3.

1 UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE
Define Pressure Formula of Pressure Pressure is force per unit area P = Pressure F = Force A = Contact Area The S.I. unit of pressure is: Pascal 1 Pa = 1 Nm-2 Other units: cmHg, atm Factors affecting Magnitude of the force: the magnitude of The larger the force, the higher the pressure. Pressure: Contact area: The larger the contact area, the lower the pressure. Applications involving High Pressure Increasing the pressure by reducing the area A sharp knife has a very small surface area on its cutting edge so that high pressure can be exerted to cut the meat. The studs on a football boot have only a small area of contact with the ground. The pressure under the studs is high enough for them to sink into the ground, which gives extra grip. Nails, needles and pins have very sharp ends with very small surface areas. When a force is applied to the head of a nail, the pressure will drive its sharp end into a piece of wood easily. The sole of an ice is fixed a narrow metal bar. The high pressure on surface of the ice so that the ice melts and allowing the ice skater to glide smoothly. Racing bicycles need very high air pressure inside the tyres, because the narrow tyres have a very small contact area with the road. The hard road surface can support the high pressure under the wheels. Application involving Low Pressure Reducing the pressure by increasing the area Skis have a large area to reduce the pressure on the snow so that they do not sink in too far. A tractor moving on soft ground has wide tires to reduce the pressure on the ground so that they will not sink into the ground.

Example 3 The figure shows a 440 g wooden block. The wooden block will exert the maximum pressure when it is standing on the surface__________ What is the maximum pressure exerted by the wooden block? [Assume, g=10 Nkg-1] Example 4 A cylindrical pole of mass 120 kg has cross-sectional area of 200 cm2. Find the pressure exerted by the pole when it is standing vertically on the ground. [ g = 10 ms-2] Example 5 What is the pressure exerted by the 12kg box on the table? [Assume, g = 10 Nkg-1] Example 6 The surface of the floor can withstand pressure of not more than 20 kPa from the base of a 400 kg marble table. What is the suggested area for the base of the table to avoid breaking the floor? If the table has a base of 0.33 m2, what is the maximum load that can be placed on the tabletop?

Exercise
1. Pa is equivalent to A. 1 N m2 C. 1 N m-2 B. 1 m N-2 D. 1 m N2

2. Figure shows a wooden block on a horizontal surface. The block will exert maximum pressure on a horizontal surface if it is resting on its face A. STUV B.TWXU C. WXYZ D. UVXY 3. An ice skater is able to glide smoothly across the surface of the ice because A. the low pressure between the edge of the metal bar and the ice melts B. the high pressure between the edge of the metal bar and the ice melts C. the low pressure between the edge of the metal bar and the ice freezes D. the high pressure between the edge of the metal bar and the ice freezes 4. A wooden block with the dimensions of 3 m x 4 m x 5 m is placed on a floor. If the mass of the metal block is 400 kg, what is the maximum pressure that can exerted by the metal block on the floor? A. 100 N m- 2 B. 200 N m -2 -2 C.333 N m D. 480 N m -2 E. 620 Nm -2 5. The mass of a boy is 60 kg. The pressure exerted by the boy on a floor is 2 x 10 4 Pa. What is the area of contact between the shoes base of the boy and the floor? A. 1.2 x 10 2 m-2 B. 3.0 x 10-2 m-2 -2 -2 C. 4.5 x 10 m D. 6.0 x 10-2 m-2 -2 -2 E. 8.0 x 10 m 6. The figure shows a school bag.

A wide shoulder pad of a heavy bag will reduce the pressure exerted on the shoulder of the person carrying the bag.

Example 1 A block of metal of dimensions 0.5 m x 0.6 m x 1.0 m has a mass of 300 kg. Calculate the maximum pressure acting on the ground. Example 2 A student pressing a thumbtack into a piece of wood with a force of 20 N. The surface area of the head of the thumbtack is 1 cm2 and the cross-sectional area of the tip of the thumbtack is 0.01 cm2. Calculate: (i) the pressure exerted by the students thumb on the head of the thumbtack (ii) the pressure of the tip of the thumbtack on the wood.

What is the function of x? A. to increase weight and to increase pressure B. to increase surface area and to decrease pressure C. to decrease weight and to decrease pressure D. to decrease surface area and to increase weight

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7. The mass of a tractor is 4000 kg. The area of contact between a tractors tyre and the soft ground is 0.5 m2. The tractor has four tyres. (a) Calculate i. the total area of contact between the tractors tyre and the soft ground. ii. the pressure exerted by the tractor on the soft ground. (b) Explain why a car cannot moves on the soft ground although the mass of the car is less than the mass of the tractor? (c) What happens to the area of contact between the tractors tyre and the soft ground if the air pressure inside the tyres is decreased? 8. Figure (a) shows two different situations of a woman wearing a high heel shoes and then wearing a flat shoes. Figure (b) shows two different situations of a skier without wearing snowshoes and then wearing snowshoes. Observe the Figure (a) and Figure (b). a) Compare the depth of sinking the pencil in the plasticine, the conditions of the pencil, the load and the conditions of the handwriting. b) Relate the comparisons to deduce a concept in physics. c) Explain why a footballer likes Ronaldinho wearing a football boot has sharp studs? 11. The figure above shows a block of gold with uniform cross sectional area ABCDE placed on the surface of a floor. If the block of gold can be placed in a stable state of any of its surface, which of the following will produce maximum pressure on the floor? A. ABCDE B. BCHG C. CDIH D. DEJI

Figure (a)

Figure (b) (a) Observe the Figure (a) and Figure (b), state two observations about the surface area contact, the depth of sinking and the force involved. (b) Explain why the difference of the observations occurs? (c) Relate your answers in (a) and (b) to deduce the concept in physics. (d) A man wearing snowshoes applies a pressure of 2500 Pa. If the area covered by a shoe is 0.15 m2, what is the mass of the man? 9. Figure (a) and Figure (b) show two ways in which a gardener moves a wheelbarrow on a muddy road.

12. For a pin to enter a wooden board, the pressure exerted must be greater than 5 x 107 Pa. If the pin point has an area of 0.02 mm2, find the minimum force for the pin to enter the board. A. 1N C. 4N B. 2N D. 5N 13. A cylinder has a mass of 12kg and a cross-sectional area of 200cm2. What is the pressure acting at its base? A. 6 kPa D. 15 kPa B. 9 kPa E. 18 kPa C. 12 kPa 14. Wind blows normally on a wall at a pressure of 200kPa. If the wall has an area of 5m2, what is the force acting on the wall? A.40kN D.1200kN B.800kN E.1600kN C.1000kN 15. Diagrams show two balloons A and B exerted with the same force.

(a) (b) Figure (a) Figure (b)

(a) On Figure(a) and Figure(b) ,indicate and label: (i) the total area of contact between the tractors tyre and the soft ground (ii) the pressure exerted by the tractor on the soft ground (b) Based on the answers in (a)(i) and (a)(ii), which of the ways is more suitable on the muddy road? Explain the reason for your answer. (c) The wheel of the wheelbarrow exerted pressure on the muddy road. The resultant force exerted by the wheel on the road surface is 500 N and the area of the wheel in contact with the road is 2 x 10-3 m2. (i) What does the word pressure mean? (ii) Calculate the pressure exerted on the surface of the muddy road. (iii) State one modification that could be made to the wheelbarrow to reduce the pressure exerted on the road. Explain your answer. 10. Figure(a) shows two situations of a pencil with a load is placed on the top of the pencil sinking into a plasticine before and after it is sharpen Figure (b) shows two conditions handwriting by using a pencil before and after it is sharpens.

What is meant by pressure? Based on Diagrams, (i) Which balloon will burst easily? (ii) Compare the pressure exerted on the balloon. (iii) Compare the surface area of finger and needle which in contact with the balloon. (iv) Relate the pressure exerted on the balloon with the surface area (v) What happens to the pressure on the balloon if force exerted is increased?

16. A farmer has two vehicles with the same mass and the same number of wheels.

Figure(a)

(a) Based in the Diagrams (i) compare the contact area between the wheels (ii) compare the weight of the vehicle 1 and vehicle 2 (b) Which vehicle should the farmer use when driving across his fields when the ground is very soft? Give your reasons. (c) Name the physics concept involved. (d) A manufacturer of car wheels estimates that the area of a car wheel in contact with about the same as the area of a persons shoe in contact with the ground. A car weighs 10 000 N and a driver weighs 500 N (i) Calculate the ratio pressure of car on ground: pressure of driver on ground. The car has 4 tyres and a driver has 2 feet) (ii) Suggest why it might be a good idea to reduce the pressure of the air in car tyres if the car driven over soft sand.

Figure(b)

3.2 UNDERSTANDING PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS

What is pressure in liquid? Pressure Caused by Liquid Pressure in liquid is due to the weight of the liquid acting on the surface of any objects in the liquid.

Characteristic 5: The pressure in a liquid is directly proportional to the density of the liquid.

P = Pressure h = depth = density of liquid g = Gravitational Field Strength

Pressure in Liquid P = Pressure Patm = Atmospheric Pressure h = Depth = Density of liquid g = Gravitational Field Strength Characteristics of Pressure in a liquid. Characteristic 1: The pressure in a liquid increases with depth.

Applications of pressure in liquids Construction of Dam Dam holds water at high altitude. The wall of the dam has to be thicker at the base. The wall of a dam is much thicker at the bottom than at the top because it must withstand the increased lateral pressure in depths of the water. Public Water Supply System The water tower is built at high place so that the water has sufficient pressure to flow to consumers house.

Submarine is built with thick wall. Submarine is built with thick wall so as to withstand enormous pressure at greater depth. Characteristic 2: The pressure at any point of a liquid acts equally in all direction.

A patient receiving intravenous drips of a certain fluid from a bottle. In order for the fluid to flow into the vein, the bottle must be placed at a height above the injection site. The liquid solution is at a higher pressure so it has sufficient pressure to flow into the veins of the patient.

Example 1 If the density of sea water is 1150 kgm-3, calculate the pressure below 40m of sea water due to the water alone. Example 2 The figure shows a cylinder containing liquid mercury. What is the pressure caused by the liquid mercury at the point P? [ Density of liquid mercury is 1.36 x 105 kg m-3 ] Example 3 Figure shows a fish in a lake. Find the pressure of water exerted on the fish. (Density of water = 1000kg m-3)

Characteristic 3: For a given liquid, the pressure at a point within it varies only with the vertical depth of the point below the surface of the liquid. Pressure in liquid does not depends on - the shape of the container. - the size of the container. - the area of its surface

Characteristic 4: Pressure in liquid depends only on its vertical distance from the surface of the liquid. Pressure at A = Pressure at B

Example 4 Given that the density of mercury is 13600kgm-3. Calculate the pressure of mercury at a point 25cm from the mercury surface (g=10ms-2) Example 5 The figure shows a glass tube filled with 50cm height of liquid M and 30cm height of liquid N. The densities of liquid M and N are 1000kgm-3 and 2500kgm-3 respectively. By giving g=10ms-2, what is the pressure of a) liquid M at point x b) liquid M and N at point y

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Exercise
1. Which of the following factors will not affect the pressure in a liquid? A. Gravitational field strength B. Density of the liquid C. Volume of the liquid D. Depth of the liquid Which of the following graphs represents the relationship between the pressure, P, and the depth, h, of a column of water? 8. Diagram shows liquid X and liquid Y in glass tubes.

2.

3.

Diagram shows a cylinder containing cooking oil. The density of cooking oil is 800 kg m-3. The pressure exerted by the cooking oil at the base is 2.4 x 103 Pa. What is the height of oil in the container? A. 24 cm B. 30 cm C. 80 cm D. 2400 cm Diagram shows water spurting out from a hole of a container at a distance of a. When the level of the water decreases, what will happen to the distance, a? A. Increases B. Decreases C. Remains constant The measuring cylinder containing some water stands on a scale pan. A solid ball is lowered into the water. The water level rises from the 30 cm3 mark to the 40 cm3 mark as shown in diagram. The scale reading increases from 100 g to 180 g.

Which statement is correct? A. PS = PT because S and T are at the same depth B. PS = PT because S and T are at the same level C. PS < PT because the density of X is less than the density of Y D. PS > PT because S is nearer to the bottom of the tube 9. Which of the following will not affect pressure in a fluid? A. The depth at which the pressure is measured B. The gravitational field strength C. The density of the fluid D. The size of the container

4.

10. A large tank is filled with water to a height of 10 m. Water has a density of 1 000 kg m1. What is the pressure due to the water at a depth of 5 m? [Assume g = 10 N kg1.] A 5 000 Pa B 10 000 Pa C 50 000 Pa D 100 000 Pa

5.

What is the density of the ball? A. 2.0 g cm-3 B. 4.5 g cm-3 C. 8.0 g cm-3 D. 18.0 g cm-3 6. The density of substance X is 200 kg m-3. In which liquid will substances X floats? Liquid Density (kgm-3) A. P 150 B. Q 170 C. R 190 D. S 220 Table shows four identical containers are filled with same amount of different liquid. Liquid Density/ kgm-3 P 800 Q 900 R 1000 S 1100 Which container exerts the highest pressure at the bottom? A. Liquid P B. Liquid Q C. Liquid R D. Liquid S

11. The figure shows a container filled with water. The container has three openings X, Y, and Z of the same size. Water spurts out from the opening to different distances. The openings, in increasing order of how far water spurts out, are A X, Y, Z B Z, Y, X C Y, X, Z D Z, X, Y

12. From the figure, which of the following statements is true? A. Point S has the lowest pressure. B. Point Q has a higher pressure than point P. C. Point R has a lower pressure than point P. D. All the points P, Q, R, and S have the same pressure. 13. Diagram shows a concrete water tank filled with water.

7.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

State a factor that affects the water pressure in the tank. Compare the water pressure at P and Q Calculate the water pressure at Q. (Density of water = 1000 kg m-3 ) Diagram shows water flows from the concrete tank to the house water tank.

distance travelled by the water spurts out. Relate the distance travelled by the water that spurts out to the depth of the water. Hence make a conclusion regarding the relationship between the pressure and the depth of the water. 16. Diagram A and Diagram B show the side view of two different models of a dam made from bricks and concrete. What is the factor that causes the water to flow from the concrete tank to the water tank in the house? ii. The flow of water from the concrete tank to the house will stop at level P. Explain why the supply stops? iii. Suggest two modifications that can be done to ensure the water flow continuously to the house water tank. iv. Draw a water tank that can withstand high water pressure. 14. Figure shows fountains J and K in a park. J and K operate using pressure and receive water supply from the same tank located on a hill. P is the water level in the water tank at 9.00 a. m. i.

Diagram A Diagram B (a) Which model is preferable? Explain your answer. (b) Suggest two uses of the water in the dam. (c) Explain the modifications that need to be made to the dam to enable it to store more water safely. 17. Write a formula to find the pressure of a liquid. State the meaning of each symbol used. 18. Given that the density of mercury is 13 600 kg m3, calculate the pressure of mercury at a point 20 cm from the mercury surface. 19. Given that the density of water is 1 000 kg m3, calculate the water pressure acting on the diver at a depth of 10 m below the water surface. [g = 10 m s2.]

(a) What is meant by pressure? (b) State one factor which influences the height of the fountain (c) Calculate the pressure at K. (Water pressure = 1000 kg m-3) At 5.00 p. m., the water level in the water tank has dropped from P to Q, as shown in Figure below

20. The base of a liquid container experiences a liquid pressure of 120 kPa. What will be the liquid pressure if the container is brought to the Moons surface where its acceleration due to gravity is that of the Earth? 21. If a fish can withstand water pressure of 250 kPa, what is the maximum depth the fish can go under the water surface? [g = 10 m s2; density of sea water = 1 000 kg m3.] 22. Diagram A shows a diver is diving into the sea. Diagram B shows a diver is diving into the swimming pool. They are at the same depth but the diver in Diagram A feel that his ear was sick.

(d) Compare the height of fountain J and K in the morning and in the afternoon. (e) Another pipe similar to that for fountains J and K is connected to the water pipe at X. Predict the height of the fountain at X com pared to fountain J. 15. Diagram A and Diagram B show how water spurts out from its container when the valve is opened.

Diagram A Diagram B When a liquid is held in a container, it exerts pressure on the container. (a) What is meant by pressure? (b) With reference to Diagram A and Diagram B, compare the depth of the water in both containers, the rate at which water spurts out and the

Diagram A Diagram B Based on the observation above and your knowledge of pressure in liquid; (a) State one suitable inference. (b) State one suitable hypothesis. (c) With the use of apparatus such as thistle funnel, meter ruler and others, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b) (i) The aim of the experiment (ii) The variables in the experiment (iii) The list of apparatus and materials (iv) The arrangement of the apparatus (v) The procedure of the experiment. Describe how to control the manipulated variables and how to measure the responding variables. (vi) The way to tabulate the data (vii) The way to analyse the data

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3.3 GAS PRESSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Gas pressure Atmospheric pressure Gas pressure is the force per unit area exerted by the gas molecules as they collide with the walls of their container. Explanation When the air inside the can is cooled, its pressure decreases. The high atmospheric pressure outside exerts a great force on the can and causes it crashes. Magdeburg Hemisphere Figure above shows a Magdeburg Hemisphere. When the air inside the hemisphere is pumped out so that it becomes a vacuum, the hemisphere cannot be separated even by a very great force. Explanation The atmospheric pressure exerts a strong force on the outer surface of the hemisphere, holding the hemisphere tightly together. Instrument Used to Measure Atmospheric Pressure Simple Barometer Fortin Barometer Anaroid Barometer

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure caused by the weight of the air above us. Atmospheric pressure acts equally in all directions. Atmospheric pressure varies with the height of the object above sea level. It decreases with the altitude or the height above sea level. At higher altitudes, the density and the temperature of the air are lower. As a result, the frequency of collisions of the molecules is lower. Hence, atmospheric pressure is lower. Unit of The units of atmospheric pressure used in the SPM syllabus atmospheric include: pressure Pascal (Pa) centimetre/milimetre mercury (cmHg/mmHg) atmosphere (atm) metre water Notes: - Atmospheric Pressure at Sea Level = 1atm - 1 atm = 76cmHg Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude

Atmospheric pressure decreases as the altitude increases. Conversion of Pa and cmHg Simple Barometer Pa = 0cmHg Pb = 26cmHg Pe = 76cmHg Pf = 84 cmHg For a given liquid, the pressure will be the same at same level. Therefore, Pd = Pe = 76cmHg The difference of gas pressure at different level can be ignored if the difference of the height is not too large. Therefore, Pc = Pd = 76cmHg

h = height of mercury column = density of mercury g = gravitational field strength Existence of Atmospheric Pressure The cardboard does not fall and the water remains in the glass even though its not supported by anything.

Explanation The force caused by the atmospheric pressure acts on the surface of the cardboard is greater than the weight of the water in the glass. Crushing Can When a can filled with hot water is closed and is cooled down rapidly by pouring cold water on it, it will crash instantly. The height, h will remains unchanged when i) the glass tube is lifted up from the dish ii) the glass tube is lowered further into the dish iii) the diameter of the glass tube increases iv) the glass tube is tilted v) the quantity of mercury in the dish is increased Rubber Sucker When the sucker is pressed into place, the air inside is forced out. The sucker is held in position by the high atmospheric pressure on the outside surface.

Syringe When the piston is pulled up, the atmospheric pressure inside the cylinder will decrease. The atmospheric pressure outside pushes the liquid up into the syringe.

U-Tube A U-tube can be used to determine density

Straw When a person suck through the straw, the pressure in the straw become low. The atmospheric pressure outside which is higher will force the water into the straw and consequently into the mouth. Vacuum Cleaner When a vacuum cleaner is switched on, it sucks out the air inside the cleaner, causes the pressure inside the cleaner become low. The atmospheric pressure which is higher in magnitude, forces the air and duct particles into the cleaner. How gas pressure is produced? Gas molecules are at constant and random movements. When the molecules collide with the wall of the container and bounce back, they experience a change in momentum. The momentum change exerts a force on the wall. Force per unit area is the pressure exerted on the wall of the container. Instruments used to measure gas pressure Manometer Bourdon Gauge

Gas Pressure In A Capillary Tube

Example 1 Given that the atmospheric pressure at Genting Highland is 72cmHg. Find the equivalent value of this pressure in the unit of Pascal (Pa). [density of mercury = 13600 kgm-3] Example 2 Figure shows a simple barometer. Find the atmospheric pressure in the unit of a) cmHg b) Pa [Density of mercury = 13,600 kgm-3]

Manometer Difference of gas pressure at different level can be ignored. Pessure on the surface of a liquid is equal to the pressure of the gas in contact. For a given liquid (same liquid), the pressure at any point of the same level is the same. For different liquid with different density, pressure will be different at the same level.

Example 3 Figure shows a column of mercury in a glass tube. Some air is trapped in the glass tube. If the atmospheric pressure is 76cmHg, what is the pressure of the gas inside the tube?

Example 4 Figure shows the water levels in a water manometer used to measure the pressure of a gas supply. Find the pressure of the gas in unit of i) cm water ii) Pa [Atmospheric Pressure = 1000cm Water; Density of water = 1000kg/m3]

Pgas = Patm + Pliquid Pgas = Patm + hg

Pgas = Gas Pressure Patm = Atmospheric Pressure g = Gravitational Field Strength Example 5 Figure shows a U-tube filled with 2 liquids X and Y that do not mix. Given that the density of liquid Y is 1.6g/cm3. Find the density of liquid X.

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Example 6 Figure shows a capillary containing a column of mercury. If the atmospheric pressure is 100,000Pa, find the pressure of the gas trapped in the capillary tube. [Density of mercury = 13,600kg/m3] 3. A bowl of hot soup covered with an airtight lid is left to cool as shown in the figure. Why is it difficult to open the lid when the soup is cold? A. Water vapour cannot escape and condenses on the lid B. The atmospheric pressure is greater than the air pressure in the bowl C. The air molecules move faster than the water molecules D. The airtight lid prevents the air molecules to decrease in size when the soup gets cold An inverted test tube with some air trapped in it is placed in a tank as shown in the figure. When the piston is pushed inwards, the test tube A. moves to the left B. moves to the right C. rises higher D. sinks lower The figure shows a mercury column in a glass tube with trapped air in it. If the height of the mercury column is 24 cm and atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg, what is the pressure of the column in the glass tube? A. 42 cm Hg B. 52 cm Hg C. 82 cm Hg D. 1000 cm Hg E. 120 cm Hg Which of the following instruments is meant for measuring atmospheric pressure? A. Carburetor B. Siphon C. Fortin's barometer D. Hydrometer Liquid X is poured into arm Q of a U-tube that is filled with mercury. Arm P is then filled with water until mercury in both arms are at the same level. Which of the following statements is true? A. the height of liquid X increases when the atmospheric pressure increases B. the pressure at point T is higher than at point U C. point R and point S have the same pressure D. the density of water is higher than the density of liquid X Which of the following instruments is used for measuring gas pressure? A. Fortin barometer B. Bourdon gauge C. Aneroid barometer D. Altimeter Based on the figure of a simple mercury barometer, which of the following is the correct pressure at points X, Y and Z? X Y Z A. 82 76 35 B. 76 82 35 C. 82 35 76 D. 35 76 82

Example 7 The figure shows a mercury barometer is placed in a school laboratory where the atmospheric pressure is 75 cm Hg. (a) What is the value of h (b) What is the length of the vacuum space when the glass tube is (i) uplifted at height of 5 cm (ii) lowered further into the dish at a depth of 4 cm (c) If the density of mercury is 1.36 x 104 kgm-3 and the density of water is 1 x 103 kgm-3, determine (i) the atmospheric pressure in the units Pa (ii) the value of h if the mercury is replaced by water Example 8 The figure shows a barometer. The vacuum space is filled with a gas X. What is the pressure of the gas X? [ Take atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg ]

4.

5.

Example 9 The figure shows a manometer containing mercury is connected to a gas supply. Calculate the pressure of the gas supply in the units (i) cm Hg (ii) Pa [ Density of mercury = 1.36 x 104 kg m-3 and Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg ] Example 10 If the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm Hg, what is the pressure of the trapped air P?

6.

7.

Exercise
1. A barometer as shown in the figure is carried to the top of a mountain from a beach. How would the atmospheric pressure and the length vary? Atmospheric Pressure A B C D 2. Increases Decreases Increases Decreases Length, Increases Increases Decreases Decreases 9. 8.

The figure shows a U-tube manometer used to measure the pressure of a gas supply. What is the difference in pressure between the gas supply and the atmospheric pressure? A. 3 cm of water B. 15 cm of water C. 17 cm of water D. 18 cm of water

10. What is the pressure of the gas trapped inside the J-tube, in Pa unit? A. 1.19 x 105 Pa B. 1.90 x 105 Pa C. 2.19 x 105 Pa D. 2.90 x 105 Pa E. 3.14 x 105 Pa

11. The figure shows a small amount of gas trapped in a J-tube. Calculate the pressure of the trapped gas. [Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg] 12. Figure below a simple barometer used in the laboratory to measure atmospheric pressure. The length of the glass tube is 100 cm. The length of the vacuum column is 10 cm and the height of the mercury column is 76 cm. (a) What is the value of the atmospheric pressure in cm Hg? (b) What is the pressure at point X in cm Hg? (c) If the density of the mercury is 1.36 x 104 and g is 9.8 N kg-1, calculate the atmospheric in pascal. 13. A gas is pumped into the left arm of the mercury manometer. The pressure on the left arm and the right arm is in equilibrium when the difference in height of mercury is 50 cm as shown in the diagram. Calculate the gas pressure. (Density of mercury = 1.36 x 104 kg m-3, atm pressure = 76 cm Hg) 14. A mercury manometer with one end attached to a gas supply measures a difference in the level of mercury of 32 cm. Calculate the pressure of the gas supply in (a) cm Hg (b) pascal [Atm. Pressure = 76 cm Hg, g = 9.8 N kg-1, density of mercury = 1.36 x 104 kg m-3] 15. A mercury manometer as shown in figure is used to measure the pressure of certain gas in a metal container. What is the pressure of the gas? [Atm pressure = 76 cm Hg, density of mercury = 1.36 x 104 kg m-3, g = 10 N kg-1] 16. Diagram shows a set-up of apparatus for measuring atmospheric pressure. (a) What is the name for the instrument? (b) Determine the atmospheric pressure as measured by the instrument (i) in the cm Hg unit (ii) in the Pa unit (c) What is pressure at point P and Q? (d) State the change of length of the mercury column above the mercury surface (i) The tube is raised by 10cm (ii) The surrounding temperature increases (iii) The instrument is brought to the peak of a mountain (iv) Water vapor is brought to the vacuum region 17. The figure shows a simple mercury barometer. (a) What is the atmospheric pressure in Nm-2? [Density of mercury = 13600 kgm-3, g = 10 Nkg1 ] (b) What will happen to the height of the mercury column if (i) the tube is slightly slanted? (ii) there is some air in the vacuum area? (c) Why is water not suitable to be used in a barometer?

18. Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 show two mercury manometers in a laboratory. The gas supply in Diagram 5.1 has less pressure than diagram 5.2

(a) Based on Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 (i) state similarities about the magnitude and the direction of pressures Magnitude : Directions: (ii) what is the total pressure at point W? (iii) state the relationship between pressure at W and the gas pressure (b) Based on the answers in (a)(ii) and (a)(iii), write words equation that relate between the atmospheric pressure, mercury pressure and the gas pressure. (c) The gas supply is taken out. Describe changes on the height of the mercury column in both Diagrams. Give one reason to your answer. 19. Diagram shows an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. (a) Name the instrument. (b) Why is mercury use in the instrument? (c) Calculate the atmospheric pressure in Nm2 . [Density of Mercury = 1.36 x 10 4 kg m - 3] (d) Diagram shows the instrument being placed in a vacuum chamber. The level of the mercury column is at ..

20. Diagram shows a manometer which can be used to measure gas pressure.

(a) Name the liquid X. Give the reason for your answer. (b) The gas tap is opened so that gas can flow to the rubber tube into the manometer.

(i) On Diagram, draw the levels of the liquid in both arms of the manometer if the pressure of the gas greater than the atmospheric pressure. (ii) If the pressure of the gas = 100 cm of Hg , the atmospheric pressure = 75 cm of Hg, what is the different height of the liquid X in the manometer ?

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3.4 PASCALS PRINCIPLE
Pascal's Principle Pascal's principle states that any change in pressure applied to an enclosed liquid will be transmitted to every point of the fluid without any change in magnitude.

When the plunger is pushed in, the water squirts equally from all the holes. This shows that the pressure applied to the plunger has been transmitted uniformly throughout the water.

Hydraulic System

When the handle is pressed down, valve A is closed whereas valve B is opened. The hydraulic fluid is forced into the large cylinder and hence pushes the piston moving upward. When the handle is raised, valve B will be closed while vale A will be opened. Hydraulic fluid from the buffer tank will be suck into the small cylinder. This process is repeated until the load is sufficiently lifted up. The large piston can be lowered down by releasing the hydraulic fluid back to the buffer tank through the release valve. Hydraulic Brake

F1 = Force exerted on the small piston A1 = area of the small piston F2 = Force exerted on the big piston A2 = area of the big piston A small input force, F1 is applied to the small piston resulting in a large output force, F2.

When the brake pedal is pressed, the piston of the master cylinder applies a pressure on the brake fluid. This pressure is transmitted uniformly to each cylinders at the wheel, cause the pistons at the wheels to push the brake shoes to press against the surface of the brake. The friction between the brakes and brake shoes causes the vehicle to slow down and stop. Example 1 In a hydraulic system the large piston has cross-sectional area A2 = 200 cm2 and the small piston has cross-sectional area A1 = 5 cm2. If a force of 250 N is applied to the small piston, what is the force F, on the large piston? Example 2

When incompressible fluid is moved through a hydraulic system, the volume through which the input system moved must be the same as the volume through which the output system, Hence

A1d1 = A2d2
Hydraulic systems act as a force multiplier. They multiply the input force by a certain factor to gain a larger output force. The magnitude of the force at the large piston depends on (a) the force, F1, applied to the small piston, (b) the ratio of the surface area of the piston, A hydraulic system must not contain any air bubbles in any position of its hydraulic fluid system. This will reduce the efficiency of the system as part of the applied force will be used up to compress the air bubbles. Figure shows a 10 N weight balancing a X N weight placed on a bigger syringe. What is the value of X? Example 3 Figure shows a garage hydraulic lift with two pistons. The smaller piston has a cross-sectional area, A1 = 4.0 cm2. The bigger piston has a cross-sectional area, A2 = 240 cm2. If the maximum force that can be applied on the smaller piston is 600 N. What is the maximum weight of a car that can be lifted by the bigger piston?

Application of Pascals Principle Hydraulic Jack

10

Example 4 The figure shows a basic hydraulic system has small and large pistons with cross-sectional area of 0.005 m2 and 0.1 m2 respectively. A force of 20 N is applied to the small piston. Determine (a) The pressure transmitted in the hydraulic fluid. (b) The mass of the load. (c) If the small piston is pushed down at a depth a 0.04 m, what is the distance moved by the large piston. Example 5 Diagram shows a simple hydraulic press. The cross-sectional area of piston A and B are 0.08 m2 and 1.2 m2 respectively. (a) What is the force which acts on piston A? (b) Calculate the pressure exerted on piston B. (c) Calculate the mass of load Y which can be lifted by the piston B. (d) If the piston A moves down by 6 cm, calculate the distance moved by the piston B.

6.

Diagram shows a hydraulic brake system of a car. The cross-sectional areas of the main cylinder and the small cylinder are 5 x 10 - 4 m2 and 6.0 x 10 m2 respectively.

7.

(a) State the physics principle involved (b) On Diagram show the direction of motions of the main cylinder and the small cylinder. (c) State the relationship between the liquid pressure in the main cylinder and the small cylinder. (d) The brake pedal is pressed with a force of 15 N. Calculate the force applied to the small cylinder. Diagram shows a model of a hydraulic jack. The force F the small piston R is able to support two loads which are placed on piston S and T.

Exercise
1. Which of the following is not an application of Pascal's principle? A. Hydraulic jack B. Braking system of a vehicle C. Manometer D. Water bed Which of the following statements is not true? A. Pressure of liquid acts in all direction. B. When a pressure is applied to a liquid in an enclosed container, the pressure is transmitted throughout the liquid. C. When pressure is transmitted in a liquid, the further the transmission, the lower the pressure. D. The pressure transmitted in a liquid can result in a bigger output force compared with input force A mechanic notices some air bubbles in the hydraulic brake fluid of a car. He recommends changing the brake fluid. This is because A. the air bubbles will easily be compressed by pressure and affects the transmission of pressure B. the air bubbles will escape from the piston and cause the brake fluid to leak C. the air bubbles will expand when they are heated up and cause an explosion D. the air bubbles will increase in size and cause the brake fluid to be incompressible The figure shows a hydraulic jack. The cross sectional areas of smaller piston and larger piston are 20 cm2 and 60 cm2 respectively. If the smaller piston is pushed with a force of 15 N, what will be the force experienced by the larger piston? A. 30N D. 50N B. 40N E. 55N C. 45N The figure shows a hydraulic pump. If the force applied is 10 N, what is the weight of the load that can be lifted? A. 500 N B. 1000 N C. 2000 N D. 5000 N

2.

8.

Name the principle used in the hydraulic jack. If F1 = 5.0 N and A1 = 0.5m2, calculate the pressure exerted on piston R. Compare the fluid pressure at S and T to the pressure at R. Determine the magnitude of force F2 if A2 = 5m2 Give one reason why it is more suitable to use a liquid instead of air as the hydraulic fluid. Figure shows the structure of a simple hydraulic jack where a small force F1 is used to produce a bigger force F2, A1 and A2 are the cross sectional areas of the pistons.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

3.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

4.

A force of 1000 N is applied to smaller piston. What is the pressure exerted on the piston? What is the force multiplier of this hydraulic jack? How much force is exerted on the larger piston? What is the principle been applied in (c)? The smaller piston is pushed down a distance of d1 = 100 cm and this has resulted in the larger piston moving up a bit. (i) How much has larger piston moved? (ii) What is the assumption made in obtaining the answer in (e)(ii)?

9.

Diagram shows a hydraulic jack which can lift up a maximum mass of 1 metric tonne.

5.

11

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Using suitable physics concepts, explain the modification that needs to be done to the: i. size of the piston, ii. material of the body, iii. type of liquid used, iv. handle and ability to reset the piston position easily of the hydraulic jack to enable it to lift mass of greater quantity 10. Diagram shows a machine controlled by a worker to dump soil. A hydraulic system helps to move the bucket containing soil. (a) (b) (c) Calculate the pressure exerted on the liquid by piston X Calculate the maximum load that can be lifted by piston Y If piston X is depressed downwards by a distance of 21 cm, what is the distance moved by piston Y

12. Figure shows a glass barrel fitted with a plunger. The other end of the barrel is with holes of uniform size. a) State your observation when the plunger is pushed towards the bulbous end. b) State one inference concerning pressure applied on the water by the plunger. 13. A boy invented a machine to compress old newspaper. The machine consists of a hydraulic system with two pistons as shown in figure. Piston A has a smaller crosssectional area compared to piston B. a) The function of this machine is based on a principle in physics. Name the principle. b) Explain why a small force exerted by the boy can result in a much bigger force acting on the old newspaper. 14. Pascals principle states that when pressure is applied to an enclosed fluid, the pressure will be transmitted with equal _____________________________ to all parts of the fluid.

(a) What is meant by pressure? (b) Using a concept of pressure in liquid, explain why the hydraulic system in this machine is known as a force multiplier. (c) Diagram shows a hydraulic jack lifting the back portion of the car.

15. Which of the above is not an application of Pascals principle? 16. The figure on the right shows a hydraulic jack. The cross-sectional areas of the smaller piston and larger piston are 20 cm2 and 60 cm2 respectively. If the smaller piston is pushed with a force of 15 N, what will be the force experienced by the larger piston? Table shows four type of liquid, K, L, M, and N, with different specifications. You are required to determine the most suitable liquid that can be used as a hydraulic fluid in the hydraulic jack. Study the specifications of all the four types of liquid from the following aspects: i) Boiling point of the liquid ii) Specific heat capacity of liquid iii) Density of liquid iv) Rate of vaporation of liquid (d) A man of mass 60 kg walks on snow wearing snow shoes. His feet will sink into the snow if the pressure exerted exceeds 500 Pa. (i) What is the weight of the man? (ii) Calculate the minimum area of each snow shoe so that he will not sink into the snow. 11. Diagram shows a simple hydraulic machine used for lifting heavy loads such as cars in a garage. It consists of two pistons, X and Y of cross sectional area 0.02 m2 and 0.28 m2, respectively. When piston X is pressed down by applying a force of 15 N, a large force is produced on piston Y. 17. The hydraulic jack in the figure shows that piston A and piston B are of cross-sectional area 5 cm2 and 100 cm2 respectively. If a mass of 3 kg is placed on piston A, what is the maximum weight that can be lifted by piston B? 18. The figure shows a hydraulic jack whereby a car of weight 8 000 N is placed on top of the larger piston. The cross-sectional area of the small piston and the large piston are 0.2 m2 and 4 m2 respectively. (a) What is the minimum force that must be applied to the small piston in order to lift the car? (b) What is the transmitted pressure? 19. The figure shows the hydraulic braking system of a car. (a) Name the parts which are labelled P and Q respectively. (b) When the pedal is pressed, what will happen to the pistons? (c) What will happen if air is mixed with the liquid in the hydraulic brake system?

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3.5 ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

Archimedes Principle states that when a body is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid it experiences an upthrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Buoyant Buoyant force is an upward force exerted by a fluid on an force object immersed in it. Equation for 1. Buoyant force = Weight of fluid displaced buoyant 2. Buoyant force = Vg force 3. Buoyant force = Weight object in air weight in water Relate buoyant force with the actual weight and apparent weight Buoyant force makes thing seem to be lighter. The weight of an object in air is its actual weight The weight measured when the object is immersed in a fluid is its apparent weight. The apparent weight loss of the object is due to buoyant force. When in water, the object experiences two forces: (a) The actual weight which acts downwards (b) The buoyant force which acts upwards. The buoyant force is equal to the apparent loss in weight. Buoyant force = actual weight apparent weight = 25 15 = 10 N The object displaces a volume of water. The bigger the volume of the object immersed, the bigger the volume of the liquid displaced. Volume of liquid displaced = volume of the submerged part of the object. Principle of Floatation: Displaced volume of fluid = volume of the object that immerse in the fluid. If weight of the object > upthrust *The object will sink into the fluid. If weight of the object = upthrust *The object is in balance and therefore floats on the surface of the fluid. Density of Object < Density of water: Partially Immerse Upthrust = Weight Upthrust, F = liquidVliquidg Weight, W = mg =objectVobjectg

Applications of Archimedes Principle Submarine

Density of Object < Density of water: Fully Immerse F=T+W F = Upthrust T = Tension of the string W = Weight Upthrust, F = liquidVliquidg Weight, W = mg =objectVobjectg Density of Object > Density of water: Fully Immerse T+F=W F = Upthrust T = Tension of the string W = Weight Upthrust, F = liquidVliquidg Weight, W = mg =objectVobjectg

A submarine applies the principle to enable it to floating and sinking. The ballast tanks are special compartments in a submarine. The submarine rises, when the ballast tank is filled with air so that the buoyant force is greater than the weight of the submarine. The submarine submerges, when a ballast tanks are filled with water so that the buoyant force is less than the weight of submarine. Hot Air Balloon A hot-air balloon has a large volume of gas. The balloon rises when the buoyant force is less than its weight. When its weight is equal to the buoyant force, it remains stationary in the air. Weather balloons use a light gas such as helium or hydrogen. In Sport and recreation, balloon is filled with hot air which has a lower density than cold air. The weight of the balloon can be varied by controlling the quantity of the volume of the gas in the balloon. Hydrometer A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the density of liquids such as liquid in a battery. It consists of a tube with a bulb at one end. Lead shots are placed in the bulb to ________in down and enable the hydrometer ________ vertically in the liquids. In a liquid of lesser density, a greater volume of liquid must be displaced for the buoyant force to equal the weight and so the more the hydrometer is submerged. The hydrometer floats more in a liquid of higher density. Plimsoll line The density of sea water varies with location. It is to ensure that a ship is loaded within safe limits, the Plimsoll line marked on the body of the ship acts as a guide. A ship will be submerged deeper in fresh water because the density of fresh water is less than the sea water. For this reason, a ship must displace more water to obtain sufficient buoyant force to support its weight. Moreover, a ship can float lower in the cold season as cold water has a higher density. Example 1 The density and mass of a metal block are 3.2 103 kg m-3 and 5.0 kg respectively. Find the upthrust that act on the metal block when it is fully immersed in water. [Density of water = 1000kg m-3 ] Example 2 A stone weights 2.5 N. When it is fully submerged in a liquid, its apparent weight is 2.2 N. Calculate the density of liquid if its volume displaced by the stone is 25 cm3 Example 3 An object of mass 5 kg floats on the surface water. What is the upthrust experienced by the object.

13

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Example 4 What is the buoyant force acting on the nut when immersed in water? 8. Diagram shows an object which has a weight of 0.25 N fully immersed in water. Its apparent weight is 0.22 N. [Density of water = 1000 kg m-3] a) What is the buoyant force on the object? b) Determine the volume of the object. Diagram shows a block of concrete being lowered to the bottoms of a lake. The volume of the block is 2.5 m3 and its weight is 125 000 N. The density of the water in the lake is 1 010 kgm-3. (a) State the SI unit for pressure. (b) State one factor that affects the pressure at a point below the surface of a liquid. (c) Calculate the weight of the water displaced by the block. (d) Calculate the tension, T, in the cable.

9. Example 5 A block that has volume of 0.2 m3 is hanging in a water tank as shown in the figure above. Find the tension of the string? [Density of the metal = 8 103 kg m-3, density of water = 1 103 kg m-3]

Exercise
1. A ship of mass 80000kg floats on the sea surface. If the density of the sea water is 1250kgm-3, what is the volume of the displaced sea water? A. 6.4 m3 D. 800 m3 B. 64 m3 E. 900 m3 3 C. 640 m A block of wood 10-3 m3 is half immersed in water. If the density of water is 1000 kg m-3 and the acceleration due to gravity is 10 kg-1, what is the weight of the block of the wooden air? A0N D 5.0 N B 0.5 N E 10.0 N C 1.0 N Diagram shows a ship full with load floating on the surface of sea water.If the water displaced by the ship is 350 m3, what is the buoyant force acted on the ship? [Density of se water = 1030 kgm-3] A. 3.6 x 10 5 N B. 3.6 x 10 6 N 7 C. 3.6 x 10 N D. 3.6 x 10 8 N An object of density 20 g cm -3 and mass 400 g is immersed in a liquid of density 1.5 g cm -3. Calculate a) The volume of the liquid displaced. b) The mass of the liquid displaced. c) The buoyant force experienced by the object. A stone weight 2.5 N. When it is fully submerged in a solution, its apparent weight is 2.2 N. Calculate the density of the solution if its volume displaced by the stone is 25 cm3. (g = 9.8 N kg-1) The figure shows a glass tube of mass 0.012 kg with uniform diameter and cross-sectional area 4 x 10-4 m2, and it is filled with sand so that it is made vertical in a beaker containing water. [Density of water is 1000 kg m-3] Determine (a) The upthrust (b) The mass of sand in the glass tube. An object is hung from a spring. (a) What is the buoyant force on the object in water? (b) What is the weight of water displaced by the object? (c) Determine the volume of water displaced by the object. [Density of water = 1000 kgm-3] (d) What is the volume of the object?

2.

10. The Diagram shows a spring balance supporting a metal block in two situations. The metal blocks are identical. The compression balance in the Diagram show the readings of the weight of an empty beaker and the weight of a beaker filled with water respectively. The beakers are identical.

3.

4.

a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

5.

What is the meaning of weight? What is the difference between the spring balance readings in both Diagrams? Name the force that is represented by the reading. What is the different between readings of the compression balance in both Diagrams? Relate the answers in (b) and (d) Name the physics principle involved in these situations. What happens to the spring balance reading in Diagram when the metal block is immersed deeper into the water?

6.

7.

11. Figure below shows the cross-section of a submarine. The volume of the submarine is 240 m3. When the ballast tank is empty, the submarine floats at the surface of the sea with 3/4 of its volume below the surface of the sea. The density of sea water is 1200 kg m-3. a) On figure above mark and label two vertical forces acting on the submarine. b) State the relationship between the two forces. c) Calculate the magnitude of one of the two forces d) Name the principle used e) The captain of the submarine observed that the submarine is not strong enough to dive safely to the bottom of the sea. Suggest modifications that can be made to the submarine to make it safer. Justify your suggestions.

14

12. Diagram shows a freely floating hydrometer in water. A principle states that: When a body is immersed wholly or partially in a fluid, the buoyant forces acting on the body is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. (a) Name the principle above. (b) Mark on Diagram the direction of the two forces acting on the hydrometer. (c) The hydrometer is removed from water, dried and then placed in oil. Predict the length of the hydrometer that is submerged in oil, compared to length in water. Give a reason for your answer. 13. Diagrams show two solid spheres A and B with different density place in the water.

a) Compare the level of the boat in the sea water and in the river water. b) Compare the volume of water displaced by the boat in the sea and in the river. c) Compare the density of sea water and river water. d) Relate the volume of water displaced to the density of water. e) Deduce relationship between weight of the boat and the weight of the water displaced. f) Name the physics principle that explains the situation above. g) A submarine can sail on the sea surface and under the sea by using the principle stated in (f).How a submarine on the surface of the sea can submerge? 16. Diagram show a boat made from steel floating at the sea. The mass of the boat is 7500 kg. a) State one function of plimsoll line. b) What is the buoyant force acts on the boat? c) In the Diagram below, mark the level of water when the boat enter the river Mouth. Explain your answer.

(a) (b)

What is meant by density? Based on Diagram, i. compare the density of sphere A and sphere B ii. compare the weight of sphere A and sphere B iii. compare the weight of water displaced by sphere A and sphere B iv. relate the weight of sphere and the weight of water displaced v. relate the weight of water displaced and upthrust (c) Name the physics principle involved (d) State one application of physics principle in 14. Diagram shows three boxes with different density at stationary state.

17. Diagram shows a hot air balloon floating stationary in the air. a) State the relationship between the weight of air balloon and the upthrust. b) What will happen to the air balloon if the load is dropped? Explain your answer.

Diagram shows the boxes float when placed in a liquid.

Based on the situation in Diagrams, a) State similarities about the volume and the net force of the boxes. b) Compare the weight of the boxes in ascending order. c) Describe the position of the boxes in the liquid. Explain your answer. d) Based on the answer, name the physics concept involve. 15. A fisherman finds that his boat is at different levels in the sea and in the river, although the boat carries the same load. The density of sea water and river water is 1025 kg m-3 and 1000 kg m-3 respectively.

18. Diagram shows a gas balloon, moored with a load at the Book Festival. The mass of the balloon is 5 kg. The balloon and the load float at a certain height and the buoyant force acting on the balloon is 250 N. (a) What is the meaning of buoyant force? (b) Explain why the balloon and the load float? (c) If the mooring rope cut off, the balloons will rise up. (i) Calculate the resultant force of the balloon (ii) Calculate the initial acceleration of the balloon (iii) What is your assumption in your calculation in c(ii)? (d) Table shows the characteristics of four sets, A, B , C and D of balloons, ropes and loads. Type of gas filled and Maximum Tension allowed Set Mass of loads /kg density /N A Helium (0.17 kg m-3) 5 300 B Hydrogen (0.09 kg/m3) 20 250 C Helium (0.17 kg m-3) 20 300 D Nitrogen (1.25 kg/m3) 5 100 As a supervisor, you are assigned to investigate the characteristics of set balloons, ropes and loads that could be used for the purpose. Base on the table,

Based on the Diagram

15

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(i) Explain the suitable characteristics of the balloons, ropes and loads so that it can be used (ii) Decide which set is most suitable to be used at the festival. (iii) Explain why the others set is not suitable 19. Diagram (a), Diagram (b) and Diagram (c) show a rock hung on a spring balance in air, immersed in water and cooking oil respectively. The reading of the spring balance for each situation is as shown in Diagram e) State one application of the apparatus under discussion. 23. The figure shows a load suspended in air and then immersed into water. Based on the spring balance readings, calculate a) the volume water displaced b) the mass of the load c) the density of the load. [Density of water = 1 000 kg m3]

24. A 3 kg block is floating in water with of its volume in the air. What is the buoyant force acting on the block if it has a density of 5 103 kg m3? [Water density = 1 000 kg m3.] A 2.4 N B 3.6 N C6N D 18 N 25. Object P is floating on the water surface whereas object Q is hung from a rope and immersed in the water. Which of the following is true about objects P and Q? A. There are two forces acting on object P and on object Q respectively. B. The buoyant force acting upwards on object Q is equal to the tension of the rope. C. Buoyant force is acting on both of the objects. D. The equation Weight = Buoyant force can be applied to both objects. 26. Which of the following is not an application of Archimedes principle? A. Hydrometer B. Submarine C. Hot-air balloon D. Bunsen burner 27. A furniture factory manager plans to manufacture a table that exerts the least pressure on a soft flooring. Which of the following designs should he consider for the shape of the base of the legs of the table?

a) What is meant by weight? b) Using Diagram (a), Diagram (b) and Diagram (c), compare the spring balance reading, the weight loss of the rock and the density of the water and the cooking oil. Relating the weight lost and the density, deduce a relevant physics concept. c) Name the physics principle that explains the above situations. 20. Diagram shows a copper block and a bowl shape copper sheet of same mass. Explain why the copper block sink in water but the bowl shape copper sheet floats on water.

21. Diagram shows a barge used to transport goods from fresh water port to the ship anchored away from the seaside. Using suitable physics concepts, explain the required modification needed in designing a carry more and heavier goods, move faster and safe in fresh and salt water. You can emphasise on the following aspects in your modification; a) material used b) plimsoll line c) shape and size of the barge 22. The figure shows a glass tube of mass 12.0 g with uniform diameter and crosssectional area 3.0 cm2. The glass tube is filled with sand to keep it floating upright in a beaker containing water. [Density of water = 1.0 g cm3.] a) The length of the glass tube immersed in water is 6.0 cm. Find the i) volume of water displaced ii) weight of water displaced b) Write an equation in words to relate the forces acting on the glass tube with sand in it. c) Calculate the mass of sand in the glass tube. d) The glass tube is then placed in a beaker containing alcohol. It is observed that the glass tube still floats vertically. i) State the change to the length of the glass tube immersed. ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i).

28.

a) State Archimedes principle. b) Without referring to the Archimedes principle, deduce a formula for the buoyant force acting on the cube, shown in the diagram, which is completely submerged in a fluid. Then, prove that your results are in accordance with the Archimedes principle. c) A metal cube with sides 10 cm long is submerged between water and mercury. Calculate the height of the cube in the water layer and in the mercury layer, given that the density of the cube is 8 103 kg m3 and that of mercury and water are 13.6 103 kg m3 and 1 000 kg m3 respectively. d) As a gas bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, describe your observations of i) the volume of the bubble, ii) the density of the gas in the bubble iii) acceleration of the gas bubble

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3.6 BERNOULLIS PRINCIPLE

Bernoullis Principle Bernoullis principle states that when the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure is low and when the velocity is low, the pressure is high.

Experiment 1 The height of the water column shows the magnitude of the water pressure. Water flows from high pressure region to low region. Pressure at A > Pressure at B > Pressure at C. Experiment 2 The velocity of water is highest when it is flowing through the narrowest part of the horizontal glass tube. Hence, its water pressure is the lowest. Experiment 3 Pressure at B becomes lowest because the speed of the water is the highest. Activity to show Bernoullis Principle When the air is blown in the surface of a piece of a paper as shown, it is observed that the paper moves up. This happened because the air moved at a very high velocity on the surface of the paper. In this case, the air pressure on the surface of the paper will decrease. So the paper is pushed up by the higher atmospheric pressure which acts at the bottom of the paper. The filter funnel is inverted and a pingpong ball is held below it. When the air blows harder as shown in the diagram, it is observed that the ball is not falling down. This phenomenon is caused by low pressure above the ball. The bottom of the ball has the higher atmospheric pressure which can hold the ball from falling down.

The difference between the pressures at the top and underside of the wing causes a net upward force, called lift, which helps the plane to takeoff. Bunsen Burner When the burner is connected to a gas supply, the gas flows at high velocity through a narrow passage in the burner, creating a region of low pressure. The outside air, which is at atmospheric pressure, is drawn in and mixes with the gas. The mixture of gas and air enables the gas to burn completely to produce a clean, hot, and smokeless flame Carburetor

Carburetor is a device which controls the speed of a car engine. It works by regulating the quantity of petrol and air that enters the engine. The air flows past a choke valve, which controls the quantity of air, into a narrow section of the carburetor where the air velocity increases. In accordance to Bernoullis principle, the high velocity of the air in the narrow section creates a region of low pressure. The higher atmospheric pressure forces the petrol to go up to the jet and is ejected to form a spray. Insect Spray When the plunger is pushed in, the air flows at a high velocity through a nozzle. The flow of air at high velocity creates a region of low pressure above the metal tube. The higher pressure of the atmospheric air acts on the surface of the liquid insecticide causing it to rise up the metal tube. The insecticide leaves the top of the metal tube through the nozzle as a fine spray.

Exercise
1. The figure shows two polystyrene spheres are hung by a string respectively. When the air is blown harder through the straw, the balls will A remain stationary B move closely to each other C move far apart to each other The figure shows the flow a liquid through a Bernoulli tube. The smallest pressure of the liquid is at point

When the air is blown harder through the straw as shown. The two pingpong balls will move closely to each other. The faster the movement of air will cause the lower the pressure between the balls. So the ping-pong balls get closer. The ping-pong ball will be pushed closer to each other if there is higher atmospheric pressure which acts on them. Application of Bernoullis Principle Aerofoil When a wing in the form of an aerofoil moves in air, the flow of air over the top travels faster and creates a region of low pressure. The flow of air below the wing is slower resulting in a region of higher pressure.

2.

3.

The figure shows water flows through a Venturi tubes from point P to point Q. In which vertical tubes A, B, C or D the pressure of water is very low?

17

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4. The figure shows an arrangement of apparatus which is used to show the Bernoullis Principle. When the air is blown, the level of water in tube A. X will the highest B. Y will the highest C. Z will the highest D. X, Y and Z will the same The figure shows water rising up the tubes X,Y and Z if the air is blown. Which of the following is true regarding the water level in tube X, Y and Z? A. Water level in X < Water level in Y < Water level in Z B. Water level in X < Water level in Z < Water level in Y C. Water level in Z < Water level in Y < Water level in X D. Water level in Y < Water level in Z < Water level in X The figure shows the wing of an aeroplane which is moving with a uniform acceleration in the direction shown by the arrow. Which of the following is true? A. The uplift force is higher than the weight of object B. The resultant force in direction of the motion of the object is zero C. The pressure in region P is higher than in region Q D. The velocity of air in region P is higher than in region Q. Which of the following is based on Bernoullis Principle? A Syringe B Drinking straw C Bunsen burner The figure shows a water spray that is produced when the air flows through the jet. Which of the following is true? A. According to Pascals Principle, the above system produces a water spray. B. The air pressure at Q is higher than that at P C. The velocity of air at Q is higher than that at P The figure shows a motion a ball when it is kicked by a player. The motion of the ball can be explained by A. Principle of conservation of momentum B. Principle of conservation of energy C. Archimedes principle D. Bernoullis principle The curved path taken by the ball is due to A. equilibrium of forces B. Bernoullis principle C. Archimedes principle D. principle of conservation of momentum 11. The figure shows a ping-pong ball that does not fall when the water flows. Which principle explains the figure? A Pascals principle B Bernoullis principle C Archimedes principle 12. Which of the following instruments is not based on Bernoullis principle? A Filter pump B Car carburettor C Rubber plunger D Wing of aeroplane 13. Diagram shows an experiment. The tube is inverted into a basin of water.

5.

6.

7.

The air flows in the tube from A to B; (a) Compare the velocity of air at K, L, and M (b) Mark the water levels in tubes P, Q, and R. (c) Compare the pressure in tubes P, Q and R. (d) Name the principle used. Explain the principle. 14. Diagram shows an insecticide sprayer.

8.

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

When the piston is pushed inwards, what happens to the pressure at P? Explain your answer in (a) Which of the following areas P, Q and R has the lowest pressure? Explain your answer in (c). Explain briefly how the insecticide can be sprayed out of the spray.

9.

15. A horizontal tube AB with both ends closed with rubber stoppers is fixed with three vertical tubes P, Q and R as shown in figure. Water of density 1 000 kgm-3 is poured into tube P until water reaches level W.

10. A ball which is thrown forward in a spin moves in a curve, as shown in the figure.

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(a) What are the heights of water levels for tube Q and tube R respectively? (b) By neglecting atmospheric pressure, calculate the pressure caused by water column at point X. (c) If the cross-sectional area of tube P is 4 x 10-5 m2, calculate the force acted by the column of water in tube P. (d) If the rubber stoppers at both ends of tube AB are taken away so that water can flow uniformly from end A to end B, then water at tube P rises until level Y as shown in figure. Mark on the figure above, the possible water levels for tube Q and tube R. Give reasons for your answer (e) The apparatus is modified so that the middle part of the horizontal tube becomes narrower as shown in figure. Water flows uniformly from end A to end B of the tube and it is found that the water level of tube and it is found that the water level of tube P is at Z. i. Mark on the figure above, the possible water levels of tube Q and tube R. ii. Compare the velocity of water at E and F. iii. State the principle which relates velocity and pressure of water along the horizontal tube. 16. Diagram shows a Bernoullis tube. Air is blown from left to right.

(C)

(D) 17. Figure 6 (a) shows what happen when a freely hanging ping pong ball is placed near a tap with no running water and a tap with running water. Figure 6 (b) shows what happens when there is no air blown through the straw and when air is blown through the straw. Which of the following diagram shows the correct level of water in tube T, U, V and W?

(A) (a) Describe the observations in Figures (b) Compare the speed of air between the two ping pong balls (c) In Figure, mark with a P, to indicate the position where the air pressure is low. (d) Based on your answers, relate the speed of the air to the pressure of the air. (e) Name the principle involved. (f) It is dangerous for a child to stand near a fast moving train. Using a suitable physics concept, explain the statement.

(B)

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