-5 EN 1998-6 Title General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings Bridges Assessment and retrofitting of buildings Silos, tanks and pipeline Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects Towers and masts Date of Avail Dec 04 Nov 05 June 05 June 06 Nov 04 June 05 Pub by BSI ? April 05 Dec 05 Jan 06 Sep06 April 05 Jan 06 Pub of NA March 08 2008 No NA Aug 08 May 08 Dec 08 Withdrl of NS March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010 March 2010

The Eurocodes: Building and Civil Engineering Codes For Europe

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The Eurocodes: Building and Civil Engineering Codes for Europe

Professor Haig Gulvanessian CBE

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

OBJECTIVES OF EUROCODES AND THEIR STATUS

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

The European Landscape

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

THE OBJECTIVES OF THE EUROCODES AND THEIR STATUS

What is CPD trying to achieve?

Internal market objectives: competitiveness

Better buildings and Construction Works:

Stronger products industry income & employment

Safety and Environmental objectives

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Some, all, or none of these may be relevant in a particular case

ELEMENTS OF THE CPD

THE OBJECTIVES OF THE EUROCODES AND THEIR STATUS

The Eurocodes (CEN definition)

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

THE EUROCODES : 10 sets of design codes 58 Parts about 5000 pages

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES

EN 1993 EN 1994 EN 1996 EN 1999

Geotechnical and Seismic design

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1990: BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

The European Standardisation System

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Example of the European standardisation system for the construction of bridges

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Organisation of material the Eurocodes: EN 1992/3/4/5/6 & 9

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Elements of the national publication of a European Standard

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROCODES Eurocode EN 199n-p

Normative Part (no choice)

Part open to choices

Transformation into National standard

Choices made in the National Annex

Choices for the individual project, national guidance, etc.

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

TYPES OF NATIONALLY DETERMINED PARAMETER IN THE NATIONAL ANNEX

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

Table A1.2(B) - EN 1990 (NA) STR/GEO (Set B) for Buildings

Unfavourable (Eq. 6.10)

Main (if any)

Unfavourable (Eq. 6.10a) (Eq. 6.10b)

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

TYPES OF NATIONALLY DETERMINED PARAMETER IN THE NATIONAL ANNEX

Country specific data (geographical, climatic etc) e.g. a snow map

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

UK and Republic of Ireland Ground Snow Load Map

TYPES OF NATIONALLY DETERMINED PARAMETER IN THE NATIONAL ANNEX

Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN1990 : BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

G k , j "+ " P P "+ " Q ,1Q k ,1 "+ " Q , i 0 , i Q k , i

Expressions (6.10a) and (6.10b) in EN 1990

G , j Gk , j "+" P P"+" Q ,i 0 ,i Qk ,i j 1 i 1 j G , j Gk , j "+" P P"+" Q ,1Qk ,1 "+" Q ,i 0 ,i Qk ,i i >1 j 1

The Number of NDPs and their distribution in the Eurocode Suite