Chemical Bonding

Introduction - Lattice: When particles in the substance bind together via inter-atomic bonds to form a continuous structure - Simple Covalent Molecules: When the particles have both inter-atomic and inter-molecular bonds, they form a structure of discrete molecules. The ionic (electrovalent) bond - Definition: Ionic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions (cations and anions) * Ionic bonds are formed in order to achieve a full octet shell * Ionic bonds are formed b/w species with great electronegative differences - Structure: The ionic solid is a giant structure consisting of oppositely charged ions attracted together by ionic bonds arranged in a lattice. - Nature of ionic bonds: 1. Ionic bonds are non-directional as they have no preferred attraction as they are spherical and have a uniform electric field 2. Ionic bond is strong Strength of the ionic bond increases with charge increasing magnitude [same charge spread over smaller no. of electrons] Strength of the ionic bond decreases with increasing size [same charge is spread over a larger area] The covalent bond - Definition: Covalent bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between the nuclei of each bonding atom for the shared pair of electrons - Physical Properties: If the covalent molecule has a simple molecular structure, melting and boiling point is low as lower energy is required to break the weak intermolecular forces of attraction. Eg: I2, CO2, HCl, H2O Note: the inter-atomic forces of attraction stay intact If the covalent molecule is covalent lattice structure, the melting and boiling points are much higher as all or some strong interatomic covalent bonds are broken Si, SiO2, diamond, graphite *Usually forms b/w atoms that have low electronegativity difference Most do not conduct electricity as they do not have mobile charge carriers

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Physical Properties: High melting and boiling point as large amounts of heat is required to overcome the strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions Hard and Brittle: Ionic bonds are strong and non-directional. They are brittle because of the orderly arrangement of oppositely charged ions can be easily dislocated when a sheer stress is applied Usually soluble in polar solvents but not in non-polar solvents * Energy released from the ion-dipole interaction is sufficient to overcome the ionic bonds in the giant lattice causing the solid to dissolve. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state due to lack of charge carriers as ions are held fixed by strong ionic bonds In molten/ aq. state, they are able to conduct electricity. To determine electrical conductivity: 1. Presence of charge carrier? 2. Is the charge carrier(if present), mobile?