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BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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Black Holes
Newtons Gravity: Fermi electronic pressure can support a body against its own gravity if (c = 1):
( )3/2 1 M M G m2 B
(1)
In GR, metric ds2 = e2(r) dt2 + h(r)dr2 + r2 d2 . Perfect fluid (static) Tab = ua ub + P(ua ub + gab ). ua = e t . Einsteins Equations:
Gtt :
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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(2)
Assuming a reasonable equation of state (P = P()), the existence of a superior limit for M can be proved. Taking 0 nuclear densities and a plausible behavior beyond 0 , one arrives at
Mmax (2 3)M
Extremely hard to show the existence of collapsing solutions. Cf. D. Christodoulou, The Formation of Black Holes in General Relativity.
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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) dr2 2M dt2 + + r2 d2 ds = 1 M r 1 2r
2
The problem at r = 2M may be either because of physical singularities, or just the failure of the coordinate system chosen.
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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) dr2 2M dt2 + + r2 d2 ds = 1 M r 1 2r
2
The problem at r = 2M may be either because of physical singularities, or just the failure of the coordinate system chosen. Preamble: Rindlers metric:
T = x sinh t,
X = x cosh t
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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dt =
dr 1
2M r
r 2M x = t r + 2M log 2M
)]
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) 2M ds = 1 dx+ dx + r2 d2 , r
2
The exponential terms can be absorbed by a redefinition of coordinates: X+ = exp(x+ /4M) e X = exp(x /4M):
ds2 =
which shows no problem at r = 2M (or T = X): metric can be continued down to r = 0 (Rabcd Rabcd = 48M2 /r6 ).
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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The horizon in the place where the time translation symmetry ta = t becomes null: gtt = (1 2M/r) = 0. Working with X , the metric is given by
ds2 =
(3)
1 M2 2 = (a tb )(a tb ) = 4 2 r
=
r=2M
1 , 4M
gived the acceleration of the horizon. Numerically, it is equal to a force (per unit mass) exerted at infinity, to keep a particle at the point r = 2M.
. . . . . .
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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( ) 1 t = X+ X , 4M X+ X
a
ta =
b = ta a tb =
(5)
with b b = 2M3 /r5 er/2M X X+ . The surface gravity can be defined by 2 = b b /tc tc , so = M/r2 . On the horizon,
a =
(6)
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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Kruskals Extension
From the coordinate transformation:
) ( r X T = 1 er/2M , 2M
2 2
( ) t T = arc tanh 4M X
r > 2M only covers X > T, X > 0. What are the other regions?
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
VdL 2013
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Kruskals Extension
From the coordinate transformation:
) ( r X T = 1 er/2M , 2M
2 2
( ) t T = arc tanh 4M X
r > 2M only covers X > T, X > 0. What are the other regions? The trajectory of null geodesics is unchanged by a conformal transformation of the metric: gab gab = e2 gab , a kb = (2kc c )kb ka a kb = 0 ka
So the causal structure is the same. Through the scale transformation, we can study the infinity structure.
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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Reissner-Nordstrm
Black hole with mass M and electric charge e.
) 2 M e2 dr2 ds = 1 + 2 dt2 + M r r 1 2r +
2
e2 r2
+ r2 d2
using the same methods as before, we can introduce null coordinates x = t r where
r =
dr
2M r
e2 r2
= r+
r2 + r+ r
log(rr+ )
r2 log(rr ), r+ r
e2 < m 2
r r + X = exp x 2 4r+
. . . . . .
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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r+ r r r2 +
dX+ dX + r2 d2
r r + X X+ = exp r 2 r+
in terms of the new variables, X can be continued beyond r = r+ (X+ = 0 or X = 0. Metric can be continued beyond r = r by another set of transformations.
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a tb =
2 =
(Mr e2 )2 r6
=
r=r+
Rabcd Rabcd =
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BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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ds2
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ds2
ds2
2 x2 2 r+ 2 dt + dx x2 r2 +
a = t
+x t x
. . . . . .
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The causal structure of AdS2 can be obtained through a series of coordinate changes:
] x[1 2 t +1 , X0 = 2 x2
X1 = xt,
] x[1 2 X2 = t 1 2 x2
X0 = cosh r cos T,
X1 = sinh r,
X2 = cosh r sin T
And arrive at the global metric of anti-de Sitter (cosh r = 1/ sin X):
This space can be now continued to all T. Causal structure is curious: light rays arrive at X = with finite affine parameter!
. . . . . .
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BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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Kerr-Newman
= r2 + a2 cos2 ,
= r2 + a2 + e2 2Mr
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H =
r2 +
a + a2
= r2 + a2 cos2 = 0
with a ring topology S1 . Problem: Work out the near horizon geometry for chargless e = 0 Kerr-Newman in the extremal case a = M.
BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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BCdC (DF-UFPE)
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Curvature singularitys hidden behind event horizons. Horizon at r = r+ are stable by small metric pertubations. There is no bifurcation. Horizon is defined by the region where an isometry generator becomes null.
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