21 Wood

Wood structures Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-02 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 1
Wood
Types:
Balloon framing (rare)
Platform framing
Heavy timber framing
Challenges:
Combustible
Termite attacks
Decays in variable humidity
Limited height and floor area
Advantages:
The only renewable material
Warm, natural appearance
Low energy required
Easy to work, low cost
Light weight = low seismic forces
Rupture Length
Rupture length is the maximum length a bar of
constant cross section can be suspended without
rupture under its weight in tension (compression
for concrete & masonry)
Rapture length defines the efficiency of material
as strength / weight ratio:
R = F /
where
R = rupture length
F = breaking strength
= specific gravity (self weight)
The graph data is partly based on a study of the
Institute of Light weight Structures, University
Stuttgart, Germany.
Energy use
For simple beam of
Aluminum [Aluminium]
Concrete [Bton]
Steel [Acier]
Wood [Bois]
demonstrates wood requires
much less energy !
Study by EPFL
(Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne)
W
o
o
d
Wood properties
1 Effect of fiber direction on shrinkage and deformation
2 Flat grain: strong patterns, large deformation
3 Vertical grain: fine patterns, small deformation
4 Plainsawing: flat grain, minimal waist
5 Quartersawing: vertical grain, some waist
6 Possible pattern: vertical grain,minimal waist
7 Possible pattern: vertical grain, minimal waist
A Length shrinkage 0.2%
1
B Radial shrinkage 2.5%
1
C Tangential shrinkage 5%
1
D Center cut causes concave deformation
E Vertical grain cut causes minimal distortion
F Diagonal grain cut causes rhomboidal distortion.
G Flat grain cut causes maximum distortion.
1
Typical softwoodshrinkage @ 20% moisture reduction
Heavy timber framing
Timber residence
Architect: Thomas Herzog
rods resist lateral load
Gamble house Pasadena
Architects: Green and Green
Timber residence
Architect: Marquiesand Stoller
Engineer: Eric Elsesser
rods resist lateral load
Heavy Timber
A J oists support floor or roof deck
B Planks supported by beams
C Single beam require device to connect to column
D Twin beams bolted to column
allow pipes, etc. to pass between
E Post
F Cross-bracing resists lateral load
Post, beam, joist framing
Post / beam framing:
1,2 Flush joint
Requires metal connector
Ducts and pipes cant pass between beams
3,4 Twin beam / single post
Simple bolted connection of twin beams to post
Ducts and pipes can pass between beams
5,6 Single beam and twin post
Less buckling strength than a single post
Simple bolted joint of single beam to twin posts
J oist framing:
1,2 Flush joists require joist hangers
3-6 Top joists
Simple framing
Allows ducts between joists
Expose beams below ceiling
Post cap and base
Post cap and base are essential for seismic safety
To prevent beam from slipping off the post
1 Post cap
2 Post cap alternate
3 T-post-beam connector
4 L-post-beam connector
5 Post base with u-strap
6 Post base alternate
Beam anchor
Beam anchors are essential for seismic safety
to prevent beam from slipping off the wall
1 Steel bracket bolted to beam, anchor bolt into wall
2 Anchor bolt directly through beam into wall
3 Axon of 1 above
4 Axon of 2 above
5 Bracket with 2 anchor bolts
6 Concealed T-bracket
Beam support
Beam hangers are required fro flush framing
1 Beam hanger with single flange
2 Beam hanger with twin flange
3 Heavy-duty twin beam hanger
4 Heavy-duty single beam hanger
5 Concealed beam hanger
6 Angle brackets secure beam to wall plate
Balloon framing
Balloon framing, invented by George W Snow, was first
used for St. Mary's Church, built 1833 in Chicago.
Balloon framing was a pejorative term, used by critics to make fun
of its light weight.
Platform framing, which evolved from balloon framing, replaced it
largely today.
Yet less vertical shrinkage than platform framing makes balloon
framing preferred for veneer walls.
Studs extend two stories with blocking as fire stops.
Floor joists, usually 2x12 at 16 in, rest on 1x4 ribbons. Plywood or
other wall sheathing, resists lateral load. Plywood also provides floor
and roof decks.
Blocking of joists resist rotation and supports plywood edges to
transfer shear.
J oist and stud spacing may also be 12 or 24 in. Plywood and gypsum
board panels 48 (4) wide match 2, 3, or 4 joist or stud spaces of
24, 16 or 12, respectively.
A J oist at 16", alternately 12 or 24"
B Blocking under plywood panel edges
C Double plates overlap at corners and splices
D Stud, 2x6, spaced 16", alternately 24"
E Fire blocking at floor level
F Ribbon, 1x4, support floor joists
G Anchor bolt, 1/2 at 4 max.
H Sole plate, min. 6 above soil
I Concrete foundation
Platform framing
Platform framing, which derived from and largely replaced
balloon framing tody, is widely used for low-rise residential
structures, due to economy & flexibility.
2x4 studs @ 16 reach from platform to platform.
Double top plates overlap at corners and splices.
Plywood sheathing, nailed to studs, resists lateral loads.
J oists, usually 2x12 @ 16 support plywood platforms.
Blocking resists joist buckling and supports plywood panel
edges to transfer shear.
Plywood and gypsum board panels 48 (4) wide match 2, 3,
or 4 joist or stud spaces of 24, 16 or 12, respectively.
Maximum height allowed: 3 stories (4 with fire sprinklers)
A J oists, 2x12 or 2x10 @ 16", 24, or 12 o.c..
B Blocking
C Double top plates overlap at corners and splices
D Studs, 2x4, 2x6, or 3x4 @ 16 or 24 o. c.
E Bottom plates
F Double plates supporting joists
G Anchor bolt, 1/2 @ 6 o. c.
H Sole plate, min. 6" above soil
I Concrete foundation
Wall intersections
Wall intersections are joined by overlapping twin top
plates nailed together with two face nails.
Multiple studs provide nailing surfaces for sheathing.
1 Wall corner
2 Wall intersection between studs
3 Wall intersection at studs
A Double top plate
B Stud
C Top plates at corner joined with two 16d face nails
D 1x6 let-in braces before sheathing is applied
E Metal braces before sheathing is applied
F Corner studs provide nailing surface for sheathing
G Sole plate
H Anchor bolt spaced maximum 4 ft
I Blocking and shim
J Double studs provide nailing surface for sheathing
Wall openings
Wall openings have a header supported by trimmers.
Small opening headers may be twin joists.
Large openings may need a beam header.
Openings extending to the ceiling require joist hangers.
Metal straps join header to rim joist to transfer lateral
load to shear walls.
1 Conventional door and window openings
2 Window openings flush with floor or roof joists
A Header, twin joist or single beam
B Trimmer supports header
C Four 10d nails join header to stud
D Twin sill plates
E Cripple studs
F Header beam flush with joists
G J oist hanger
H Metal straps connect header to rim joist to transfer
lateral load to shear walls
I Post
Joist bracing
Bridging resists joist buckling only
Blocking resists joist buckling and transfers shear at
plywood panel edges.
Blocking doubles allowable plywood diaphragm shear.
Tongue-and-groove plywood with nails through tongue
transfers shear without blocking.
Floor openings usually have twin joists around edges,
face-nailed with 16d nails at 6 in to transfer shear.
For large openings beams are better than twin joists.
1 Bridging
2 Blocking
3 Floor opening
A Bridging resists rotation of joists only
B Double plate overlap
C Blocking resists joist buckling transfers shear
D Twin joists at floor opening
E J oist hangers
Joist and truss joist
Standard joists of solid soft wood are most common.
Yet increasing scarcity of wood and a need for longer
spans prompted development of prefab joists.
Various joists, made from economical scrap, provide for
longer spans and consistent quality.
These joists have depths of nominally 5 up to 24 in.
For long spans, truss joists are used.
1 J oist of solid wood
2 Composite particle board joist with laminated flange
3 Laminated joist
4 I-joist of plywood web and laminated flanges
5 I-joist of plywood web and double flanges
6 Box joist of double plywood web and single flanges
7 Truss joist of metal web bars bolted to double flanges
8 Truss joist with bars joined by metal gusset gang-nails
9 Truss joist of twin flange bars nailed to single web bar
Roof truss
Roof trusses usually have bars joined by gusset plates or
by bolt and split ring.
Gusset plate trusses have all bars in the same plane.
Split ring trusses need bars to overlap at joints.
Closely spaced trusses usually support directly a deck of
plywood or planks without purlins.
Widely spaced trusses require purlins to support decks.
1 Truss with gusset plate joints
2 Gusset plate for nails on both sides of truss
3 Gang-nail gusset plate on both sides of truss
4 Truss with bolt and split ring joints
5 Split-ring joint
A Split ring resists shear stress
B Bolt ties split-ring assembly together
Plywood diaphragm
Plywood diaphragms nailed to joists transfer lateral load
to shear walls. Blocking between joists transfers shear
from panel to panel.
1-2 Continuing joints normal to load require few nails.
3-4 Continuing joints parallel to load require more nails
5-6 Continuing joints both ways require most nails
7 Case 1 axon
8 Blocking, spaced 8 ft rather than 4 ft
9 Blocking at panel edges transfers shear
10 Tongue-and-grove joint, nailed at 7" transfers shear
A Assumed load direction
B J oists
C Blocking
D Plywood panels
E Nail
Plywood shear wall
Plywood must be nailed to wood framing to resist
lateral shear of wind and seismic forces.
1. Plywood shear wall
2. Plywood shear wall with horizontal boards
3. Max. shear wall aspect ratio 1:3.5
(Los Angeles 1:2 since Northridge EQ)
4. Plywood nail spacing
A Blocking transfers shear
B Nail
C Plywood sheathing
D Hold-down resists overturning
E Nail spacing at panel edges (max. 6)
F Nail spacing at other studs (max. 12)
Wall straps and hold-downs
Wall straps splice drag struts that transfer lateral load to
shear walls.
They may also secure upper floor shear walls to shear
walls below to resist overturning.
Hold-downs tie both ends of shear walls to footing to
resist overturning
1 Metal strap
1
ties shear wall to lower floor to resist overturning
2 Metal strap
in drag strut transfers lateral load to shear walls
3 Twin hold-downs
1
Tie shear wall to lower floor to resist overturning
4 Hold-down
1
Ties shear wall to the foundation to resist overturning
1
Required at both ends of shear walls
Metal anchors
Metal anchors connect roofs and floors to shear walls.
Floors and roofs typically are nailed to blocking or rim
joists that rest on twin top plates.
Plywood panels usually reach only the top plates and
leave a gap in shear transfer from floor to floor.
Metal anchors provide the missing connection.
Full height plywood panels need no metal anchors.
1 Exterior wall with metal anchors
2 Interior wall with metal anchors
3 Exterior wall without need for metal anchors
4 Interior wall without need for metal anchors
A Blocking (or rim joist) at exterior shear wall
B Metal anchor with 12 - 8d nails resists 500#shear
C Extend of plywood panel to top of plate only
D Blocking of interior shear wall
E Metal anchor
F Possible shear wall above floor
G Plywood panel nailed to top of blocking or rim joist
provides load pass without need for metal anchors
H Floor joist
I Plywood nailed to top joist requires no metal anchor
Joist support
Beams may support floor and roof joists two ways, flush
support and top support.
Flush support joins beam and joist with flush top
Requires joist hangers
Is more labor intensive
Provides narrow joist support
Conceals beam within floor depth
Prevents ducts and pipes to pass between joists
Top support joist supported on top of beam
Needs no hardware to connect
Is less labor intensive to install
Provides wider support
Exposes the beam below the ceiling;
Allows ducts and pipes to pass between joists
1 Flush support with joist hanger
2 Flush support on steel beam with wood ledger
3 Flush support with double flange joist hanger
4 Wood ledger on bottom flange of steel beam
5 Top support overlapped on wood beam
6 Top support overlapped on wood ledger of steel beam
Asymmetric support
J oists on only one side of beam rotate the beam.
Such beams should be restraint against rotation
1 Asymmetrical joist support rotates the beam
2 Hold-down ties beam to joist to resist rotation
3 Metal strap ties beam to joist to resist rotation
Fire and sound rating
1 One hour fire rated wall
2 Two-hour fire rated wall
3 One hour fire rated floor
4 Two-hour fire rated floor
5 Sound rated wall of about 60 STC
6 Sound rated floor of about 60 IIC and 60 STC
A Wall studs.
B Gypsum board, 5/8" (16 mm), type X (fire rated)
C Gypsum board, 2 layers 5/8" type X each side
D Cellular concrete, 1.5
E Plywood sub-floor, 5/8 or 3/4
F J oists.
G Plywood sub floor, 1" (25 mm)
H Gypsum boards, 2 layers 5/8" type X
I Resilient furring channels, spaced 24"
J Double studs with 1" sound gap
K Glass fiber insulation
L Cellular concrete, 1.5" with carpet and pad floor
M Plate to transfer shear over sound gap in plywood
N Sound gap in plywood to prevent sound transmission
IIC =Impact Insulation Class
STC =Sound Transmission Class

Woodframe house
Wall erection
Plywood shear wall resists
lateral wind and seismic loads
Town homes, Beverly Hills
Architect: G G Schierle
Engineer: W C Minn
The wood platform framing over concrete garage is
common for residential buildings. CMU shear walls at
garage, plywood shear walls above. The concrete slab,
12 thick for 30 span, provides required 3-hour fire
rating between garage and residential units

Terrace Homes, Hermosa Beach
Architect: Schierle
Engineer: Robert Metha

Terrace Homes Hermosa Beach
The design philosophy to adapt building to the site not
site to building, minimized grading and retaining walls.
A 14/24 ft module allows shear walls aligned vertically.
Each two-story unit has two terraces for outdoor living.
The terraces provide open space that allowed 33 units at
a lot zoned for only 25 units by conventional planning.
Terrace Homes
Hermosa Beach
Park City Village

21 Wood

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Wood structures Copyright G G Schierle, 2001-02 press Esc to end, for next, for previous slide 1

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